USA > Arizona > History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Volume XVII > Part 16
USA > New Mexico > History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Volume XVII > Part 16
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21 They arrived March 3d. Their names were Alonso Martinez, Francisco de Zamora, Juan Rosas, Alonso Lugo, Francisco de San Miguel, Andrés Cor- chado, Cristóbal Salazar (a cousin of Oñate), Juan Claros, Pedro Vergara, and Juan de Sau Buenaventura-the last 2 lay friars; also brothers Martin, Fran- cisco, and Juan de Dios are named. Barreiro, Ojeada, 5, says Oñate had 65 Franciscans with him !
125
LIST OF OÑATE'S COMPANIONS.
I have found in the various records, well worth pre- serving, as including the first settlers of New Mexico; though unfortunately the full names and titles of all could not be made to fit the metre of the poetic ver- sion.22 There were 83 wagons in the train, and 7,000 head of cattle.
22 Alphabetic list of Oñate's associates in the conquest of N. Mex.
Capt. Pablo de Aguilar Araujo
Antonio Conde de Herrera
Cristóbal de Herrera
Ascencio de Archuleta Ayarde
Juan de Herrera
Alonzo Nuñez de Hinojosa
Leon de Isasti
Alf. Dionisio de Bañuelos Bartol Juan Benitez Bibero
Jimenez Capt. Diego Landin
Capt. Juan Gutierrez de Bocanegra
Juan Perez de Bustillo
Domingo de Lizana
César Ortiz Cadimo
Cristóbal Lopez Juan Lopez
Estévan Carabajal
Alonso Lúcas
Carrera
Lucío Mallea
Juan de Caso
Francisco Marquez
Capt. Gerónimo Marquez
Hernan Martin
Cavanillas
Juan Martinez
Capt. Gregorio César Cordero
Medina Monroi
Alf. Juan Cortés Márcos Cortés
Alonso Gomez Montesinos
Baltasar de Monzon
Morales
Juan Moran
Munuera
Juan Escarramal
Naranjo
Capt. Diego Nuñez
Juan de Olague
Ten. Gen. Cristóbal de Oñate
Capt. Gen. Juan de Oñate
Juan de Ortega
Ortiz
Regundo Paladin
Simon de Paz
Juan de Pedraza
Alf. Pereyra Simon Perez
Capt. Juan Piñero
Alf. Fran. de Posa y Peñalosa
Capt. Alonso de Quesada
Alf. Gerón. de Heredia
Martin Ramirez
Juan Rangel Rascon
Pedro de los Reyes Pedro de Ribera
Pedro Sanchez Damiero Juan Diaz Sec. Juan Perez de Donis Capt. Felipe Escalante
Capt. Marcelo de Espinosa
Capt. Márcos Farfan de los Godos Juan Fernandez
Manuel Francisco Álvaro García
Francisco García
Márcos García Simon García Luis Gascon Bartolomé Gonzalez Juan Gonzalez Juan Griego Guevara Francisco Guillen Antonio Gutierrez
Fran. Guillen de Quesada
Antonio Hernandez Francisco Hernandez Gonzalo Hernandez Pedro Hernandez
Francisco de Ledesma
Alf. Juan de Leon
Juan Camacho
Alf. (Capt.) Bernabé de las Casas Castillo Juan Catalan
Juan Medel
126
OÑATE'S CONQUEST OF NEW MEXICO.
Instead of descending the Conchos as earlier ex- plorers had done, Oñate seems to have taken a north- ward course to the Rio Bravo. Two exploring par- ties were sent out in advance to find a way for the wagons, and Villagrá, who accompanied the sargento mayor, devotes more than two cantos of his work to a description of their adventures; and in the Ytinerario the dates, distances, and names of successive points reached by the main army are given; but though this was the first exploration of northern Chihuahua, the details have no special interest in connection with our present subject except as appended in a note.23 Pro- gress with the wagons was naturally slow, but there
Alonso del Rio Diego Robledo Francisco Robledo Pedro Robledo Pedro Rodriguez
Sosa Capt. Tabora Capt. Francisco Vaca
Varela
Sebastian Rodriguez
Jorge de la Vega
Bartolomé Romeros Capt. Moreno de la Rua
Francisco Vido
Juan de Victoria Vido
Capt. Ruiz Juan Ruiz Lorenzo Salado
Capt. Gaspar de Villagrá
Juan de Salas
Villalba Villaviciosa
Alonso Sanchez Cristóbal Sanchez
Capt. Juan de Zaldívar
Francisco Sanchez
Capt. Vicente de Zaldívar Alf. Leon Zapata
Antonio Sariñana
Prov. Zubia
Juan de Segura Serrano
Zumaia.
