USA > Arizona > History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Volume XVII > Part 1
USA > New Mexico > History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Volume XVII > Part 1
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org.
Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37 | Part 38 | Part 39 | Part 40 | Part 41 | Part 42 | Part 43 | Part 44 | Part 45 | Part 46 | Part 47 | Part 48 | Part 49 | Part 50 | Part 51 | Part 52 | Part 53 | Part 54 | Part 55 | Part 56 | Part 57 | Part 58 | Part 59 | Part 60 | Part 61 | Part 62 | Part 63 | Part 64 | Part 65 | Part 66 | Part 67 | Part 68 | Part 69 | Part 70 | Part 71 | Part 72 | Part 73 | Part 74 | Part 75 | Part 76 | Part 77 | Part 78 | Part 79 | Part 80 | Part 81 | Part 82 | Part 83 | Part 84 | Part 85 | Part 86 | Part 87 | Part 88
GENERAL LIBRARY -OF THE ---
PARK CHURCH -IN- ELMIRA, N. Y. No 1701
GEN
3 1833 02166 238 9
Gc 979.1 B22HA
BANCROFT, HUBERT HOWE, 1832- 1918.
HISTORY OF ARIZONA AND NEW1 MEXICO, 1530-1888 .
MAY 1 3 '63
M. H
REFERENCE AMERICANA COLLECTION
THE WORKS OY
HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT.
THE WORKS
OF
HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT
VOLUME XVII
HISTORY OF
ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO
1530-1888
SAN FRANCISCO THE HISTORY COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 1889
Allen County Public Library 900 Webster Street PO Box 2270 Fort Wayne, IN 46801-2270
Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1889, by HUBERT H. BANCROFT, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. All Rights Reserved.
PREFACE.
1216710
FOR several reasons, the history of Arizona and New Mexico, particularly in the early times, is not surpassed in interest by that of any portion of the Pacific United States, or perhaps of the whole republic. Notable among these reasons are the antiquity of these terri- tories as Spanish provinces-for they were the first to be occupied by Europeans, and ten years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock, a Historia de la Nueva Mexico was published; the peculiar Pueblo civilization, second only to that of the Aztecs and Mayas in the south, found among the aborigines of this land, and maintaining itself more nearly in its original conditions than elsewhere down to the present day; the air of romance pervading the country's early annals in connection with the Northern Mystery, quaint cosmographic theories, and the search for fabu- lous empires in Cíbola, Teguayo, and Quivira; the ancient belief in the existence of immense mineral treasures as supplemented by the actual discovery of such treasures in modern times; the long and bloody struggle against raiding Apaches, the Ishmaelites of American aborigines ; the peculiar circumstances under which this broad region fell into the hands of the United States; the fact that the eastern portion, unlike any
(v)
vi
PREFACE.
other territory of the republic, is still inhabited mainly by a Spanish-speaking people; its position on the national frontier; its peculiarities of physical config- uration and climate ; and finally, the marvellous strides towards prosperity in the last decade, of a country formerly regarded as an unpromising section of the Great American Desert.
That the annals of these countries, so extensive both chronologically and territorially, are compressed into one volume of this History of the Pacific States, while seven volumes are devoted to the record of a sister province, California, is a fact that may scem to require a word of explanation, though it is in accordance with a plan deliberately formed and announced at the out- set. All Spanish-American provinces are in certain respects so similar in their annals one to another that it was and is believed sufficient and best in a compre- hensive work like this to present the minutiæ of local and personal happenings of but one. California was chosen for this purpose, not only because of its modern prominence, but because its records are remarkably perfect, and because its position on the coast, facilitat- ing intercourse with Mexico and foreign nations, its mission system, its trading and smuggling experience, its Russian complications, its political vicissitudes, and its immigrant and other foreign elements gave to its history, as compared with that of interior provinces, a notable variety, tending greatly to mitigate the inevi- table monotony of all provincial annals, even before the knowledge of its golden treasure came to startle the world. The history of New Mexico written on the same scale as that of the Pacific province would not only fill many volumes, but from the lack of con- tinuous archive evidence, and from-the fact that the
vii
PREFACE.
