USA > Arizona > History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Volume XVII > Part 83
USA > New Mexico > History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Volume XVII > Part 83
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773
RAILROADS OF NEW MEXICO.
fornia and Arizona has 232 miles in New Mexico, including 50 miles of the Lordsburg and Clifton nar- row-gauge road; joins the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé line at Deming and El Paso; and thence extending eastward through Texas forms another overland line. The Denver and Rio Grande road from Colorado in the north enters New Mexico near Antonito, whence one division extends southward 79 miles to within 28 miles of Santa Fé, and another division 60 miles west through the San Juan country to the Amargo coal mines, and thence northward into Colorado. This road has 164 miles of track. Some work has been done on an extension of the road from Española to Santa Fé, and an extension to the Pecos and to Galveston is projected. Other prominent pro- jects are the Gulf, Colorado, and Santa Fé road, and an extension of the Atlantic and Pacific eastward to Indian Territory. Numerous branch lines are pro- jected and will be built in time; meanwhile, the ter- ritory, most fortunate in its position on the great overland lines, must be regarded as well supplied with railroads.
A military telegraph line from the north-east was in operation from 1868; and ten years later the line had been extended to all the forts except Wingate and Stanton, and telegraphic communication was opened with California by way of Tucson. Subsequently, telegraph construction progressed with that of rail- roads, until all the more important settlements are in communication with the east and west.9
9 1866-8. Act incorp. N. Mex. Tel. Co. and memorials for U. S. aid; as there were mem. for increased facilities in later years. 1868. Gov. in his mess. announces the opening of tel. communication. 1875-8. Items on con- struction and projects. N. Mex., Scraps, 6-7. 1878. Western Union line from Sta Fé via Las Vegas, Ft Union, Cimarron, and Trinidad, Col .; U. S. mil. line to Alburquerque, Las Lunas, Belen, Ft Craig, Las Cruces, Mesilla, Silver City, Tucson, and S. Diego. Surv .- gen. Rept. 1879. 1st tel. despatch from N. Mex. received at San Francisco. S. F. Bulletin, Aug. 21st. Statistics '81-2. U. S. Govt Doc., 47th cong. Ist sess., H. Ex. Doc., vii. 212-25.
All parts of the territory are tolerably well provided with stage and mail routes from the R. R. stations, though there have been frequent petitions from different sections for increased facilities. The U. S. Govt Doc. contain from year to year the records of such petitions, with the opening of new routes, etc. There is also quite a quantity of matter relating to military and other
1
774
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
A bureau of immigration, established by an act of the legislature in 1880, is an institution, which, under the presidency of Prince and Ritch, has done much to attract settlers, by the publication of information respecting the country's resources and attractions. The county reports of 1881-2, as published in pam- phlet form, have already been noticed; and of Ritch's work on the resources of New Mexico some 27,000 copies, in six editions, under different titles, have been issued, and widely circulated from the central office through the railroad companies and at various fairs and expositions in the eastern states. It is estimated that nearly 20,000 immigrants have been drawn to the territory since 1880; and doubtless the bureau has exerted a beneficial influence.10 An annual terri- torial fair, or exposition, has been held at Alburquerque since 1881.
Education, respecting which some statistical and other items are given in a note,11 has remained in a
roads; but I have not thought it necessary to reproduce these items, even in a brief résumé. Several incorporations of road and bridge companies are mentioned in the résumé of legisl. proceedings.
10 N. Mex., Bureau of Immig., Report, 1883; Id., County reports, 1881-2, as noted earlier in this chapter; N. Mex., Acts, 24th sess., p. 74-5; Ritch's Iilust. N. Mex. (4th ed.), 1883; Id., Aztlan (6th ed.), 1885, with lists of officers and members, of which there was one commissioner for each county and 5 to 9 com. at large; the gov. being a com. ex officio. The bureau was 'investi- gated ' by the legisl. in 1884, and was warmly praised in the committee's re- port, all charges of extravagance and inefficiency being refuted. N. M. Jour- nals, 26th sess., pt ii., 38-42, 64-8. I have a pamphlet entitled N. Mer., Pre- mium list of the N. Mex. Exposition and Driving Park Assoc. Third annual fair, Alburquerque, 1883; also, N. Mex. Resources, prepared under the auspices of the Bureau of Immig. for the territorial fair. Sta Fe, 1881.