22 Feb. 7th, left the Conchos; 3 1. to La Tentacion. 8th, 2 1. to Agua del In- cendio. 9th, 3 1. to barrancas. 10th, 3 1. to Rio S. Pedro, forded in 28° 45', remaining a month, and the padres arriving March 3d. March 11th, 3 1. to Charcos. 12th, 5 1. to Rio de Nombre de Dios. 14th, back to S. Buena- ventura a short distance, whence Landin started for Mex. 18th, 3 l. to Sierrazuela de las Hogueras. 19th, 1 1. to S. José, or Sacramento, where holy Thursday was celebrated with great ceremonies. 20th, 3 1. to Sta Cruz. 22d, 3 1. to Encinar de la Resurreccion. 24th, 2 1. to Alameda de la Asump- cion. 25th, 1 1. to Laguna de S. Benito y Ojuelos del Norte, a lake 2 1. in circum. 26th, 3 1. to Aguage de la Cruz. 27th, 1 1. to Peñol de Velez in lat. 30°. 30th, 2 1. to Ancon del Recelo. 31st, 21. to fuente de S. Fran. de Paula. April 1st-2d, 3 1. to Socorro del Cielo. 3d-5th, 6 1. to Rio de la Men- tira and Cienega de S. Isidro in about 30° 30'. 7th, 2 1. to Alchicubite de S. Vicente. 8th-9th, 3 1. to Ciénega de la Concepcion, and beginning of the sand dunes. 10th, 13 1. to fuente de S. Leon in lat. 31°. 11th, spring of S. Emenegildo. 12th, 3 1. to Bocas de los Médanos. 19th-20th. 6 1. to the Rio del Norte in 31° 30', river called Rio Bravo farther s. E. April 28th-May 3d, 8} 1. np the river. May 4th, forded the river in exactly 31° (not a typog. error, for the writer notes that they had lost 30' in going 83 1 .! ); they called the ford Vado de los Puertos; in many leagues there is no other way for wagons.
Francisco Vasquez
Sec. Juan Velarde
12
THE MARCH NORTHWARD.
were no adventures or calamities. Captain Landin was despatched for Mexico with letters in the middle of March. On the 20th of April they reached the Rio Grande. On the last day of the month, a few leagues up the river on the western bank, Oñate pro- ceeded with all the complicated and curious cere- monial deemed essential in such cases, to take formal possession for God, the king, and himself, of New Mexico "and all the adjoining provinces," as appears from the long and verbose act of possession duly cer- tified by Juan Perez, the royal escribano, in the pres- ence of the friars and all the army.24 There were also imposing religious ceremonies, including mass in a chapel built for the occasion, and a sermon by the padre comisario; and finally in the evening the per- formance of an original comedy written by Captain Farfan on a subject connected with the conquest of New Mexico-early days of the drama, indeed.25
24 This acta is given in full by Villagra, p. 129-32; and also in N. Mex. Traslado, 88-101. In this doc. Oñate alindes to the king's order of April 2, '97, approving his appointment; and also names all the friars of his company. Space does not permit the translation of this paper as a curiosity.
25 'Hobo sermon, gran solemnidad eclesiástica y seglar, gran salva y alegría, y á la tarde comedia.' N. Mex., Ytin., 242.
CHAPTER VII. OÑATE'S CONQUEST CONTINUED.
1598-1599.
EL PASO DEL NORTE-UP THE RIO GRANDE-THE FIRST PUEBLO GROUP AT SOCORRO-A MIRACLE AT PUARAI-FROM PUEBLO TO PUEBLO-OBEDI- ENCE AND VASSALAGE -- SAN JUAN DE LOS CABALLEROS, SAN GABRIEL, AND CITY OF SAN FRANCISCO-UNIVERSAL JUNTA-DISTRIBUTION OF MISSIONARIES-LIST OF TOWNS-ZALDÍVAR'S TRIP TO THE PLAINS- OÑATE'S SOUTH-EASTERN TOUR-THE CAPTAIN-GENERAL STARTS FOR THE MAR DEL SUR-SUBMISSION OF ACOMA, ZUNI, AND THE MOQUI TOWNS- VISIT TO MINES IN ARIZONA-VILLAGRA'S ADVENTURES, ACOMA TO ZUÑI-REVOLT OF ACOMA-DEATH OF ZALDÍVAR AND FIFTEEN COMPAN- IONS-VENGEANCE OF THE SPANIARDS-BATTLE OF THE PEÑOL-DESTRUC- TION OF ACOMA AND SLAUGHTER OF THE NATIVES-END OF THE EPIC AND OTHER RECORDS.