story goes back beyond the aid of memory, it would be at the best fragmentary and irregular; and by reason of the country's isolation and non-intercourse with the outer world, as well as on account of the peculiar nature of its petty events, it would also be most tedious reading. Not only is this true of the first and most im- portant period of the country's history-that of Span- ish rule to 1821-but of the second period, embracing the Mexican rule of 1822-46, the growth of the Santa Fé trade, the change of flag, the Indian wars, and the early territorial days down to 1875 or later. The Mexican archive record is more meagre even than the Spanish, the early enthusiasm of conquest and explora- tion had died out, nothing more monotonous in detail than the endless succession of Indian wars can be im- agined, and of the more important events and develop- ments several are more conveniently and satisfactorily treated in the annals of other adjoining regions. And as to the third and last period, that of railroads, Indian reservations, mining development, industrial progress, and American immigration, a valid reason for conden- sation is found in the fact that this grand unfolding of resources has but just begun, that all is in a transitory, changeable condition, so that the result of the most minute treatment would probably become antiquated and of comparatively little value within a few years. Thus there are good reasons for the plan and scale I have adopted. The omission of personal and local details, moreover, adds greatly to the interest of this volume; and so far as the general course of events and developments is concerned, no volume of the series has been founded on more careful or exhaustive re- search.
My sources of information for this volume are shown
viii
PREFACE.
in the list of authorities prefixed, in the fine-print appendix to the first chapter, and in the notes scattered profusely throughout the work. In no section of the field have my resources of original data been richer or more varied. Besides many rare works in print con- sulted only imperfectly or not at all by previous writers, I have consulted the Santa Fé archives, and have had access to rich stores of the most important documentary records from Spain and Mexico in my own and other private collections; and I have been especially fortu- nate in being able to utilize, practically for the first time, the work of Villagrá and several important documents bearing on Oñate's conquest, never before correctly recorded. For later events of territorial history I have studied all the publications extant, including government reports and newspapers; and have besides, here as in the other parts of my field, taken the testi- mony of many prominent citizens and officials who have thrown new light on many phases of the subject. Here as elsewhere I give full credit to the sources on every point.
Several praiseworthy works on the history of these territories have been published; but they are of very uneven quality, with not a few errors, and more omis- sions-defects due in most cases not so much to the incompetence of the author as to the inaccessibility of original authorities. Nowhere in my work have I been able to correct more erroneous statements, fill more historical gaps, or, except in the matter of minute details as already explained, to supply in comparison with preceding writers more new matter. Yet experi- ence leads me to expect that the old inaccurate and thread-bare sources will still be consulted to a consid- erable extent in preference to better and original
ix
PREFACE.
authorities at second-hand. Doubtless writers will continue to give inaccurate dates and details for Oñate's conquest; to seek new locations for Coronado's Cíbola and Tiguex; to name Cabeza de Vaca as the discov- erer of New Mexico, and speak of his descendants as still living in the country; to talk of the Aztecs and of Montezuma in this northern region; to describe Santa Fé as the oldest town in the United States, dating its foundation back to the sixteenth or fifteenth century, or that of Tucson to the sixteenth; to chronicle the expedition of Peñalosa to Quivira; to name the duke of Alburquerque and other viceroys among the gov- ernors of New Mexico; to derive the name of Arizona from 'arid zone,' or 'narizona,' the big-nosed woman; to accept the current traditions of rich mines of gold and silver discovered and worked by the Jesuits and conquerors, or by enslaved Indians under their cruel direction ; and to repeat various other errors that have found place in the legendary annals of these provinces. However, I have presented the facts and the evidence on which they rest. My statements should be accepted or disproved.
