USA > Arizona > History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Volume XVII > Part 26
USA > New Mexico > History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Volume XVII > Part 26
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$ Arch. N. Mex., 180-6, with letters of P. Garaicoechea and Miranda. The latter wrote from Acoma that all the Zuñi property had been stolen, the missionary's life in danger, and that the Ind. of Acoma and Cia wished to go to the padre's rescue, which he did not permit, fearing that the hostiles on hearing of the approach of a force would kill the padre. He thought the Zunis might be easily subdued, having no water on the peñol; but if they were not conquered the whole western country was lost, as the Moqnis were at the bottom of the movement.
៛Davis, Prince, and others name the duke of Alburquerque as gov. in 1703-10, another viceroy of Mexico!
227
GOVERNOR CUERVO.
establish a mission among the Zuñis, with whom the padre had kept in communication; but the governor lacked faith in the good-will of that people, or at least found no time to attend to the matter during his brief rule, and that of Padre Juan Alvarez as custodio. At the beginning of 1704 there were more rumors of revolt, but nothing could be proved except against the ever-hostile Moquis. In March Vargas started on a campaign against the Apaches, but was taken sud- denly ill in the sierra of Sandía, died at Bernalillo on the 4th of April, and was buried at Santa Fé in the parish church.5
Juan Paez Hurtado, lieutenant-general of the prov- ince and an old friend of Don Diego, served as acting governor till the 10th of March, 1705, when Don Francisco Cuervo y Valdés assumed the office of governor ad interim, that is, by the viceroy's appoint- ment.6 The condition of affairs was not very encour- aging. Depredations by Apaches and Navajos were frequent, the Moquis were defiant, the Zuñi rebels still on their peñol, and the presidial soldiers in great need of clothing, arms, and horses, their pay having been cut down about five per cent in support of the Chihuahua mission of Junta de los Rios. Cuervo's rule was marked by a series of appeals for aid; but except a few arms and implements-and plenty of censure for complaining that his predecessors had given more attention to their quarrels than to the country's needs-nothing was obtained. On his way north he had to stop at El Paso to fight Apaches ; and on arrival at the capital he stationed his garrison in seven detachments at exposed points.7 Early in
5 Arch. N. Mex., 187.
6 In a letter of Oct. 11, 1704, the viceroy notified the king of Cuervo's ap- pointment on account of his distinguished services and merits. On June 25, 1705, the king acknowledges receipt of the letter, and announces the appoint- ment of Chacon as proprietary gov. N. Mex., Cedulas, MS., 35. The month of Cuervo's arrival is omitted in the printed Arch. N. Mex., 188, but given in my MS. copy, p. 345. It is noticeable that he is here called Cubero, and that Cubero in the royal cédulas (or at least in my copies) is called Cuervo. C. was a knight of Santiago, and had been a treasury official at Guadalajara. His rule was fro n March 10, 1705, to July 31, 1707.
" The vecinos by order of the gov. presented themselves for inspection of
225
FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
1705 Padre Garaicoechea went back to Zuñi, and brought the rebels down to the plain to submit on April 6th to Captain Madrid. In July Don Roque marched against the Navajos, who were incited and aided by refugee Jemes. During this campaign the horses' thirst was miraculously assuaged in answer to the chaplain's prayers, whereupon the foe was so ter- rified as to surrender, and the army turned back to Cia in August. In September the finding of a knotted cord at Zuñi recalled the dread days of 1680, but noth- ing came of it.
