USA > Arizona > History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Volume XVII > Part 63
USA > New Mexico > History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Volume XVII > Part 63
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1882, gold $600,000, silver $5,200,000; 1883, gold $410,000, silver $3,050,000. Product of Graham co., 1882, gold $10,000, silver $5,000; 1883, gold $15,000, silver $30,000. The Tombstone mills were at first on the S. Pedro; but later some of them at the mines, supplied with water from the mines and by pipes from the Dragoon and Huachuca Mts, 8 and 25 miles away. The ores are said to yield 90 per cent of assay value by stamping process. The Contention produced $1,676,000 in 1882; and down to May 1883, with a depth of 600 ft, had produced $5,000,000 and paid $2,475,000 in dividends. The cost of working is about one third that of the Comstock ores. The pumps cost $350,000. The Grand Central in 1883 had reached a depth of 750 feet and produced $3,000,000. The Tombstone, including 1I mines, down to 1883 had produced $2,870,000, and paid in dividends $1,650,000. The Bronkow mine in this region was discovered as early as 1858, and relocated in 1880. A gold mine at Apache Pass is mentioned by the gov. in 1869 as just starting with a 10-stamp mill and good prospects; but the superintendent, Stone, was killed by Apaches in Oct. The Empire district, with the Total Wreck as the prin- cipal mine, is described in 1882 as having $4,000,000 in sight and a 20-stamp mill nearly ready. In 1883 the mill in a run of 5 months had produced $450,000; depth, 360 ft .; assay value, $60 per ton. The Arivaca dist is de- scribed by Hamilton as not very prosperous on account of bad management; but the Cerro Colorado mine had produced $2,000,000. The Hermosa is the principal mine of the Harshaw dist, producing $700,000, but the mill being idle in 1883-4. The famous Mowry mine is not successful in late years. Hin- ton says that 975 mines were recorded in Pima co. down to 1876.
9 The copper product in 1883 was worth about $4,000,000. Twenty fur- naces were running, with a capacity of 1,000 tons per day. Leading items of this year's production are given by Elliott & Co. as follows: Arizona Co. (Clifton), 4,106,000 Ibs .; Detroit Co. (Clifton), 4,035,000; Copper Queen (Bis- bee), 7,950,000; Old Dominion (Globe), 4,590,000; Un. Verde Co. (Yavapai), 1,763,000. Many new comp. to begin operations in 1884, with good pros- pects. Discov. of copper in 1863. S. F. Alta, Sept. 2, 1874. The Ajo mines, though rich, were abandoned from 1870, on account of expensive freight
591
THE DIAMOND HOAX.
In 1872 the alleged discovery of diamond-fields in Arizona created a great excitement throughout the nation. Arnold and Slack were the discoverers; splendid diamonds and rubies were exhibited in New York and San Francisco; Harpending, Lent, Roberts, Dodge, and other capitalists became sponsors for the great find; Henry Janin visited the fields as an ex- pert, reporting them rich in diamonds; a company with a capital of ten millions was formed, with such men as Latham, Selby, Ralston, Sloss, Barlow, and General McClellan as directors ; a title to 3,000 acres was obtained; large sums were paid for interests in the scheme; and all was made ready, not only to work the claim, but to offer the stock to a credulous and excited public. Meanwhile the papers were full of the matter, though there was less excitement in Arizona than elsewhere; a dozen parties visited the fields, some connected with the Harpending Company, and others not; and most of them, finding the spot with- out difficulty, brought back a variety of beautiful stones. All agreed that the place was in the region of Fort Defiance, some locating it across the line in New Mexico, but most in the extreme north of Apache county, near the junction of the Chelly and San Juan, where the inscription Diamond Fields is to be seen on modern maps. Arnold, however, said the spot was south of the Moqui towns near the Colorado Chiquito.
