USA > Arizona > History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Volume XVII > Part 82
USA > New Mexico > History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Volume XVII > Part 82
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1879
1883-4
114
1796
Taos
1879
1880
18,489
115+
1693
Sta Fé.
1879
1880
45,244
118
1768
Bern ..
1880
1880
60,214
119
1794
S. Mig
1857
1880
1880
315,300
120
1702
Taos ..
(rej.) '80
1883-4
122
1788
Bern. .
1880
1880
9,752
123
1809
Bern. .
1857
188]
1883-4
124
1754
Bern.
1881
1883-4
125
1799
Taos
1881
1883-4
126
1819
Val.
(rej.) '82
127
Val.
1882
1882
1883-4
128
1754
R. Arr
1882
1882
1883-4
129
1853
D. Ana.
1856
1882
1883-4
130
Bern. .
1882
1883
1883 4
131
1766
R. Arr
1883
1883-4
132+
1835
Mora .
i883
1883-4
133
Мога.
1883
1883-4
135*
1728
Bern. .
1882
1883
1885
136
1744
Sta Fé.
1857
1883
1885
137+
Sta Fé.
1882
(rej.) '84
138+
1763
R. Arr.
1882
1885
139*
1853
D. Ana.
1885
1885
140
1754
R. Arr.
1883
1885
141
1742
Sta Fé
1885
142
1770
Bern.
1884
143
1837
Mora .
1855
(rej.) '85
144
1767
Bern ..
1862
(rej.) '85
145
1768
Bern.
1881
1886
146
1718
Bern. .
1872
1886
147
1732
Sta Fé
1885
1886
148
1739
R. Arr
1861
1886
149
1739
R. Arr.
1861
1886
150
1819
Bern. .
1871
1886
151
R. Arr.
1883
1886
152
1837
Mora
1885
(rej.) '86
153
1790
Sta Fé.
1886
1886
1880
67,480
116
1716
Taos
1878
117
1826
Taos
1877
r.'79,'85
121
1826
Sta Fé
1880
134
Mora.
1883
1883-4
104,554 6,165
1707
Sta Fé.
1879
43,244
(rej.) '85 1885
46,643
764
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
Claims Pending before the Surveyor-General.
FILE No.
FILED.
TRACT.
GRANTEE.
COUNTY.
DATE.
4
1855
Ciénega
City of Sta Fé
Sta Fé . 1715
5
1855
J. Ortiz
Sta Fé 1840
7
1855
Chaperito, town.
S. Martin et al.
S. Miguel. . 1846
23
1856
Angostura de Pecos . Cubero, town.
Settlers
Valencia
1834
35
1856
Mora tract
E. Sandoval et al.
Mora
1835
37
1856
Sta Rosalía,
I. Cano
Sta Fé
1833
59
1859
Vallecito, town Rio Picuries
R. Fernandez et al.
Taos ..
1846
75
1861
Arquito
R. Archiveque
S. Miguel. . Bern .
1840
76
1860
Angostura
Jer. Gonzalez
S. Miguel. . Bern .
1826
79
Rito de S. José.
P. Gonzalez et al
Valencia
1847
80
1861 1861
Conejos .
J. M. Martinez
(Colorado) .
1833
81 82
1861
Cañ. de Mesteñas
V. Trujillo et al.
Taos
1828
86
1861
Talaya
J. M. Tafoya et al.
Sta Fé.
1825
90
1858
Cardillal
J. Chavez et al.
Sta Fé
1846
91 92
1860 1866
Guadalupita
G. Gold et al.
Mora
1837
98
1871
Rio Tesuque
Settlers
St Fé
99 100
Arkansas colony
Royuela et al.
(Several)
1832
103
1872
Sta Cruz
L. M. Vaca.
Bern.
104 105
1872 1872 1872 1872
Sta Rita del Cobre Sta Teresa
F. M. Elguea
Grant
1804
107 108
1873
109
1876 1876 1876
S. Jerón. de Taos
F. A. Luejosa
Taos
1715
112
Rio del Os
J. A. Valdés
R. Arriba .. 1840
113
1871
Peña Blanca, town Mesilla Val.