In 1706 Governo Cuervo informed the viceroy that he had founded with 30 families the new villa of Al- burquerque, named in honor of the viceroy;8 with 18 Tanos families from Tesuque, he had resettled Santa María-formerly Santa Cruz de Galisteo; trans- ferred some Tehua families to the old pueblo of Pu- juaque, now called Guadalupe; and refounded with 29 families the old villa of old La Cañada, long aban- doned, renaming it Santa María de Grado, a name that did not last. He asked for church ornaments, which were supplied; but he was blamed for founding the new villa without authority, and its name was changed from San Francisco to San Felipe de Albur- querque, in honor of the king. It was ascertained later that in all these reports Cuervo had considerably overstated his own achievements. Captain Uribarri
arms in April-74 at Sta Fé, 37 at Bernalillo, and 82 at La Cañada. Arch. Sta Fé, MS. Sta Clara, Cochití, Jemes, and Lagnna were among the points where guards were stationed. It was decided to bring up the cavalry at El Paso to Sta Fé. P. Juan Alvarez was still custodio; P. Juan de Zavaleta com. del sto oficio. Capt. Valverde was lieut .- gen. and com. at El Paso; Juan Paez Hurtado and Juan de Uribarri are named as generals; Lorenzo de Madrid maestro de campo; captains Felix Martinez, Juan Lucero Godoy, Diego de Medina, and Alf. Juan Roque Gutierrez; alcalde Capt. Diego Arías de Quirós; alguacil mayor Ant. Aguilar; regidores Capt. Antonio Montoya, Capt. Ant. Lucero, Fran. Romero de Pedraza, Alf. Martin Hurtado; es- cribano Cristóbal Góngora, all at Sta Fé. At Bernalillo, captains Fern. Chavez, Diego Montoya, Manuel Vaca, Alf. Cris. Jaramillo, sergt Juan Gon- zalez. At Villanueva de Sta Cruz (La Cañada), captains Silvestre Pacheco, Miguel Tenorio, José de Atienzía, Nic. Ortiz, aud sergt Bartolo Melabato.
8 The name is commonly but inaccurately written Albuquerque in N. Mex. Davis and others erroneously derive the name from a governor. Some authors have dated the founding back to the time of the Ist duke of A. who served as viceroy.
229
GOVERNOR CHACON.
marched this year out into the Cibolo plains; and at Jicarilla, 37 leagues north-east of Taos, was kindly received by the Apaches, who conducted him to Cuar- talejo, of which he took possession, naming the province San Luis and the Indian rancheria Santo Domingo.
The Moquis often attacked the Zuñis, who were now for the time good Christians, and to protect whom Captain Juan Roque Gutierrez was sent in April 1706 with eight men. With this aid the Zunis went to Moqui in May, killed two of the foe, and recovered 70 animals. Captain Tomás Holguin was sent with a new reënforcement, and in September surrounded the Tehua pueblo between Gualpi and Oraibe, forcing the Indians after a fight to sue for peace and give hos- tages; but the Tanos and other reinforcements ar- rived, attacked the Spaniards and allies as they retired, and drove them back to Zuñi, the hostages being shot. Presently the Zuñis-now under Padre Miranda, who came occasionally from Acoma-asked to have their escolta removed, a request which aroused fears of a general rising in the west. A junta at Cia in April 1707 resolved to withdraw the frontier es- coltas to Santa Fé for recuperation of the horses, and thus the west was again abandoned.9
It was on the 1st of August, 1707, that the gov- ernor ad interim was succeeded by the admiral Don José Chacon Medina Salazar y Villaseñor, marqués de la Peñuela, who had been appointed by the king in 1705, and who ruled till 1712. The new ruler turned his attention like others to the Moquis, toward whom his predecessors, according to his theory, had acted harshly, shooting captives and exasperating the na- tives. He sent an embassy of Zuñis 10 with an exhor- tation to peace and submission; but the only reply
9 Arch. N. Mex., 194-5. There is some confusion of dates. P. Juan Min- guez is named as a member of these exped. Moqui, Not., 670; Fernandez Duro, Not., 137.
lu Notwithstanding the abandonment before noted, P. Fran. de Irazábal seems to have been now in charge of Alona, one of the Zuñi pueblos.