ON the 4th of May, 1598, only twenty-five miles above the point where they first reached the Rio Grande, the Spaniards were shown by natives a con- venient ford, and the army crossed to the eastern bank. The latitude is confusedly given as 31° or 31° 30'; and I have no doubt that this "ford of the river of the north" was the original El Paso del Norte, a name that has been retained ever since for the locality where the river leaves the territory which is now New Mexico. From the 5th to the 20th the army marched slowly up the river on the eastern side for fifteen and a half leagues, with none but trivial inci- dents, if we except the death of several persons of the colony, and without applying names to localities. Here Captain Aguilar returned from an advance ex- ploration, having reached the first pueblos and entered one of them against the orders of his chief, who, how-
( 128 )
129
UP THE RIO GRANDE.
ever, pardoned him at the intercession of his men. Fearing that the natives might be alarmed and run away with their food supplies, Oñate with the Zaldí- vars, Villagrá, padres Salazar and Martinez, and fifty men,1 started on the 22d, and in six days, 26 or 22 leagues, reached the first group of pueblos, a storm with thunder, lightning, and perhaps an earthquake marking the approach, and drawing from the padres all the prayers of the litany.
It is noticeable that the distance of 41 or 38 leagues from El Paso confirms our identification, from the re- ports of earlier explorers, of the southernmost group of pueblos with the Socorro region in latitude 34°; and indeed, the pueblo of Teipana, three leagues above Qualacú of the first two, was now named Socorro. Besides these three which are mentioned as occupied, there were others abandoned, but only these two names are given. The natives gave a kind welcome to the strangers, entertained the governor in their towns, and furnished supplies of maize, which desirable 'socorro' was sent back to the main camp. It was the middle of June when Oñate and his advance party left what may be regarded as the first group of towns.2
The next advance up the river was to a small pueblo named Nueva Sevilla, seven leagues above Socorro, the first in which the soldiers slept, and where they remained a week while the Zaldívars went to explore the Abó pueblos,3 and Villagrá made a tour in search of maize. Then on the 22d of June they went on for four leagues to a new but abandoned pueblo, which they
1 Oñate, Cop. de Carta, 303, says there were 70 men; and that one of his objects was to find and arrest Humana. The force is not given in the Ytine- rario.
2 The purport of Oñate's narrative, however, indicates less clearly than those of earlier explorers a grouping of the towns; but rather makes a con- tinuous line of pueblos at intervals of 3 or 4 1. The text of the Ytinerario leaves it slightly doubtful whether the next town was not four instead of 7 1. above Socorro.
3 This is the first mention of this name. The ruins of Abo are in about lat. 34° 30', 25 or 30 miles east of the river, and agreeing very well with the indications of this record. Sevilla was not far from the junction of the Rio Puerco. The Ytinerario, 242-53, is chiefly followed for this part of the jour- ney, as Villagrá disposes of it somewhat briefly.
HIST. ARIZ. AND N. MEX. 9
130
OÑATE'S CONQUEST CONTINUED.
named San Juan Bautista, as they were there on the 24th, or Saint John's day.4 Here the general heard of two Mexican Indians left by Castaño, and started northward on the 25th in search of them, reaching Puruai, named San Antonio, in a journey of sixteen leagues. Here the friars were lodged in a newly painted room, and in the morning they beheld on the walls life-like portraits of the martyred Rodriguez and Lopez of seventeen years ago, which the natives had vainly tried to conceal with the paint! The two Mexicans, Tomás and Cristóbal, were presently brought in from another pueblo, and they proved as interpreters a most valuable acquisition to the Spaniards. Before the end of June they visited the pueblo of Tria-pos- sibly Cia-which they named San Pedro y San Pablo; and moved on three leagues from Puruai to San Felipe, and thence four leagues to Guipui, or Santo Domingo.5 This town was made a kind of headquar- ters or capital for a time, all of Oñate's advance party coming up apparently; and in this province we are told was chosen6 a convent named Asumpcion, though nothing appears later about such an institution. On the 4th of July Captain Juan de Zaldívar was sent back to bring up the rest of the wagons and colonists who had reached the first pueblos on June 26th, but who did not join the advance army till August.