J. Pelaez ..
Bern .
1695
114
1863
M. Guerra et al
D. Ana
1851
185
1881
S. José Spr
P. Montoya et al
Bern .
1768
186
1881
La Naza ..
M. Lucero
R. Arriba. .
190 191 192
1882 1882 1883 1883
S. Mateo Spr
A. Salazar.
A. Jacques et al.
194 195
1883
Sitio de Navajo
197
1883
El Rito.
Joaq. García.
R. Arr.
1780
198
1884
Pueblo Colorado
J. J. Lobato.
R. Arr
1740
71
1859
72
1859
Macho Bend.
F. Gonzalez et al.
77
1860
S. Antonito
C. Jaramillo
N. Sisneros et al.
Taos
1815
1861
S. Ant. Embudo
J. Marquez et al.
Taos
1725
G. Dávalos et al.
D. Ana
1846
94
1872
Ranchos and towns.
Settlers
Bern
101
1870 1870
Lo de Vasquez
J. Ortiz
Bern.
A. R. de Aguilar
Sta Fé
1744
Settlers .
Taos
1854
106
Guadalupe, town Frijoles
A. Montoya
Bern. 1814
C. D. Serna.
Taos 1710
110
183
Vallecito
J. G. Mora et al.
R. Arriba .. 1807
Elguea
J. M. Sanchez et al.
S. Miguel. . 1842
26
1856
Settlers
Bernalillo .
1777 1832
1843
Arroyo Hondo
765
PRIVATE LAND CLAIMS.
It will be noticed that only eight claims were con- firmed during the whole period, and only one after 1870; that down to that date only five claims were filed and one approved ; and that down to 1876 only four had been surveyed. From 1871 many claims were filed and approved, and from 1877 surveys were pressed forward, the law that required claimants to pay the cost of survey having been repealed. Of the 128 claims surveyed, however, only 46 have been con- firmed by congress.
On the general subject there is little to be added to what has been said in an earlier chapter. All the claims should have been confirmed and surveyed long before 1864. Then, and for ten years later, there was no fraud or serious temptation to fraud. The claims were perfectly valid under the treaty and laws. The urgent necessity of a prompt settlement was con- tinuously urged by the people, the legislature, the governor, and the surveyor-general; but always in vain, for the government did nothing, neglecting even to fix a limit date for filing claims. No change was made in the system. The surveyor-general was con- fessedly and obviously unable to do justice to the investigation, taking as a rule only ex parte testimony and forwarding it to Washington, where congress had even less facilities for an impartial examination. The claimants, confident in the validity of their claims, and noting the slow action of the government, were apa- thetic about filing their titles. From about 1874 frauds began to be discovered and suspected; and the danger of fraud constantly increased with delay. Twenty-three claims, originally approved, have recently been rejected on reëxamination. I have neither space nor data for a fair presentment of special cases; but that many spurious claims or genuine ones fraudulently changed or extended have been presented successfully, there can be no question. One reason, and perhaps the only intelligible one-beyond a vague feeling that providence might one day show some way to annul
766
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
all such iniquities as rights under Mexican or Spanish grants-for the inaction of congress, was the fact that minerals, not originally included with the land, could not under United States laws be reserved after a patent or quit-claim had been issued. As to the validity of the Mexican colony grants made after the treaty of 1848, I am not aware that any final decision has been made. One of them-the Santo Tomás de Iturbide-has been rejected by the surveyor-general, though new evidence has since changed his opinion.