through a waterless desert. Work was resumed after 1880. The Globe mines, down to 1883, yielded 12,000 tons, and in 1883-4, 2,508 tons of 98 per cent bullion. The Planet mine sent 6,000 tons of 20 to 60 per cent ore to S. Francisco, work beginning in 1863. The United Verde, in a run of 230 days, produced 2,000 tons, besides 225,000 oz. of silver, paying $97,500 in dividends. The Bisbee mines were discov. in 1875-6. The Copper Queen, located in 1878, and worked from 1880 at a depth of 300 ft, had an ore body 150 by 80 ft, and sold for $1,250,000. It produced in 1881-4 $3,368,000, and paid $1,225,000 in dividends. Average yield of ore 13.5 per cent; average yield of bullion 98 per cent. Down to April 1, 1885, acc. to the statement of Supt Williams, the Copper Queen has produced 15,929 tons of black copper, worth $5,000,000. The leading mines of the Clifton group are the Long- fellow, Coronado, Metcalf, and Queen. They were discovered in 1871, and were somewhat profitable, when the copper, costing 5 cents per Ib., was shipped to Baltimore at a cost of 6 cents. The R. R. to Lordsbury, N. Mex., was completed in 1883. The mines have produced 20,000,000 lbs. of copper down to 1882, and are mainly owned by a Scotch company.
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ARIZONAN INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
Finally, Clarence King, United States geologist, vis- ited the fields, and discovered that the claim had been artfully 'salted' with rough diamonds from Africa, Brazil, and other parts of the world. Fortunately, the exposure came in time to prevent the swindling of the general public. Of the capitalists involved, who were victims and who culprits was never exactly known. The point of the whole matter, however, lies in the fact that, while in all that was written, it was the Arizona diamond-fields that were described, and the ' Arizona diamond swindle' that was denounced, not only were there no diamonds in Arizona, but the salted claim was in north-western Colorado, hundreds of miles from the Arizona line !10
In closing what I have to say of mining industries in Arizona, it is proper to acknowledge my indebted- ness to the works of Hinton, Elliott, and Hamilton, who have treated the subject more minutely than I have had space to do. And not only on the subject of mining, but on all others pertaining to the history of late years, and to the country's resources and condi- tion, do these works deserve much praise, comparing very favorably with such works of the better class
10 The S. F. papers of 1872 are full of this matter; and a good collection of clippings is found in Hayes' Scraps, Ariz., iv. 258-90. Arnold's version first appeared in the Laramie Sentinel in Aug. 1872. The gov., in his message of 1873, expresses satisfaction that the Arizona press and people, much as they desired immigration, had not encouraged the diamond excitement. Ariz., Jour., 1873, p. 38. And this was true as a rule; yet there was much search- ing for precious stones in different parts of the territory; and even in Yuma Co., near Arizona City, the finding of diamonds-one of them by a judge- was reported. A party from Prescott claimed to have found the Harpending co.'s notices posted in the northern part of Apache co., and it is possible that such notices were posted there with intent to mislead treasure-seekers. Ob- viously, it was desirable to conceal the real locality of the 'salted ' grounds, as the diamond 'salt' cost many thousands of dollars in London; the Ariz. field was too distant for the safety of such operations; but it was well fitted for the false location, because it abounded in a variety of pretty stones, crystallized quartz, petrifactions, garnets of slight value, etc. Even after the exposure of the fraud, one Stanton seems to have made an effort to renew the Arizona ex- citement by exhibiting a fine collection of alleged rubies, emeralds, etc. The diamond company was called the S. F. & N. Y. Mining and Commercial Co .; additional directors being A. Gansl, Wm F. Babcock, Maurice Dore, and W. M. Lent, with D. D. Colton as manager. It is probable that most of the di- rectors were innocent victims; that there may have been one or two such Among the original capitalists-Harpending, Roberts, Lent, Dodge, etc .; and that Arnold and Slack were willing tools of the swindlers.