At Santo Domingo on the 7th of July seven chief- tains representing some thirty-four pueblos assembled to acknowledge the supremacy of new masters tem- poral and spiritual. Tomás and Cristóbal, serving as interpreters, explained at great length the material prosperity and eternal happiness that must result from
4 S. Juan must have been some distance below Isleta, and must not be con- founded with S. Juan de los Caballeros.
5 Perhaps S. Felipe was 3 1. beyond S. Pedro y S. Pablo instead of Puruai; or Sto Domingo 4 I. from P. instead of from S. Felipe. Elsewhere in the Ytinerario Sto Domingo is said to be 6 1. from P. Not much importance can be attached to exact distances in these records. Clearly S. Felipe and Sto Domingo correspond with those still so called, though it is not certain that the sites were not slightly changed in the next century.
6 ' Se elixió convento de la advocacion de Nra Sra de la Asumpcion.' Ytin., 254. Perhaps it should be 'se erigió,' or was built instead of chosen.
131
SUBMISSION OF THE PUEBLOS.
being 'good,' and submitting cheerfully to Felipe II. and God, as contrasted with present disaster and fu- ture damnation inseparably connected with refusal; and the chiefs, disposed to be friendly or fearing the strangers' guns and horses, even if they had some lin- gering doubts respecting the political and doctrinal theories presented, humbly kneeled and swore the re- quired allegiance, as was duly recorded in a ponderous document.™ On July 9th the army left the pueblo of Bove, or San Ildefonso,8 and in two days, or ten leagues-the wagons going by a longer route of six- teen leagues via San Marcos-to Caypa, or San Juan, doubtless identical, or nearly so, with the pueblo still bearing the name near the junction of the Rio Grande and Rio Chama just above latitude 36°. From the courtesy of the people -especially after much-needed rain had been produced by the padres' prayers-this town was soon called San Juan de los Caballeros, and for several years was the Spanish capital, or centre of operations. The name San Gabriel was also applied by the friars to their establishment here, or more prob- ably to another pueblo not far distant.9
1 Obediencia y Vasallaje á Su Magestad por los indios de Santo Domingo (July 7, 1598), in N. Mex. Traslado, 101-8. As there were several similar acts a little later, it will be more convenient to name the pueblos together in a sub- sequent note.
" Of their going from Sto Dom. to S. Ild. nothing is said, nor is the dis- tance mentioned; but it would seem that S. Ild. may have been much nearer to Sto Dom. than the pueblo now called S. Ild., else the distance of 10 1. to S. Juan would be inexplicable.
9 Both in the Ytinerario and in Oñate, Cop. de Carta, 304, the distance is given as 61 1. from the point where O. originally left the wagons far south of Socorro, and this corresponds nearly enough with the actual distance from a point just above lat. 33° to one just above 36°. The place is often called S. Juan Bautista, but must be distinct from the southern pueblo originally so named. Davis' statement, Span. Conq., 289, that the name 'de los Caballeros' originated from the gentlemanly conduct of the natives during the great re- volt of the next century, though founded on several early statements, is an error. Several early writers speak of the villa de San Gabriel, and indeed Zaldívar so calls the Span. headquarters in 1602. N. Mex., Mem., 198. Tor- quemada and others cited earlier in this chapter state that the Spaniards es- tahlished themselves at S. Gabriel between the Rio Grande and a smaller stream. Salmeron and Niel locate it between the Zama, or Chama, and Rio Grande. In the Arch. N. Mex., 158, the ruins of S. Gabriel are mentioned as on the Chama 6 1. above its mouth. S. Gabriel del Yunque, in Escalante Carta, 116, recalls Coronado's Yunque Yunque. It will be noted that in the subsequent distrib. of friars in Sept., S. Gabriel is named as distinct from S. Juan.
132
OÑATE'S CONQUEST CONTINUED.