In the early years of Indian troubles and slight immigration, there was no demand for public lands, and no surveys were made in 1864-6; but from 1867 the work of surveying was carried on as fast as the small appropriations would permit, the amount being greatly increased from 1874. The fact that the irrigable-and therefore the only desirable-land lay in narrow strips along the streams caused the regular township surveys to cover many unsalable tracts, prompting many demands for a change of system, which were not hecded. These surveys also extended over more than a million acres of unsurveyed or unfiled private grants. Another difficulty was the custom of the natives to live in settlements for protection, which custom interfered with the requirement of actual residence on homestead or preemption claims. Down to 1882 there had been surveyed about 21,000,000 acres of public lands, making the total surveys, in- cluding private and pueblo grants, with Indian and military reservations, nearly half of the territory's whole area of 77,568,640 acres. For later years I have no exact figures, but the increase in public lands has been very large. Sales and entries of public lands under the different acts amounted to about 415,000 acres, besides the mineral claims. A second land district was created for the south at Mesilla in 1874.4
4 See surv .- gen.'s annual reports, and tables connected therewith. The approp. were $5-10,000 down to 1873, but later $30,000, more or less. A bill for a change in system to accommodate settlers failed in congress 1866. For bill of 1874 creating new land district, see Zabriskie's Land Laws, suppl ,
767
AGRICULTURE IN NEW MEXICO.
Agricultural progress has been slight in compari- son with that of other regions. All the valley lands susceptible of irrigation will produce in fair quantity and excellent quality nearly all the crops of temperate and semi-tropical latitudes; and there are limited tracts in the mountain parks that are productive with- out irrigation; but the quantity of agricultural land in proportion to the whole area is much smaller than in most other states and territories. Statistics from the census reports of 1870 and 1880 are appended, requiring no explanation or comment.5 Experience in
1877, p. 59. On homestead laws, see Smyth's Law of Homesteads and Exemp- tions, S. F., 1875, p. 45, 467. Wheeler's maps, in U. S. Geog. Surv., contain a classification of lands in parts of N. Mex. For desert land act of 1877, see U. S. Stat., 49th cong., 2d sess., 377. 89 entries of desert lands were made in 1878-82. The unsurveyed irrigable lands were estimated in 1878 at 8,000,000 acres. In 1878 there was an act of the legisl. authorizing the occupation of 320 acres, with title good against all but the U. S .; and a memorial for the privilege of buying 1-5,000 acres by a bona fide settler. In his message of 1883 the gov. notes that the homestead and preemption laws result in the worst kind of monopoly, since, with 160 acres about a spring, a vast tract was controlled free from taxation. For table of sales in 1872-82, see 47th cong. 2d sess., H. Ex. Doc. 72, p. 146.
5 See U. S. Census Reports, 9th and 10th census. The 1st figures in each case are for 1870, the 2d for 1880, and the 3d for 1882, from the U. S. Agric. Report, 47th cong. 2d sess., H. Ex. Doc., vol. xxv .- vi.
Improved land 143,007 acres, 237,392 a. Unimpr. 584,259 a. + 106,283 a. of wood land, 393,739 a. + 219,224 a. wood. No. of farms, 4,480, 5,053. Average size 186 a., 125 a. Value $2,260,139, $5,514,349 (assessment in '82, land $7,100,744, improv. $4,300,265; '83, land 6,659,669, improv. $5,751,- 370). Value of implements, etc., $124,114, $255,162. Amt of wages paid $523,888, Value of farm products $1, 905,060, $1,897,974, $2,716,682. Value of orchard prod. $13,609, $26,706. Market and garden prod. $64,132, $42,679. Forest prod. $500, $77,468. Wheat 352,822 b., 706,641 b., 767,000 b. (wheat yields 12-50 b. per acre). Corn 640,823 b., 633,786 b., 955,000 b. (40-60 b. per acre) .. Oats 67,660 b., 156,527 b., 185,000 b. (35-45 b. per acre). Barley 3,876 b., 50,053 b., 53,557 b. Rye 42 b., 240 b. Beans and pease 28,856 b., 21,268 b. Potatoes 3,102 b., 25,100 b., 40,500 b. Hay 4,209 tons, 11,025 t., 13,000 t. Tobacco 8,587 1bs., 890 lbs. Wine 19,686 gal., Flax seed 834 1bs. Sorghum molasses 1,765 gal., 251 gal. Butter 12,912 lbs., 44,827 lbs. Cheese 27,230 lbs, 10,501 lbs. Milk 813 gal., 10,036 gal. Eggs - , 238,858 doz. Honey - 450 lbs.