Arizona and New Mexico are properly presented together in one volume, as they have historically and physically much in common. In Spanish and Mexican times they were practically or to a great extent one country, and their annals are accordingly somewhat intermingled; but the chapters devoted to each, though mixed in the order of presentment, are kept distinct in substance, so that the record of each province may be read continuously. Since their organization as territories of the United States the history of each is given separately in consecutive chapters. As be- tween the two there is no difference in scale or treat-
X
PREFACE.
ment, though I have been able slightly to condense the earlier Arizona record because of Pimería having been covered by the history of Sonora in another volume, and though New Mexican history is much more voluminous in the aggregate by reason of its greater chronologic extent.
Though first among the Pacific States to be settled by Europeans, Arizona and New Mexico have been last to feel the impulse of progressive civilization ; yet they have felt it, and as a result must assume good rank among their sister states. In natural conditions of healthful climate, fertile soil, and mineral wealth, the two territories closely resemble each other; and while Arizona has the advantage of a less apathetic and ignorant population, and thus far takes the lead in mining and agricultural industry, their aspirations and possibilities are similar, and ultimate precedence is by no means assured to the western territory. Both, as it has proved, are fortunate in their mid-continental position, which has given them railroad communication with the east and west and south long before they could have expected it otherwise. Both have made a good start in the race, and in each the spirit of pro- gress is actively working. Ultimate success is not doubtful. The danger of serious Indian troubles is believed to be past; the old and absurdly inaccurate ideas of the east respecting this country and its people are rapidly disappearing; and the present invasion of the farther west by climate-seekers cannot fail to bene- fit the interior. When the mining industry shall have been more fully systematized, workings being directed somewhat more to mineral lodes and somewhat less to the pockets of outside speculators; when the senseless national raid against bimetallic currency shall be at
xi
PREFACE.
an end; when systematic irrigation works shall make available the water resources; when the government shall provide for the sale of the mesa lands in tracts of convenient size for stock-raising; when the popula- tion of Mexican race shall adopt improved methods of tillage or make way for others who have adopted them ; when the immense deposits of iron and coal shall be utilized-then will come the day of great and perma- nent prosperity for this land of old-time mystery. All this will not be done in a year or in ten; but it will be done. Then the historic records of this volume will have a new and ever-increasing interest.
-
.
.
CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME.
- -
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS AND RÉSUMÉ.
The Aborigines-New Mexico as a Field of Antiquarian Research- Conclusions in the Native Races-The Pueblo Towns and People - Primitive History -- No Prehistoric Relics-No Aztecs in Arizona and New Mexico-A Protest-Resume of North Mexican History -Early Ideas of Geography-The Strait-Cortes on the Pacific- Nuño de Guzman-San Miguel de Culiacan-California-Ebb and Flow of Enthusiasın for Northern Exploration-Meagre Results- Nueva Galicia and Nueva Vize ya-Outline of Northern Annals for Three Centuries -The Northern Mystery-Conjecture and False- hood-Cabeza de Vaca's Remarkable Journey across the Continent -He did not Enter New Mexico or See the Pueblo Towns-Biblio- graphic Notes
1
CHAPTER II.
NIZA AND CORONADO IN ARIZONA.
1539-1540.
The Discoverers-Viceroy Mendoza's Plans-Fray Marcos de Niza and the Negro-Journey to the North-Wonderful Reports of the Seven Cities-Fate of Estevanico, the First Pioneer of Arizona-Fray Marcos in Sight of Cibola-New Kingdom of San Francisco-Niza's Report-Discussion of the Route from Sinaloa to Zuñi-A New Furor-Cortés and Ulloa-Alarcon on the Rio Colorado, or Buena Guia-Francisco Vasquez de Coronado-A Grand Army-Diaz and Zaldívar-Bibliography of the Expedition-The Sonora Settlement -Melchor Diaz-From Sonora to Cíbola-The Route-Chichilticale -Map-Identity of Cibola and Zuni-Conquest of Granada-The Friar Cursed and Sent Home- Tobar's Expedition to Tusayan, or the Moqui Pueblos-Cardenas Visits the Canon of the Colorado ... 27
(xiii)
xiv
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER III.