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593
LATE WORKS ON ARIZONA.
relating to other parts of the country. Of the three, Hinton's work is the earliest, and on many points is followed by the others; Elliott's folio is the largest, and has perhaps the greatest percentage of defects, resulting mainly from its class rather than from any fault of its editors; and Hamilton's book is the most compact and readable presentment of the subject. On aboriginal, Spanish, and Mexican annals these works, as I have already had occasion to point out, are very faulty, the author who has least to say being the least inaccurate; but their defects in this respect were to a large extent unavoidable, since the writers had no access to the veritable sources.11
11 The Hand-book to Arizona: its resources, history, towns, mines, ruins, and scenery. Amply illustrated. Accompanied with a new map of the territory. By Richard J. Hinton. S. F., 1878, 12mo, 431, c. p. The author was a promi- nent journalist of S. Francisco, who had spent some time in Arizona. The book is an excellent one of its class. History of Arizona Territory, showing its resources and advantages; with illustrations descriptive of its scenery, residences, farms, mines, mills, hotels, business houses, schools, churches, etc., from original drawings. Wallace W. Elliott & Co., publishers. S. F., 1884, fol., 323 p. The writers or editors are not named; but it is stated that 'we visited every county, village, and mining camp of importance, and by personal examina- tion were enabled to give statements about all localities in Arizona, which we think are substantially correct.' These pictorial subscription books of the 'county-history ' variety, notwithstanding their peculiar blending of lit- erature and business, contain a good deal of useful information, and deserve in some respects a better repute than they enjoy. The Resources of Arizona. Its mineral, farming, grazing and timber lands; its history, climate, productions, civil and military government, prehistoric ruins, early missionaries, Indian tribes, pioneer days, etc. Third edition, revised and enlarged, with a new map and illustrations. By Patrick Hamilton. S. F., 1884, 12mo, 414 p. I have also the ed. of Prescott, 1881, 8vo, 120 p. This work was originally a report embodied in that of the gov. on the condition of the country. The author has been long a resident of Ariz., and is an intelligent, observant man, enthusiastic in admiration of his territory. Hiram C. Hodge's Arizona as it is; or, The Coming Country, compiled from notes of travel during the years 1874, 1875, and 1876. N. Y., 1877, 12mo, 273 p .; and E. Conklin's Picturesque Arizona. Being the result of travels and observations in Arizona during the fall and winter of 1877. N. Y., 1878, 12mo, 380 p., illust .- are pleasing and useful little works, by travelling newspaper men, sufficiently described by their titles, the former being much the more valuable of the two.
On mining topics, other references-besides the Hayes' Scrap-books, Ariz., passim, and files of Cal. and Ariz. newspapers-are as follows: Silliman's Jour- nal, xxxvi. 152; x1. 388; xli. 289; Ind. Aff. Reports and Land Office Reports, 1864 et seq., passim; Mowry's Arizona; The Miner, i., passim; Wheeler's Sur- veys; Pacific Coast Directory, 1871-3; Anderson's Silver Country, 46-7, 69-75; Hoyt's Arizona, MS., 17-26, 31-4; The Mining Review, 1876 et seq .; The Cali- fornian, July 1881, p. 50-3; Mining Industry, ii. 22; Disturnell's Business Directory, 1881, p. 23-70; Atlantic & Pac. R. R. Co. Prospectus; Silver King Min. Co. Report, 1880; Hall's Great West, 74-88; Rand, McNally, & Co.'s Overl. Guide, 135-61; and especially Wm R. Balch's Mines, Miners, and Min- ing Interests of the United States, Phil., 1882, fol., 1191 p., illust.
HIST. ARIZ, AND N. MEX. 38
591
ARIZONAN INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
Several tribes of aborigines in Arizona were found by the Spaniards in the sixteenth century, supporting themselves wholly or in part by tilling the soil. These tribes occupied but a limited area, but widely scattered groups of ruins prove that in earlier centuries all the principal valleys were inhabited by a numerous people who could have lived only by agriculture; and indeed, in many districts clear traces of their irrigating canals are still to be seen. From the eighteenth century, the Spaniards irrigated and tilled small tracts in the Santa Cruz valley, producing such grain, vegetables, and fruits as were required for home consumption; and they also introduced the new industry of stock- raising. During the period of peace with the Apaches in 1790-1815, many flourishing farms and haciendas were established in the southern region; and mean- while the Indians, from the southern Pápagos and Pimas to the Moquis of the north, including some bands of the Apaches, continued to depend to greater or less extent on their crops. Some of the tribes raised cattle and sheep on a small scale after the Span- iards came; other tribes preferred to steal their live- stock.