From San Juan on the 13th Oñate went to Picu- ríes, or San Buenaventura, six leagues; and thence six leagues farther to Taos, or San Miguel, or Tay- beron, the northern limit. Returning to San Juan he went to San Ildefonso on the 20th, and thence five leagues east to San Marcos next day, and the next to San Cristóbal.1º On the 24th and 26th he went to Pecos, or Santiago,11 by way of Glisteo, or Santa Ana; returning to San Cristóbal and San Marcos on the 26th, and next day going down to Santo Domingo, where the main company from below under Saldívar arrived the same day. From the 2d to the 7th of August Oñate made a tour by way of the great pueblo of Tria-probably Cia-to the great one of the Emenes or Jemes, visiting also some others of the eleven pueblos in that province, and finding some hot sulphur springs. Having returned to Santo Domingo, he went up to San Ildefonso on the 9th, and next day probably arrived at San Juan.12
It was the next day after this arrival, or the 11th of August, that work was begun on the ditches re- quired to bring water for the city of San Francisco which it was determined to found, some 1,500 Indians assembling to aid in the labor. I believe that the site of this intended city was at or in the immediate vicin- ity of San Juan, and not at Santa Fé, where the city was really built in later years. For a long time nothing more is heard of it, and it is probable that the progress of the work was soon interrupted by troubles presently to be noticed; or the water-works
10 S. Cristóbal and S. Marcos belonged apparently to the Nambé and Tesu- que group north of Sta Fe, yet in later years they seem to have been south and again north of Sta Fé. They may be the pueblos so named by Castaño, as Oñate had an Ind. girl of S. Cristobal carried away by C .; and near S. Marcos certain mines, called de Escalante, are mentioned as by C.
11 Pedro Orez, a native of Pecos carried away by Espejo, had died; but Brother Juan de Dios of O.'s band had learned the language, and he later settled here.
12 The diary is not clear for the 10th, there being apparently an omission of the doings of that day. Except for what follows about the new city this would have no importance, and I think there can be no doubt that they went to S. Juan.
133
SANTA FÉ NOT FOUNDED.
may have been completed for San Juan, and the build- ing of the city postponed to a more convenient season when a change of site was found desirable. I find not the slightest reason to date the founding of Santa Fé from 1598.13 While San Francisco was to be the name of the new city, San Pablo was chosen by the Indians as the general patron of the territory. The last of the colonists and wagons arrived on the 18th, and thus all were reunited at San Juan de los Caballeros. A few days later a mutinous plot of cer- tain soldiers, including apparently Captain Aguilar, was revealed, but the governor was moved by tears and supplications to grant a general pardon.14 From August 23d to September 7th a church was built, and dedicated on the 8th with great ceremonies termi- nating with a sham battle between Christians and Moors. There was a week of general sports at this time which brought in a large number of natives from all directions, some of them coming, as the poet tells us, as spies to study the invaders' strength.
A 'universal junta de toda la tierra' was held at San Juan on the 9th of September, on which occasion the native chiefs, including representatives of pueblos
13 « Se empezó la saca del agua para la ciudad de nuestro Padre Sant Fran- cisco.' N. Mex., Ytin., 262. In Id., Traslado, 116, ' la cibdad de Sant Fran- cisco de los Españoles que al presente se edifican' is included with S. Juan in the missionary field of P. Salazar in the distribution of Sept. 9th; and this is cited by Bandelier, Hist. Introd., 19, as 'documentary evidence regarding the establishment of Sta Fé,' though it does not follow that B. really opposes my view of the matter. That the writer of the Itinerario, after carefully noting Oñate's tour through the Sta Fé region and return to S. Juan, should have re- ferred to the beginning of work on the new city the next day, having in mind a site 25 or 30 miles away, with no preliminary record of choosing the site, etc., is as improbable as that a city at Sta Fé in process of construction should have escaped all mention for 10 years or more; but there is nothing at all strange in the record if the meaning is that the city was to be at S. Juan, since the work may have gone on slowly for years or its suspension during the later troubles have left no record. Since writing what precedes I find in Vetancur, Chron., 101, the following, which settles the question: From S. Juan de los Caballeros are in sight (1680-91) the 'edificios de la villa de S. Gabriel, primera fundacion que se pasó á Sta Fé á la otra parte del rio.'