The rainy season is from June to September. On climate, withi tables of temperature, rainfall, etc., see Smithsonian Inst. Rept, 1877, p. 323 et seq .; N. Mex., Governor's Report, 1872 et seq .; U. S. Govt Doc., 45th cong. 201 sess., H. Ex. Doc., vi. 90-1, 145-6, and passim, with charts; 3d sess. H. Ex. Doc., vii. pt ii., 83, 114-19; 46th cong. 2d sess., H. Ex. Doc., vii., pt ii., 128-34, 251-8; 47th cong. Ist sess., H. Ex. Doc., vii. 92, 475, 586; Schott's Precipitation, 70-3, 115; Id., Distribution and Variations, 54 5; Wheel- er's U. S. Geog. Surv., ii. 533, 568 et seq .; U. S. Surg .- Gen., Circular 8, p. 294-8, 302-6, 313. 1865. No probable increase in prod. since 1860. 1866. Meline, 2,000 Miles, 158-61, describes Maxwell's farm of 5,000 acres as the model and largest in N. Mex. 1868. Gov. urges the great prospects of grape culture. 1869. Sugar-beet, long-staple cotton, and tobacco do well; as silk
768
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
the period of 1864-86 has done little more than con- firm what was well enough known in past centuries respecting the country's fertility. Farming is still conducted for the most part by the old methods of irrigation and tillage; and practically nothing has been done to increase the water supply or prevent waste. Floods occur occasionally, but the climate is remark- ably healthful and well adapted to agricultural pur- suits. A living is easily gained, and that is all that the natives desire. There has been little or no expor- tation of products, and such will perhaps always be the case, unless wine, grapes, and certain fruits-in the production of which New Mexico seems to have some advantages over California-may prove an excep- tion; yet the home market furnished by the mining camps and towns is, and is likely to be, excellent for a vastly increased production; and with the settlement of land titles, storing and proper use of water, and ade- quate tillage of small farms, agriculture in the future should be a remarkably prosperous industry.
A very large part of the territory, consisting of dry mesa and mountain land unfit for farming, is available for grazing, producing in large quantities the most
and tea ought to do. 1871. Many new vineyards coming into bearing. 1872. Bill to donate 10 sections of land to John Martin for finding water in the desert, tabled in congress. 1873. Govt aid for irrigation urged by surv .- gen. 1874-5. Mauy destructive floods. 1878. Cotton successfully raised in the south. 1879. Much testimony in U. S. Pub. Lands Com. Rept (46th cong. 2d sess., H. Ex. Doc. 46), p. 441-64, 619-22, Wine prod. 240,000 gal. 1880. Severe drought. 1884. Floods.
The U. S. Dept Agric. Reports contain nothing on N. Mex. until 1869, when a good sketch from a pamphlet by C. P. Clever is given; and the later reports contain more or less information. The U. S. Land Office Reports, 1864 et seq., give the condition of agric. from year to year in the surv .- gen.'s reports; so do many of the governor's messages. Ritch's Illust. N. Mex., and Id., Aztlan, passim, are useful authority for the late years; and the N. Mex. Bureau of Immig., Report of Bernalillo Co. (and other counties), 1881-2, may be cited as especially valuable. See also Wheeler's U. S. Geog. Surv., iii. 573-83, 601-3; Reports 1875-7, passim, and maps; N. Mer., Scraps, passim; N. Mex. Business Directory, 1882; McKenney's Bus. Dir., 308; Hayden's Great West, 190-3; N. Mex., A Political Problem; Palmer's Colonization in Colorado, 22-52, 59-79; Brevoort's N. Mex., 57-68; New Mex. and the New Mexicans, 24-5; Goddard's Where to Emigrate, 146-7; Owen's Mines of N. Mex., 32-4, 45-7; Beadle's West Wilds, 228-9; Porter's The West, Census of 1880, 450-1; N. Mex., Pointers on the S. W., 58-9; Rand, McNally, & Co.'s Overl. Guide, 84 8; Rob- erts' With the Invader, 25-9, 84-7; Copley's Kansas, 68-9; Hayden, in U. S. Govt Doc., 42d cong. 2d sess., H. Ex. Doc. 325.