230
FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
was a raid of refugee Tanos and Tehuas on Zuñi. Nothing more important is recorded in 1708 than the building of a parish church on the site of the one destroyed in 1680. It was built by the marqués gov- ernor at his own cost, though permission was obtained to employ Indians on the work, and was completed within two years.11 The year 1709 was marked by a war with the Navajos, who had become very bold in their depredations, sacking the pueblos of Jemes in June, but who were defeated by the governor in a vigorous campaign, and forced to make a treaty of peace. This year, also, the custodio, Padre Juan de la Peña, collected some scattered families of Tiguas,12 and with them refounded the old pueblo of San Agus- tin Isleta. Padre Peña engaged moreover in a spir- itual campaign against estufa-rites and scalp-dances; and complaints sent to Mexico of abuses on the part of the governor and alcaldes brought from the viceroy stringent orders against forcing the Indians to work without compensation.13
Padre Peña died, and was succeeded as custodio by Padre Juan de Tagle, after Padre Lopez de Haro as vice-president had been for a time in charge of the office. There was a quarrel in progress, of which we know little or nothing, between the marqués and his predecessor Cuervo; and Tagle with other friars fa- vored the latter, and were the objects of Peñuela's complaints in Mexico.14 In 1711 and the two follow-
Il Prince, Hist. Sk., 223-4, notes an inscription on the church, 'El señor marqués de la Peñuela hizo esta fábrica; el alférez real Don Agustin Flores Vergara su criado año de 1710.' Peñuela was not, as Prince says, later vice- roy of N. Spain.
12 Called Tehnas in Arch. N. Mex., 197-8; but they were more likely, I think, Tiguas, the original occupants of the town, some of whom, it will be remembered, had been settled by Gov. Otermin near El Paso. The P. Cronista seems confused himself on the subject.
13 Revilla Gigedo, Carta de 1793, 441, says there were 20,110 tax-payers registered in 1710, the garrison of Sta Fé being 120. Events of these years in Arch. N. Mex., 197-9.
14 Arch. N. Mex., 198-9. The gov. not only complained of Tagle's being kept in office through Cuervo's influence, but that he had done great harm by removing P. José Lopez 'Tello from his ministry. He also charged that P. Fran. Brotoni of Taos had ordered his Ind. to rebuild their estufas. His complaining report was on May 20, '12, and it was referred on Aug. 13th to the com. gen. of the Franciscans.
231
GOVERNOR FLORES MOGOLLON.
ing years, we find several royal orders on New Mexi- can affairs; but none of them has any historic importance. The soldiers had asked for an increase of pay, the friars for reinforcements, and Governor Cuervo had reported his great achievements in town founding; the cédulas were routine replies, ordering the viceroy to investigate and report, but always to look out for the welfare of the northern province. The sum total of information seems to be that there were 34 padres in the field, which number the viceroy deemed sufficient, though he was authorized by the king to increase the missionary force whenever it might be deemed best.15
Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollon, formerly governor of Nuevo Leon, had the royal appointment as gov- ernor and captain-general; and the marqués de la Peñuela retiring at the expiration of his term of five years, Governor Flores assumed the office on October 5, 1712, ruling until 1715.16 The Sumas of the south revolted in 1712, but were reduced by Captain Val- verde, and settled at Realito de San Lorenzo, a league and a half from El Paso, probably at Otermin's old camp of 1681. In May 1713 the natives of Acoma and Laguna, offended by the anti-pagan zeal of Padre Carlos Delgado, thought favorably of a proposition to kill him at the instigation of a Zuñi Indian-at least o Padre Irazábal reported; but nothing could be
15 N. Mex., Cédulas, MS., 35-42, orders of Feb. 9, 13, Jan. 17, March 2, 1711; Dec. 10, 1712; Aug. 4, Sept. 27, 1713. Gov. Peñuela had written direct to the king, Oct. 28, 1707, on Apache troubles; on Nov. 25th, had for- warded a petition of the soldiers for a restoration of the old pay, and that it might he paid at Mex. instead of Guadalajara. Gov. Cuervo, on April 15, 1706, had forwarded a complaint of P. Alvarez on neglect of the missions; on Aug. 18, 1706, had asked for more friars; and on June 13, 18, 23, 1706, had reported his founding of Alburquerque, etc. The cédula of Dec. 10, '12, asks for information on the pay of Capt. Felix Martinez of the Sta Fé company. The order of Aug. 4, '13, relates to the soldiers' petition, but does not clearly show whether it was granted or not.