To Americans in the earliest years, Arizona seemed, except a small portion of the later acquired Gadsden purchase, an utterly barren and worthless waste of sandy deserts and rocky mountains, probably rich in minerals, but of no agricultural value whatever. There was no thought of seeking farms in Arizona ; but hay- ing come there in search of silver and gold, they began to till the soil in spots to supply their necessities, and found it wonderfully productive wherever water could be obtained. Progress has been constant if not very rapid from the first; the press never tired of exalting the country's advantages in soil and climate; the gov- ernor and legislature often called attention to the subject; the Mormons came in as agricultural immi- grants; and finally, about 100,000 acres have been brought under cultivation with the most encouraging results. The climate, agreeable in winter and in the
595
AGRICULTURE.
mountains, the mean temperature at Prescott ranging from 30° in January to 72° in July, though disagree- ably hot in the lower valleys and in summer, frequently over 100° from May to September at Phoenix and Tucson, and over 115° for the same period at Yuma, is remarkably healthful, and altogether favorable to farming operations. The soil, a sandy loam with rich adobe on the banks of streams, is easily worked; and its strength and recuperative power are shown by the undiminished yield in spots cultivated by the Indians for centuries. All the cereals, vegetables, and fruits of temperate and semi-tropic climes are successfully produced; cotton has always been raised in small quantities; in recent years the culture of oranges, grapes, and olives has passed far beyond the stage of experiment; and sugar-cane is produced in consid- erable quantities for the manufacture of syrup.
Still the area of farming lands, as limited by the supply of water for irrigation, without which practi- cally nothing can be produced, does not probably ex- ceed 2,000,000 acres out of a total of 72,000,000; though in the distant future, with constant cultivation lessening the amount of water required, with the plant- ing of trees, with artesian wells and other devices for irrigation, a surprising encroachment on what is still regarded as a desert may be expected. In the Colo- rado bottoms of Yuma and Mojave counties is a broad tract of land that in time, with the construction of expensive reclamation works on a large scale, bids fair to produce large quantities of sugar, rice, tobacco, cotton, and other crops. The largest body of avail- able land, however, is found in the Gila and Salt River valleys of Maricopa and Pinal counties, about Phoenix and Florence as centres. Here also have been made the greatest improvements, though only about 50,000 of the 500,000 acres have been brought under cultivation. A dozen canals have been con- structed to take water from the rivers, and their number and extent are being constantly increased. Here we have already a prosperous agricultural com-
596
ARIZONAN INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
munity, which must grow rapidly. In Pima county, the field of early Spanish and Mexican cultivation, the lands lie chiefly in the Santa Cruz, Sonoita, and Ari- vaca valleys. Cochise has a limited but fertile area in the San Pedro, Sulphur Spring, and San Simon valleys. Pueblo Viejo valley in Graham has some 40,000 acres of excellent land in a body. Yavapai's largest body is on the Rio Verde, but here many small tracts are cultivated without irrigation. Apache has a fertile tract of 13,000 acres on the Colorado Chiquito, nearly all taken up by the Mormons. Other agricultural tracts are scattered in small pieces.
A large portion of the agricultural area is still gov- ernment land, and open to settlement; though part of it in the south was burdened down to 1885 by a doubtful railroad title to the alternate sections, other parts are included in Indian reservations, and still others held in grants not yet confirmed. Wild lands in private ownership are sold at five to ten dollars per acre, and improved lands at $15 to $40, prices that are rapidly increasing. Limited as they are in ex- tent, it will be seen that Arizona's lands, if the water supply is properly utilized, are amply sufficient for the requirements of a population ten or twenty times that of the present. A country of mining camps, such as Arizona promises to be for many years, affords the best possible market for small farmers. In the export of agricultural products-pending wide-spread recla- mation of the Colorado bottoms-not much can be expected from grain and the other ordinary crops; but fruits ripen nearly a month earlier than in California, and if the industry of fruit-shipping in the latter state proves as successful as it promises, there is no appar- ent reason why Arizona should not receive a rich share of the profits. The country also is admirably fitted for the production and curing of raisins; and the export of olive-oil may yet prove profitable, 12
12 Agric. statistics from the 10th U. S. census, showing increase from 1870 to 1780, and supplemented in some items by figures from the U. S. agric. rept of 1882, are as follows: no. of farms 172-767; acres 21,807-135, 573,
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597
LIVE STOCK.