769
STOCK-RAISING IN NEW MEXICO.
nutritious of wild grasses; while the climatic and other conditions are all favorable for stock-raising. This industry has therefore, as shown by the appended sta- tistics,6 far excelled that of agriculture or any other, except perhaps mining, and is likely to retain its prece- dence in the future. Yet success in raising cattle and sheep has by no means been commensurate with the country's natural advantages. Here the land laws have worked against the industry. The land is worth- less for farms, but cannot be sold in tracts sufficiently large for grazing. By owning 160 acres about a spring a few men have control each of an immense range, thus monopolizing the business, very much to the disadvan- tage of the territory. If the government would per- mit the taking-up of 'pastoral homesteads' of 1-5,000 acres, sufficing for the support of a family as 160 acres are supposed to suffice as a farm; if it would offer lib- eral areas for the finding of water by wells, with the privilege of buying more; or if the grazing lands were simply offered for sale at reasonable prices in large
6 U. S. Census Reports, 1870, 1880. Statistics for later years from other sources are very contradictory. Value of animals slaughtered $224, 765, --. Value of live-stock, $2,389,157, - (in '83, $18,159,465, Cattlemen, Proc. 1st Nat. Conv., 12-13; abt $20,000,000 invested in '79, U. S. Pub. Lands Com. Rept, 441-64, 619-22; assessment in '82 $5,272,644; in '83 $9,335,299. Auditor's Reports). Horses 5,033, 15,557 (in '82, 12,149, in '83, 19,672, Auditor; in '83, 16,640, Cattlemen). Mules and asses 6,141, 9,063 (in '82, 5,221; in '83, 8,440, Auditor; in '83, 10,082, Cattlemen). Milch cows 16,417, 12,955. Oxen 19,774, 16,432. Other cattle 21,343, 137,314 (cattle in '82, 267,200; in '83, 471, 121, Auditor; in '79, 500,000, Gov. and Surv .- gen .; in '83, 547,113, Cattlemen; in '84, 1,000,000, Gov .; in '85, 800,000, Ritch). Sheep 619,438, 2,088,831 (in '79, 5,000,000, Gov .; 10,000,000, Surv .- gen .; in '82, 1,339,718; in '83, 1,757,948, Aud .; in '83, 3,960,000, Cattlemen; in '84, 1,000,000 and decreasing, Gov .; in 85, 5,000,000, Ritch; in '83, 25,000,000 (!), N. Mex. Review, July 10, 1883). Swine 11,267, 7,857 (in '82, 3, 740; in '83, 4,044, Aud .; in '83, 19,300, Cattlemen). Goats (in '82, 27,692; in '83, 34,003, Aud .- probably included with sheep in other figures). Product of wool 684,930 lbs., 4,019, 188 lbs. (in '84, 26,610,000 lbs., Ritch).
Cattle and sheep have no diseases except as introduced from abroad; and in '84 an act was passed to prevent the introd. of diseased animals from Texas, etc. There was always a conflict between cattle and sheep men, as cattle and horses will not thrive where sheep are grazed; and in the later years it. has been thought that sheep must go to the wall; yet it is thought that with careful attention sheep-raising is more profitable, though cattle require much less care. 30 acres will support a beef or 5 -- 6 sheep. Sheep have been worth $1 to $1.50; cattle $15; and horses $20-35. The authorities cited in the pre- ceding note on agric. contain also information on stock-raising; see also Watts' Sta Fé Affairs, MS., 17-18; N. Mex., Its Resources and Advantages, 8; Wood . Brothers' Live Stock Movement; Stone's Gen. View, MS., 8-9.