14 Over 45 men were concerned, acc. to Oñate, Cop. Carta, 304. Four men subsequently ran away for the 'tierra de paz,' with a band of horses; but Villagrá and Marquez went in pursuit, hanged two of the men, and recovered the animals, going as V. claims in 14 days to Sta Bárbara; and indeed Oñate, 305, says that they wrote to the viceroy from Sta B. They started Sept. 12th, and returned early in Nov.
134
ONATE'S CONQUEST CONTINUED.
and provinces that had before submitted and many others, renewed their formal submission, after listen- ing to a new explanation of the system by which the Almighty was represented in New Mexico en lo temporal through the king by Oñate, and en lo espiri- tual through the pope by the padre comisario Martinez. They also expressed the joy with which they would receive the friars at their pueblos as spiritual teachers and masters, after listening to the cheering assurance that if they refused or disobeyed the padres they would all be burned alive, besides burning later in hell. Villagrá tells us, however, that while they readily submitted to the king, they very sensibly told the padre comisario that so far as the new faith was concerned they had no objection to adopting it, if after proper instruction they found it desirable, adding naïvely that of course he would not wish them to em- brace a faith they did not fully understand! There- upon Martinez proceeded to apportion the pueblos among his co-laborers. 15
In my narrative of earlier entradas I have given in text or notes all the pueblo names mentioned by the successive explorers, with such comments as seemed necessary to show their identity. In the records of Oñate's conquest, and especially in the acts of obedien- cia y vasallaje and distribution of friars, these names are very numerous, and doubtless in many instances very inaccurate as written or printed; yet I have deemed it desirable to preserve them; and for the con- venience of reader and student I append them in com- pact form, adding all the names that appear in earlier narratives. Identification is in most cases, so far as individual pueblos are concerned, impossible; indeed, there is nothing left with which to identify them, and I make no attempt at arbitrary location on my maps, though all existing data of distance, direction, etc., will be found in these chapters. Fortunately, the
15 Obediencia y Vasallaje á Su Magestad por los indios del Pueblo de San Juan Bautista (Sept. 9, '98), in N. Mex., Traslado, 108-17, including the distribu- tion of the missionaries. Also Villagra, Hist. N. Mex., 152-5, with less details.
135
SUBMISSION OF THE PUEBLOS.
identity by groups or leading pueblos presents few difficulties, and in nearly every group a few names have survived to modern times. The towns in the sixteenth century occupied the same general range of territory as in the nineteenth; but most of them were destroyed in the seventeenth, and many of those re- maining were moved from their original sites.16 I
16 The body of what follows is from the Obediencias of the N. Mex., Tras- lado, items in parentheses being from the Ytinerario, Villagra's narrative, and other doc. relating to Oñate's expedition; while notes from earlier expedi- tions and comments are enclosed in brackets.
Under care of Fr. Francisco de S. Miguel, prov. of the Pecos (Santiago) with the 7 pueblos of the eastern Cienega, and the Vaquero, or wild tribes, of that region to the Sierra Nevada, and the pueblos of the 'gran salina ' behind the sierra of Puruay; and besides the pueblos of Quanquiz, Hohotá, Xonalus, Xatol, Xaiméla, Aggéy, Cuzá, Cizentetpi, Acoli, Abbo (Abó), Apena, Axauti, Amaxa, Couna, Dhiu, Alle, Atuyama, and Chein; and the 3 great pueblos of the Jumanas, or 'rayados ' called in their language Atripuy, Genobey, Que- lotetrey, and Pataotrey. In the Obediencia of Oct. 12th we have also in this S. E. region the prov. of Cheálo with the pueblos of Acolocú, Cuzayá [Cuzá above], Junetre, and Paaco; and in the Obed. of Oct. 17th those of Cuelóce, Xenopué, Patasce, and Abo. [Coronado calls Pecos Cicuye, Cicuio, Cicuique, Ticuique, Tienique, or Acuique, not naming others in the region. Rodriguez mentions prov., or valleys, of Came with 6 pueblos, and Asay, or Osay, with 5, somewhere in the s. E. Espejo names the prov. of Tamos-Tanos-one of its pueblos being called Ciquique, or Pecos; and also the prov. of Maguas, or Magrias, of 11 pueblos N. E. of the Tiguas. Sayaque appears on Jeffery's atlas.] Glisteo, or Sta Ana, is named in the Ytin. [In all this eastern region of about 40 pueblos alluded to we have in modern times only the ruins Pecos, Galisteo, Abó, Gran Quivira, and various scattered heaps of nameless ruins. ]
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