Stock-raising was for many years unprofitable, on account of Apache hostilities; but the country's nat- ural advantages for this industry have long been known, and since 1875 flocks and herds have increased rapidly. Over half of Arizona's area, or nearly 40,000,000 acres, is available for grazing lands of a superior quality, the native gramma, bunch, and mez- quite grasses affording an abundance of the most nu- tritious food, the climate being peculiarly favorable, both to the healthful development and inexpensive care of animals, and their various diseases being as
acres improved 14,585-56,07I, value $161,340-$1,127,946; persons engaged in agric. 1,285-3,435; product of barley 55,077-239,051-327,500 bush .; wheat 27,052-136,427-220,000 bush .; corn 32,041-34,746-57,000 bush .; oats 25-504 bush .; hay 109-5,606-12,500 tons; tobacco 100-600 lbs .; potatoes 575-26,249- 72,750 bush .; sweet potatoes 16-5,300 bush. The acreage and value in 1882 was, corn 2,709, $62,700; wheat 15,500, $308,000; barley 17,366, $311,125; potatoes 970, $80,025; hay 12,000, $231,250; total 48,515, $993,100. Ham- ilton's statement of acres cultivated in 1883 is, Maricopa 35,000, Apache 13,000, Pinal 7,000, Graham 7,000, Yavapai 6,500, Cochise 4,000, Pima 3,000, Gila 1,500, Yuma 1,500, Mojave 1,000, total 79,500, besides about 5,000 by Indians. His estimates of lands that might be cultivated seem to foot up less than 1,000,000 acres. Hinton puts the area irrigable by surface water at 2,800,000 acres, and thinks there are 10,000,000 or more to be reclaimed for agric. by artesian wells. Farming by white men in Maricopa dates from 1868; 32,000,000 lbs. of grain produced in 1883, 25 bush. per acre; 8 tons of alfalfa per acre in 4 crops; 4 irrigations on an aver- age; planting Nov. to March, harvest June to July; average profit per acre $8.50; 500 acres with 50,000 fruit-trees, chiefly peaches; 400,000 vines. The Arizona Canal on Salt River will be 40 miles long, and reclaim 100,000 acres, costing $500,000, and furnishing also a fine water-power. Several canals projected near Gila Bend. Pinal co. in 1883 produced 450,000 lbs. of grain, two crops per year being raised. In Yavapai corn is the chief crop, which does not flourish so well in the south. Some of the best land in Pima co., including 10,000 acres at Arivaca, is held under Spanish grants. In Co- chise co. water is very near the surface, and some flowing wells have heen found. In Mojave co. 1,000 acres are cultiv. in Big Sandy valley. Hemp is cultivated on the Colorado Chiquito, the old Rio del Lino. In 1883 an act was passed to encourage the cultivation of cotton. Ariz., Laws, 149. The gov. gives attention to agric. in his biennial messages. Ariz., Jour., 1864 et seq. In 1875 he complains of a surplus product after all demand, has been supplied. See also Land Office Reports, 1864 et seq .; Agric Reports, 1869 et seq .; Ham- ilton's Resources, 81-90, 307-46, 361-70; Hinton's Hand-book, 168-243, passim, 273-307, appen. 49; Wheeler's Surveys, iii. 573-4, 583-603; Id., Reports, 1875, p. 121-9; Id., 1876, p. 42-6; Porter's The West, Census of 1880, p. 460; Hodge's Arizona, 42-56; Conklin's Pict. Ariz., 116-28, 179-80; Ariz., Hast. (E. & Co.), 127-38, 270-4; Goddard's Where to Immigrate, 134-5; Beadle's Western Wilds, 123-6; Roberts' With the Invader, 107-9.