CORONADO IN NEW MEXICO. 1540-1542.
At Cibola, or Zuni-Alvarado's Tour in the East-Tales of the Turk- Buffalo Plains-Acuco, Tignex, and Cicuye-Map-Arrival of Arellano and the Army-In Winter Quarters-Spanish Outrages- A Winter of Snow and Warfare-Expedition to the Northeast- Coronado in Quivira-Wigwam Villages and No Gold-Back at Tiguex-The Rio Grande Valley-Pneblo Names-Second Winter in New Mexico-Plans for a New Conquest-Orders to Return- Dissensions-Fray Juan de Padilla-March to Sonora-A Demoral- ized Army-Remarks on Results -Northern Mystery and Early Maps-Ibarra's Entradas, 1563-5-The Name of New Mexico. . 49
CHAPTER IV.
ENTRADAS OF RODRIGUEZ AND ESPEJO.
1581-1583.
The Franciscaus in Nueva Vizcaya-Fray Agustin Rodriguez-Province of San Felipe-Details of Wanderings-Chainscado's Return- Testimony in Mexico-Bibliography of the Entrada-The Friars Killed-Antonio Espejo and Fray Bernardino Beltran-Up the Rio del Norte-The Jumanas-Traces of Cabeza de Vaca-The Pueblos -News of Coronado-Map-To Acoma and Zuni-Moqui Towns- Silver Mines-Return of Beltran and Part of the Company-Espejo Visits the Quires, Ubates, and Tanos-Pecos or Cicnique-A Hostile Province-Down the Rio de Vacas and Home-The Name New Mexico
74
CHAPTER V.
FRUITLESS PROJECTS-CASTANO AND HUMANA.
1583-1596.
Views of Rio de Losa-Royal Cédula-Reports of Beltran and Espejo -- Attractions in the North-Foreign Encroachments-Project of Cristóbal Martin-The Empresario's Demands-Proposed Conquest and Settlement by Antonio Epejo-Francisco Diaz de Vargas Willing to Serve the King as Conqueror-No Results-The Viceroy's Contract with Juan Bautista de Lomas-Francisco de Urdiñola- Gaspar Castaño de Sosa and his Illegal Entrada-Up the Rio Pecos -A Winter Tour among the Pueblos-Thirty-three Towns Visited -The Leader's Return in Chains-Captain Juan Morlete-Bonilla and Humana-Fate of the Gold-seekers in Quivira
92
XV
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VI.
OÑATE'S CONQUEST OF NEW MEXICO. 1595-1598.
A Blank in History Filled-The Versions of Early Writers-Not Im- proved by Modern Authors-The Veritable but Unknown Authori- ties-Villagra's Work-An Epic History of the Conquest-Don Juan de Oñate-His Contract of 1595-Enlistment of an Army- Change of Viceroys-Vexatious Delays-Documents from the Arch- ives Confirming the Poet-Persecutions-Start for the North-In Zacatecas-Visita-At Caxco and Santa Bárbara-Royal Order of Suspension-A Year's Delay-Order to Start in 1597-On the Conchos-The Franciscan Friars-List of Oñate's Associates-To the Rio del Norte-Formal Possession Taken in April 1598-The Drama. 110
CHAPTER VII.
OÑATE'S CONQUEST, CONTINUED.
1598-1599.
El Paso del Norte-Up the Rio Grande-The First Pueblo Group at Socorro-A Miracle at Puarai-From Pueblo to Pueblo-Obedience and Vasselage-San Juan de los Caballeros, San Gabriel, and City of San Francisco-Universal Junta-Distribution of Missionaries- List of Towns- Zaldivar's Trip to the Plains-Oñate's South-eastern Tour-The Captain-general Starts for the Mar del Sur-Submission of Acoma, Zuñi, and the Moqui Towns-Visit to Mines in Arizona -Villagrá's Adventures, Acoma to Zuñi-Revolt of Acoma-Death of Zaldívar and Fifteen Companions-Vengeance of the Spaniards -Battle of the Peñol-Destruction of Acoma and Slaughter of the Natives-End of the Epic and Other Records. 128
CHAPTER VIII.