HIST. ABIZ. AND N. MEX. 49
770
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
tracts-many of the obstacles to a grand success would apparently be removed, and at least the lands would pay their part of territorial taxes. But all the numer- ous efforts to secure these reforms have thus far failed.
New Mexico can hardly be said to have as yet any manufacturing industry; that is, the only establish- ments of this kind in existence, as shown in statistics of the census in 1870-80,7 are the few and ordinary ones that naturally spring up in any community to supply in part local needs and furnish a livelihood to those engaged. Flouring and lumber mills take the lead, followed by the carpenter and blacksmith shops, which can hardly be rated as manufacturing establish- ments at all. It will be noted that the list includes no woollen mills, though one was in operation in 1870, and one or more have, I think, been established since 1880. And there were then no tanneries, notwith- standing the abundance of cattle and the existence of a native plant, the canaigre, thought to be well adapted to take the place of oak and hemlock. It would seem that the manufacture of woollen fabrics and leather
7 Estab. in "70, '80, 192, 144. Capital $1,450,695, $463,275. Hands em- ployed 427, 559. Wages $167,281, $218,731. Value of materials $880,957, $871,352. Products $1,489, 868, $1,284, 846. Statistics of 1880:
Estab.
Capital,
Hands.
Wages.
Material.
Product.
Blacksmith.
11
$4,950
17
$5,944
$6,675
$20,550
Boots
6
5,300
6
3,650
3,500
11,430
Carpenter
22
40,250
136
90,075
205,250
336,790
Carriage.
1
20,000
12
9,500
39,000
48,000
Clothing.
1
500
2
2,100
1,000
3,600
Furniture
1
3,500
4
3,600
7,000
18,000
Jewelry .
2
13,000
16
11,000
14,000
35,000
Distilleries
1
1,000
1
40
350
535
Breweries
3
6,000
2
410
1,772
3,290
Wine .
1
1,300
3
800
1,500
4,000
Masons.
2
700
4
2,000
3,300
7,000
Harness
5
7,000
11
5,900
6,500
15,800
Tin and Copper.
2
30,000
12
10,100
22,000
40,000
Tobacco .
1
1,000
1
550
500
2,000
Wheel wrights.
6
3,450
16
12,800
15,000
34,250
Flour-mills
51
240,250
134
35,416
435,450
529,179
Saw-mills.
26
74,675
172
24,240
117,055
173,930
Brick
1
800
8
600
500
1,500
771
TRADE AND RAILROADS.
should assume some importance; and the possibilities of future developments in the extensive working of iron have already been noted.
New Mexican trade consists, as in Arizona, of the bringing-in and distribution of merchandise required for the supply of mining camps and towns, and for the consumption of the people generally, no satisfactory statistics being obtainable, and no comment on meth- ods needed. The advent of railroads put an end to the famous old Santa Fé trade, carried on by wagon- trains across the plains, a trade which amounted in 1876 to over $2,000,000. There is no exportation of products, except those of the mines and flocks; the immense quantities of freight carried through the ter- ritory to the Pacific states and Mexico form, of course, no element of New Mexican trade proper; and I find nothing in the distribution of goods from railroad centres or the operations of the ordinary mercantile establishments of the different settlements that calls for remark.