On irrigation, especially the efforts to encourage the sinking of artesian wells, for which the legislature offers premiums, see Ariz., Acts, 1868, p. 60; 1873, p. 61, 176-7; 1875, p. 21; Id., Jour., 1873, p. 42-3; 1875, p. 36; Id., Comp. Laws, 501-4; U. S. Govt Doc., 43d cong. Ist sess., H. Miscel. Doc. 57; Hin- ton's Hand-book, 68-9; Ariz., Hist. (E. & Co.), 32, 282-4.
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598
ARIZONAN INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
yet for the most. part unknown. Considerable pro- gress has already been made in the introduction of improved breeds of cattle, sheep, and horses. The best ranges, with natural water supply, are already occupied, but by means of an artesian supply, for which the conditions are favorable, and of surface wells and windmills, nearly the whole extent of graz- ing land may be utilized; and it is believed that in most sections agricultural operations can never en- croach greatly on the ranges. As in all countries where alfalfa flourishes, the fattening of cattle and hogs on the valley farms also promises to become profitable. Apparently the exportation of meat and wool must increase rapidly, becoming, after-perhaps eventually before-mining, the territory's leading in- dustry.13
A surveyor-general for Arizona was appointed in 1863, and made a report on the country's resources; but in 1864 the territory was attached to the New Mexico land district, whose surveyor-general made a tour with some estimates and suggestions, selecting an initial point on the Gila opposite the mouth of Salt River, finally adopted as fixing the base line and me- ridian of Arizona surveys. In 1867 a land-office was created at Prescott, but the territory was attached to
13 The 10th U. S. census gives the increase of live-stock in 1870-80 as fol- lows: value $143,996-$1, 167,989, cattle 3,607-34,843, sheep 803-76,524, horses 335-6,798, mules and asses 401-891, oxen 537-984, milk-cows 938-9,156, swine 720-3,819, product of wool 679-313,698 Ibs., butter 800-61,817 lbs., cheese 14,500-18,360 lbs. Hamilton's statistics for 1883 are as follows: Ya- vapai co., cattle 75,000, horses 6,000, mules 2,000, swine 1,000, sheep 50,000; Pima, c. 75,000, h. 6,000, m. 2,000, sw. 1,100, sh, 5,000; Cochise, c. 70,000, h. 4,000, m. 3,000, sw. 500, sh. 5,000; Apache, c. 43,000, h. 3,000, m. 1,500, sw. - , sh. 600,000; Graham, c. 20,000, h. 4,000, m. 1,000, sw. 500, sh. 10,000; Pinal, c. 25,000, h. 2,000, m. 1,000, sw. 600, sh. 3,500; Gila, c. 15,000, h. 1,000, m. 800, sw. 300, sh. 3,000; Maricopa, c. 8,000, h. 5,000, m. 1,500, sw. 7,000, sh. 1,500; Mojave, c. 10,000, h. 1,000, m. 500, sw. 200, sh. 2,000; Yuma, c. 5,000, h. 800, m. 300, sw. 200, sh. -; total, cattle 346,000, horses 31,800, mules 13,600, swine 11,400, sheep 680,000; value, cattle, at $25 per head, $7,200,000, sheep about $2,380,000, wool for year 5,440,000 lbs., worth $1,196,800 (not including the wool product of the Navajos). Hamilton's Re- sources, 256-88; Arizona Scraps. 11-20, 222; Gov.'s mess., etc., in Ariz., Jour .; Surv .- gen. Reports; Ariz., Hist. (E. & Co.), 139-46; Wood Brothers, Live-stock Movement; Nat. Conven. of Cattlemen, Proc., 12-13; Hoyt's Ariz., MS., 26; Thompson's Law of the Farm, 82; Porter's West Census, 460-1. The gov., in 1879, notes Hardy's success in raising Angora goats in Mojave.
599
LAND AND LAND GRANTS
the California surveying district. It was not until 1868 that a beginning of surveys was made, and the work was continued somewhat slowly from that year. In 1870 a separate district was created, and John Wasson appointed surveyor-general, holding the office for twelve years. The Gila district was created in 1873, with office at Florence, removed in 1882 to Tucson. The total area of public land surveyed down to 1883 was a little over 8,000,000 acres, and that disposed of by the various methods of sale, homestead, timber-culture entry, etc., was about 270,000 acres.14
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