EIGHTY YEARS OF NEW MEXICAN ANNALS.
1599-1679.
A Fragmentary Record-Oñate's Letter-Reënforcement-Viceroy's Re- port-A Controversy at San Juan-Expedition to Quivira, 1601- Desertion of Colonists and Friars-Zaldívar in Mexico and Spain- Results- Oñate's Expedition to the South Sea, 1604-5-A New Gov- ernor, 1608-Founding of Santa Fé, 1605-16-Padre Zárate de Sal- meron-A Custodian, 1621-New Missionaries, 1628-9-Governors Zotylo and Silva-Benavides' Report-List of Governors, 1640-80
xvi
CONTENTS.
-Eastern Entrada's-Padre Posada's Report-Indian Troubles- Padres Killed-Murder of Governor Rosas, 1642-Controversy and Disaster-Peñalosa's Rule and Fictitious Trip to Quivira, 1662- Apache Raids-Ayeta's Appeals-Aid that Came too Late. ..... 146
CHAPTER IX.
A DECADE OF FREEDOM. 1680-1691.
Canses of the Revolt-Religious Tyranny-The Patriot Leaders-Pope, Catiti, Tupatú, and Jaca-The Knotted Cord- The Plot Revealed -Massacre of 400 Spaniard4- Twenty-one Martyr Friars-Names Siege of Santa Fe-The Governor's Victory and Retreat-Down the Rio del Norte to El Paso-Presidio del Paso del Norte-Pope's Rule in New Mexico-Liberty and Anarchy-Fruitless Entrada of 1681-Destruction of the Pueblos-The Faithful Tiguas of Isleta- Otermin Censured-Events at El Paso-Mission Items-Rule of Cruzat and Reneros-Huerta's Project-Battle at Cia-A New Gov- ernor
174
CHAPTER X.
RECONQUEST BY DON DIEGO DE VARGAS.
1692-1700.
Authorities-Entrada of 1692-Occupation of Santa Fe-A Bloodless Campaign-Tupatú's Efforts-Submission of the Pueblos-To Acoma, Zuñi, and Mosqui-Quicksilver-Return to El Paso- Entrada of 1693-Cool Reception-Battle with the Tanos at Santa Fé-Seventy Captives Shot-Four Hundred Slaves-Events of 1694 -The Mesa of San Ildefonso-Founding of La Canada-Rumors of Trouble-A Famine-Revolt of 1696-Massacre of Friars and Set- tlers-A New Reconquest-Governor Vargas succeeded by Cubero in 1697-A Bitter Quarrel-Charges of the Cabildo-Vargas in Prison - Events of 1698-1700-The Moquis-The French-The Pecos 197
CHAPTER XI.
FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
1701-1750.
Permanent Submission-Cubero's Rule-Revolt at Zuni-Rule and Death of Governor Vargas-Founding of Alburquerque-Moquis
xvii
CONTENTS.
and Apaches- Marqués de la Peñuela-Navajo War-Refounding of Isleta-Rule of Flores-The Yutas-Governor Martinez-The Comanches-A Controversy-Valverde in Command-Entrada to the North-Bustamante's Rule-Smuggling-French Encroachments Padres versus Bishop-Cruzat Governor-Olavide's Rule-Mendoza -Frenchmen - Couverts from Moqui-Governors Codallos and Cachupin-Moqui-Jesuits Defeated-Navajo Missions-A Quarrel -Statistics-List of Governors to 1846.
224
CHAPTER XII.
LAST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
1751-1800.