16 Arch. N. Mex., 199. Davis, Prince, and the rest find room for another viceroy, the duke of Linares, as gov. in 1712. Prince, Hist. Sk., 224, tells us, and accurately so far as I know, that Flores was commissioned at Madrid Sept. 27, 1707, for 5 years; qualified Oct. 9th; did not come to Mex. for a long time; was recommissioned (?) by the viceroy Feb. 9, '12; and installed at Sta Fé Oct. 5th. His salary was $2,000.
232
FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
proved. In October of the same year Captain Serna with 400 soldiers and allies defeated the Navajos in their own country; and besides this achievement the Faraon Apaches were warned to desist from their dep- redations! In 1714 the Yutas and Taos had many fights, but the governor restored harmony by an en- forced restitution of stolen property. Navajo raids on the Jemes had again to be checked by a campaign of Captain Madrid, while Captain Valverde marched against the Apache hoards of Pharaoh, as did also the French from Louisiana.
A junta of civil, military, and missionary authori- ties was held to deliberate on two questions deemed momentous: First, should the Christian Indians be deprived of fire-arms? The military favored such a policy, but the friars opposed it, both to avoid offence and afford the converts protection; and the governor at last ordered the arms taken away except in the case of natives especially trustworthy. Second, should the converts be allowed to paint themselves and wear skin caps, thus causing themselves to be suspected of crimes committed by gentiles, or enabling them to commit offences attributed to gentiles? Governor Flores and his officers, with some of the padres, were in favor of forbidding the custom ; but the rest of the friars took an opposite view, holding that no Christian Indian had ever been known to use his paint for a disguise to cover crime, that it was impolitic to accuse them of so doing, that painting was the native idea of adorn- ment, and in that light no worse than Spanish methods; and finally, that the custom was objectionable only in connection with superstition, in which respect it must be removed gradually by Christian teachings. The decision is not recorded.17 Like other years of this
17 Arch. N. Mex., 201-4, including a letter of P. Miranda, who made himself the champion of the Ind. On the other side are named PP. Lúcas Arévalo of Taos and José Ant. Guerrero of Sta Fé. The junta was on July 6, 1714. In M. Pinart's col. is an original order of Gov. F. this year, that a new estufa at Pecos be suppressed and great care taken by all alcaldes to prevent any- thing of the kind.
233
MOQUI DIPLOMACY.
and most other periods, 1715 had its vague rumors of an impending revolt, ever dreaded by the New Mexi- cans, not traceable to any definite foundation. I find also the record of one of the typical campaigns against Apaches on or toward the Colorado River, made by Juan Paez Hurtado, with no results of importance.18
It must not be supposed that nothing was heard from the Moquis, for I find original records of five juntas de guerra at Santa Fé on their account.19 In June 1713 an Indian named Naranjo was refused per- mission to visit the Moquis, but in December two natives of Zuñi, through Padre Irazábal, obtained the license and were given letters. They found the Moquis eager for peace and alliance with the Zuñis, but the controlling element under the chief of Oraibe had no desire for the Spaniards' friendship. In March 1715 a Moqui appeared at the capital with favorable reports, and was sent back with assurances of good- will. Next, in May a chief from Oraibe came to make further investigations, reporting that a grand junta of all the towns had decided on peace and Christianity. This chief was sent back with gifts, and in July eight Moquis came to announce that after harvest the for- mal arrangements for submission would be completed. Thus all went well so long as the Moquis were the ambassadors; but when the governor sent messengers of his own choosing, the truth came out that the pre- tended ambassadors were traders, who had invented all their reports to account for their visits and insure their own safety, the Moqui authorities being as hos- tile as ever!