Of railroads the territory has over 1,200 miles, built in 1878-85. They were not built with any view to the benefit or business of New Mexico, but to com- plete transcontinental connections between the east, the Pacific, and Mexico. Therefore, I do not deem the annals of the various companies, projects, and complications as belonging in any important sense to the history of New Mexico, even if there were space in this chapter for such matter. I append, however, a few miscellaneous notes.8 The first passenger train
8 1855-6. Act of legisl. incorp. A. & P. R. R. Co. 1856-7. Id., incorp. N. Mex. Min. & R. R. Co. 1863-4. Id., incorp. Kansas, N. Mex., Ariz., & Cal. R. R. Co. 1864 5. Bill for R. R. and tel. through N. Mex. and Ariz. tabled in congress, joint resol. to facilitate communication passed. 1866, etc. Laws on A. & P. R. R. in rept sec. int., 1882, p. 596-602. 1867. R. R. pro- jects. Copley's Kansas, 68-70; Sac. Union, Nov. 2d. 1868. Mem. of legisl. for R. R., as best means of settling Ind, troubles and giving N. Mex. the protection promised by the treaty, often repeated; rept of cong. com. U. S. Govt Doc., 40th cong. 2d sess., H. Rept 43. 1871. Kansas Pac. R. R. now within 3 days' staging; other roads approaching. N. Mex., Mess. of gov .; later messages record progress and prospects. 1872. Acts of legisl. giving right of way to N. Mex. & Gulf R. R. (also act of congress); authorizing county aid to R. R .; and mortgage or consolidation; and appraisement of
772
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
entered the territory in February 1879, bringing the Colorado legislature to Otero over the Atchison, To- peka, and Santa Fé line; work was rapidly pushed forward, and for the most part completed in five years. The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé line, known also as the New Mexico and Southern Pacific, enters the territory at the Raton tunnel, sending out a short branch to the coal-beds; in 1879 reached Las Vegas, whence a branch extends to the Hot Springs; in 1880 reached Santa Fé by a branch of 95 miles from Lamy; and in 1881, branching at Rincon, reached Deming and El Paso. It has short branches in Socorro county to the mines of Magdalena and Carthage; a narrow- gauge extension of 46 miles from Deming to Silver City; and has in all 680 miles of track. The Atlantic and Pacific line, virtually a part of the Atchison, To- peka, and Santa Fé, began building at Alburquerque in 1880, on the completion of the former line to that point, and was rapidly pushed westward until in 1883 it reached the Colorado River, opening a new and favorite route to California. This road has 179 miles in New Mexico, including a five-mile siding to the Gallup coal mines. The Southern Pacific from Cali-
R. R. lands; cong. bill to incorp. N. Mex. R. R. and Central R. R. 1874 et seq. Surv .- gen. reports progress and prospects. 1878. Act of legisl. for in- corp. of R. R. companies; Raton Mt. being tunnelled; D. & Col. R. R. graded to north line of N. Mex. 1879. A. T. & Sta Fé R. R. completed to Las Vegas in July. 1880. Completion of N. Mex. & South R. R. branch to Sta Fé in Feb .; A. & P. R. R. has 9 m. of track westward from Alburquerque; D. & R. G. R. R. graded to Peña Blanca, track to near Embudo; see statistics, etc., in U. S. Govt Doc., 46th cong. 3d sess., H. Ex. Doc., xvi., pt ii., p. 227; Id., 47th cong. 2d sess., H. Ex. Doc., xiii., pt iv., p. 56-9. 1881. A., T., & Sta Fé R. R. completed to junctions with the S. Pac. R. R. at Deming and El Paso; trains running to Ariz. and Cal. from May; S. Pac. R. R. has 155 m. in N. Mex. D. & R. G. R. R. compl. to Española, 80 m., and 60 m. west'on S. Juan division. A. & P. R. R. extends 212 m. w. from Alburquerque. See repts of gov. and surv .- gen. See N. Mex., Railroad Laws, compiled by Catron and Thornton, Sta Fé, 1881, 8vo, 61 p. 1882. Total miles R. R. in Jan. 1,096; built during the past year 913 m. Act of legisl. to regulate R. R., prohibit discrimination, and fix passenger rates at 6 cts per mile; also authorizing Silver City to subsidize a R. R. See Ritch's Blue-Book, 139-45, for details, stations, distances, etc. 1883. Narrow-gauge R. R. compl. from Deming to Silver City, 46 m .; and from Lordsburg to Clifton, 30 m. in N. Mex .; some work done on a line to join Sta Fé and Española. See gov.'s rept and Ritch's Ill. N. Mex., 23-5. 1884. Mex. Central R. R. completed. See details in Mckinney's Bus. Directory, 308; Mills' S. Miguel Co., 20-1. 1885. See excel- lent summary in Ritch's Aztlan, 13-18, 25-6.
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