Sequence of Events-Rule of Cachupin and Marin de Valle-Indian Campaigns-Mendoza and Urrisola-Comanches-C'achupin again -Visit of Rubi-Flood at Santa Fé-Reglamento de Presidios- Moquis-Escalante's Writings and Explorations-Tour of Padre Garcés-Bonilla's Report-Provincias Internas Governor Anza- Comanche Campaign of '79-The Moqui Famine and Pestilence- Flon, Concha, and Chacon-Morfi on Reform-Friars versus Gov- ernor-The Mission System-Consolidation of Missions-Secu- larization-College-List of Padres-Industries of the Province- Agriculture-Stock-raising-Trade or Barter-Annual Fairs at Taos and Chihuahua-Imaginary Money-Commercial Evils- Statistics of Population and Local Items. 255
CHAPTER XIII.
LAST YEARS OF SPANISH RULE.
1801-1822.
Two Books-Succession of Governors-Chacon, Alencaster, Mainez, Manrique, Allande, Melgares, Chavez, and Vizcarra-Indiau Affairs- Comanches, Navajos, and Moquis-Melgares in the Northeast-Election of a Delegate to the Cortes -Pedro Bautista Pino Goes to Spain-The Louisiana Purchase and Boundary Ques- tion-Lalande and Pursely-Zebulon M. Pike-Attempts at Trade -McKnight-Choteau and De Mun-Glenn, Bucknell, and Cooper -Population- Local Items-Trade-Agriculture-Manufactures- Mining-Institutions-Government Military-Missions and Bish- opric-Charges against the Friars-War of Independence-Viva Iturbide !.
283
xviii
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XIV. A MEXICAN TERRITORY. 1823-1845.
Succession of Rulers-Territory and Department-Civil and Military Government-Chronology-Indian Atfairs-Revolution of 1837-8 -Perez, Gonzalez, and Armijo-Texan Santa Fé Expedition of 1841-Defeat of the Invaders-Texan Raids for Plunder in 1843- McDaniel, Warfield, and Snively-The Filibusters Foiled-The Santa Fé Trade-Commerce of the Prairies-Map-Events and Statistics-Storrs and Gregg-Pattie's Exploits-California Cara- vans-Industrial Condition-Mines and Missions-Schools-News- paper-Population. 310
CHAPTER XV.
PIMERÍA ALTA AND THE MOQUI PROVINCE.
1543-1767.
Earliest Annals of a Non-existent and Nameless Province-A Century and a Half of Neglect-Entradas of Espejo and Onate-Down the Colorado to the Gulf-Conversion and Revolt of the Moquis-Prog- ress in Sonora-Pimeria Alta-Maps-Labors of Father Kino- Explorations in Arizona-The Gila and Casa Grande-Mange's Diaries-Kino's Map-First Missions in 1732-Bac and Guevavi- Bolas de Plata-Revolt Jesuit Efforts to Enter the Moqui Field- Triumph of the Franciscans-Explorations of Keller and Sedelmair -- Up the Colorado-Last Years of the Jesuit Régime-Decadence of the Missions-Tubac Presidio-Rancheria of Tucson-Apache Raids and Military Expeditions.
344
CHAPTER XVI.
PIMERÍA ALTA, OR ARIZONA. 1768-1845.
A Meagre Record-Errors of Modern Works-Excavations of Early Prosperity-Coming of the Franciscans-State of the Missions- Military and Presidio Annals-A New Apache Policy-San Javier del Bac-Presidio of Tucson-Tubac-Pima Company-Guevavi and Tumacácori-Calabazas-Aribac-Explorations in the North- Garcés, the Franciscan Kino-Tours to the Gila and Colorado- Anza's Trips-Crespo's Views-Escalante-Font's. Map-Garcés Visits the Moquis-Colorado River Missions-The Moquis Perish- The Peralta Land Grant-Mining Operations-Later Annals-Era of Prosperity-Final Ruin-Apache Wars-End of the Missions- American Trappers
372
xix
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XVII.
AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF NEW MEXICO.
1846-1847.
The Mexican War-Kearny's Army of the West-The March-Mission of Cooke and Magoffin-Plaus for bloodless Conquest-Armijo's Preparations and Flight-From Bent's Fort to Las Vegas-Santa Fé Occupied-Kearny's Proclamation-Tour in the South-Doni- phan in Command-Turbulent Volunteers-Price and the Mormons -Navajo Treaty-Chihuahua Campaign-Civil Government and Kearny Code-Plots of Ortiz and Archuleta-Grounds of Com- plaint-Revolt of 1847-Murder of Governor Bent-Disasters at Taos, Arroyo Hondo, and Mora-Price's Campaign-Fights at Cañada, Embudo, and Taos-Further Troubles with Insurgents and . 408 Indians-Executions
CHAPTER XIX.
ANNALS OF ARIZONA.
1846-1854.
Affairs in Pimería Alta-Apache Raids-Tubac Abandoned-The Mex- ican War-Explorations-Kearny's March-Cooke and the Mor- mons-Wagon Road-Graham's Dragoons-Treaty and Boundary -Whipple and Bartlett-Sitgreaves-Railroad Surveys-Parke's Explorations-Overland Emigration to California-Hayes' Diary- Indians-The Oatman Massacre-Colorado Ferry and Camp Cal- houn-Glanton's Outrages-Fort Yuma Established-Colorado City -Navigation of the River-Derby's Survey-The First Steamers .. 474
CHAPTER XX.
THE GADSDEN PURCHASE.
1853-1863.
Treaty of 1853-Southern Arizona Added to the United States-New Boundary Survey-Beale's Road-Ives on the Colorado-Southern Road and Overland Stage-Military Posts-Mining Developments Fort Yuma-Gila Placers-Indian Affairs-Apache Raids-Cochise on the War-path-Crabb and the Filibusters-Sonoran Vagabonds -Outlaws from Texas and California-Politics-Efforts for a Terri- torial Organization-Cook and Mowry at Washington-Bills in Congress-Constitutional Convention-The First Book-Arizuma- Final Success-War of the Rebellion-Secession of Arizona-Troops Withdrawn-Triumph of Apaches-Confederates Take Tucson- But Retreat before the California Column-Bibliography of the Period
491
X
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XXI.
POLITICAL ANNALS OF ARIZONA.
I864-1887.
Origin of the name Arizona-Territorial Organization-A Migrating Government-At Navajo Spring-Governor Goodwin and Congress- man Poston-First Legislature -- Seals-Political Affairs-Rulers- The Capital Question-Prescott versus Tucson-Original Counties- Map-Boundary Dispute at Yuma-Statistics of Population-Immi- gration-Mormons-Powell's Exploration of the Colorado-Wheel- er's Surveys-Floods and Earthquakes-Lists of Federal and Terri- torial Officers-Members of Council and Assembly-Résumé of Legislative Proceedings. 520
CHAPTER XXII.
INDIAN AFFAIRS OF ARIZONA.
I864-1886.
The Friendly Tribes-Superintendents and Agents-The Yumas- Mojaves-Hualapais Yavapais-Suppai-Moquis-Pima and Mari- copas-Pápagos-The Apaches-Early Hostilities-Errors of the Government-Forts and Camps-A Thousand Victims- Carleton's Campaign-General Mason-Wallen, Lovell, Gregg, and Critten- den-Devin and Wheaton-Popular Indignation-A Military Department under Stoneman-Camp Grant Massacre-Crook in Command-Peace Policy-Colyer and Howard-More War -- Peace in 1873-4-The Apaches on Reservations --- Concentration-Kautz, Willcox, and Crook again-Raids of Renegade Chiricahuas- Exploits of Gerónimo-General Miles-Success at Last-Prospects -Crime and Lawlessness. 543
Need help finding more records? Try our genealogical records directory which has more than 1 million sources to help you more easily locate the available records.