Governor Flores was an old man in feeble health, who resigned on account of his infirmities. He was succeeded by Captain Félix Martinez, who assumed
18 Hurtado, Campaña contra los Apaches Agosto-Set. 1715, MS., in Pinart Col., including diario, junta de guerra, corresp., etc. The force was 250 sol- diers and allies.
19 Moqui, Juntas de Guerra, 1713-15, orig. MS. of the Pinart Col. The juntas were on Dec. 26, '13, March 12, May 3, July 5, Nov. 2, '15.
234
FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
the office as acting governor, or perhaps governor ad interim by the viceroy's appointment, on October 30, 1715, and who, instead of permitting his predecessor to depart with an escort for Mexico as ordered, engaged in quarrels and lawsuits with him, keeping him under arrest for two years.20 During Martinez' rule of two years two campaigns are recorded. In August 1716 the governor marched in person against the Moquis with 68 soldiers, accompanied by the cus- todio, Padre Antonio Camargo, the cabildo of Santa Fé, and a force of vecinos from Alburquerque and La Cañada. Commissioners were sent forward from Alona, and some of the Moquis seemed willing to submit, but the people of Gualpi and the Tanos pueblo refused. Two fights occurred in September, the In- dians being defeated, if we may credit the diary, with many killed and wounded; but the army, after de- stroying corn-fields, retreated to Santa Fé, and the pretended victories may be regarded as very doubtful.21
20 Arch. N. Mex., 105-6. Martinez had come with Vargas, enlisted as a soldier, became capt. of the Sta Fé company in Peñuela's time, was forced to resign on account of his somewhat quarrelsome character in '12, but in '15 had got a new appointment from the king as captain for life and regidor per- petno of the villa. Flores Mogollon was a native of Sevilla. A sierra in N. Mex. preserves his name. Davis, Prince, and others make Capt. Valverde gov. in '14, and so he may have been acting gov. at some time during Flores' illness. These writers also state, to quote from Prince, that Flores " was ac- cused of malefeasance in office, but the case did not come on for trial until after a delay of some years. By the king's command he was relieved from his position Oct. 5, 1715, after serving exactly 3 years. His trial was had at Sta Fé in 1721, long after he had left N. Mex .; and his sentence was sent to the viceroy for confirmation, the costs being adjudged against him. The of- ficer reported that neither the accused nor any of his property could be found.'"I suppose that these statements rest on some doc. of 1721 in the Arch. Sta Fé, MS., which I have not found.
21 Certified copy of Martinez' diary, in Arch. Sta Fé, MS., the original having been carried by M. to Mex. The return to Sta Fé was on Oct. Sth. Acc. to Arch. N. Mex., 206-7, the gov. accomplished nothing, and the truth which he concealed in his diary came out in his later residencia. The padre cronista is apparently wrong in naming P. José Lopez Tello as custodio at this time and P. Miranda as his predecessor. He also tells us that the gov. decided to wage war on the Moquis after consulting the viceroy, but before awaiting his reply. In Moqui, Noticias, MS., 671-4, P. Domingo Araos is named as a companion of P. Camargo; and an account is given of the pre- liminary negotiations, but not of the fights that followed. It seems that the Moquis at first pretended to be well disposed but required time to deliber- ate, spending the 5 days allowed in preparations for war. The exped. is mentionel in Fernandez Duro, Noticias, 137. On this trip Gov. M. left his name inscribed on El Morro, Ang. 26th, with a record that he was on the
235
GOVERNOR VALVERDE.
During the governor's absence in the west the Yutas and Comanches-perhaps the first definite ap- pearance in history of the latter nation-attacked Taos, the Tehua towns, and even some of the Spanish settlements. On his return Martinez sent Captain Serna, who attacked the foe at the Cerro de San Antonio, thirty leagues north of Santa Fé, killing many Indians and capturing their chusma. It sub- sequently came out in the governor's residencia that the captives were divided between Don Félix and his brother, and sold on joint account in Nueva Vizcaya, the Yutas being told later that their chusma had died of small-pox !22
In September 1716, the new viceroy, marqués de Valero, informed secretly of how things were going in New Mexico, ordered Governor Martinez to present himself in Mexico, at the same time directing Captain Antonio Valverde y Cosío to go up from El Paso, as- sume the governorship ad interim, and investigate certain charges. Valverde arrived at Santa Fé the 9th of December; but Martinez, supported by the cabildo, refused to give up the office or presidio books. He could not, however, disobey the viceroy's summons, and having appointed Juan Paez Hurtado to act as governor in his absence, he started on the 20th of January, 1717, taking with him apparently Flores Mogollon, his predecessor. Valverde was ordered to accompany him to El Paso, but feigned illness, and took refuge with his friend, Padre Tagle, at the con- vent of San Ildefonso. As to resulting complications between Hurtado and Valverde, I have found no rec- ord, but suppose that the former ruled but a few months, and that before the end of 1717, as soon as orders could be returned from Mexico, Valverde
way to reduce the Moquis with the custodio, P. Camargo, and Juan Garcia de Rivas, alcalde of Sta Fé. Simpson's Jour., 104-5, pl. 65, 67.
22 In a memorial of 1722, Arch. Sta Fé, MS., all the officers and soldiers stated that N. Mex. was in great peril during M.'s rule. 'Cou su insaciable y voraz codicia, robos y engaños manifiestos, estuvo pendiente de un cabello para una total asolacion.'
236
FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
assumed the office, which he held for four or five years.23
A leading event of Valverde's rule was his expedi- tion of 1719, with 105 Spaniards and 30 Indians, being joined also on the way by the Apaches under Captain Carlarna, against the Yutas and Comanches, who had been committing many depredations. His route was north, east, south-east, and finally south-west back to Santa Fé. He thus explored the regions since known as Colorado and Kansas, going farther north, as he believed, than any of his predecessors. He did not overtake the foe, encountering nothing more formida- ble than poison-oak, which attacked the officers as well as the privates of his command.24 On the Rio Napestle, apparently the Arkansas, Valverde met the Apaches of Cuartelejo, and found men with gunshot wounds received from the French and their allies, the Pananas and Jumanas. 25 An order came from the
23 Arch. N. Mex., 207-8. This invaluable authority comes to an end here, and its absence will be felt in the remainder of this chapter. Davis and the others name no ruler in '19-20. The Arch. Sti Fe, MS., shows V. as gov. in '18-20, and he probably held the office in '17-21. I find no original record of how the troubles of Martinez and Flores were settled in Mexico, but there are some indications that a juez de residencia was sent to Sta Fé in '21 to take testimony.
2+ P. Juan Pino was the chaplain, and the start was on Sept. 15th. The men, suffering terribly from poison-oak, found the best remedy to be chewing chocolate and applying the saliva to the parts affected. The route was N. with the sierra on the left to Oct. 10th, the names given being Rio S. José at Rosario, Rio Colorado (an arroyo) or Soledad, Sacramento, Rio S. Miguel (poison-oak experience), Rio Sto Domingo, S. Lorenzo at junction of two streams, Rio S. Antonio, Rio S. Francisco 4 1., S. Onofre, Dolores Spr. 4 1., Cármen Spr. 6 1., Sta Rosa in sand dunes, S. Ignacio more eastward, Sta Etigenia 5 1., S. Felipe de Jesus Cr. 61. Thence Oct. 11th-20th down the river Sta María Mag lalena E. and s. E. to S. Nicolás Obispo 4 1., Pilar 6 1., La Cruz 4 1., Sta Teresa, Rio Napestle 10 1. Here they met the Apaches Cal- chufines, and sent P. Pino and a party to Taos for supplies. Soon they met the Apaches of Cuartelejo. The diary ends abruptly when they started hack for Sta Fé. Valverde y Costo (Antonio), Diario y Derrotero, 1719; orig. MS. written by Sec. Alonso Rael de Aguilar, in the Pinart Col.
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