11 School statistics from the census of 1880: no. of pub. schools 162, school buildings 46, seats in same 5,580, value of property $13,500, receipts for year $32,171, expenditures $28,973, teachers 164 (males 128, females 36); average salary $30.67, average months of school 5.55, pupils 4,755 (males 2,484, females 2,271), average attendance 3,150, inhab. over 10 years of age unable to read 52,994 (percentage 60.2), unable to write 57,156 (percentage 65).
1863. Act of legisl. creating a board of educ. and estab. a system of schools; incorp. 'Industrial College of N. Mex.' at Sta Fé. 1866. The various statutes have no effect, but some activity in private schools. Meline's 2,000 Miles, 192-3. 1866. Not a single free public school; an approp. by the U. S. urged by gov. and legisl. in this and other years. 1867. Act amending and perfecting school system; probate judges to act as county superintend- ents. 1868. Still no schools and no school tax collected, acc. to gov.'s mes- sage. 1871. In 4 counties, out of 5,053 votes, only 37 were in favor of a law to support schools by taxation. 1870. Total school attendance acc. to census,
775
SCHOOLS OF NEW MEXICO.
backward condition, notwithstanding the advanced views and earnest efforts of territorial officials and of many citizens. In 1880 there were only 162 schools, with an attendance of 3,150 pupils. By acts of the legislature a public school system was created and perfected at different dates. from 1863 to 1884, when it assumed a tolerably effective form, in theory at least. One fourth of all taxes is devoted to educa- tion, but in the collection and application of the funds there have been great irregularities, on account of the apathy of the native population. The mixture of language and religion, with a great preponderance of Spanish and the catholic faith, have been the great obstacles; and the cause of education has been retarded also by all the causes that have hindered progress in other directions. With the increase of immigration, however, there is noted a constant though slow growth
1,889. 1872. Act providing for county boards of 4 supervisors. 1875. 8 counties report 138 schools, 47 teachers, and 5,151 pupils, under law of '71 giving the schools } of tax and the poll tax. 1880. Act to select university lands. 1881. Educ. compulsory for 5 months per year. 1883. Gov. reports not much progress under the system. 1884. Act establishing public schools, with an elective county superintendent, one or more schools in each district, under 3 directors, and a tax of 3 mills per dollar, with poll tax; school fund this year to be $100,000, or ¿ of all taxes.
On educational matters, see N. Mex., Message of gov., from year to year; U. S. Educational Reports, containing some details down to 1877, but not much later; Brevoort's N. Mex., 105, showing statistics of 1873, when there were 133 public and 26 private schools; Mills' S. Miguel Co., 19-20; Ritch's Illust. N. Mex., 58-60; Id., Aztlan, 78-9; N. Mex., Business Direct .; N. Mex., Scraps, 81.
I have before me Alburquerque Academy, 5th Annual Report, etc., Alb., 1883-4, 8vo, 15 p .; University of New Mexico, 1st Annual Catalogue (Sta Fe), 1882, 8vo, 18 p., containing act of incorporation, officers, etc .; Las Vegas Jesuis College, Prospectus and Catalogue, Las Vegas, 1882, 58 p., 1884, 68 p. This latter institution has published Spelling Book for the Use of Public Schools of N. Mex., Alburquerque, 1874, 16mo, 47 p .; Elementos de Aritmética, Las Vegas, 1876, 16mo, 146 p .; Herrainz y Quiroz, Elementos de Gramatica Castellana, Las V., 1877, 16mo, 124 p .; and besides these educational works, the following of a religious and general character: Balmes, La Religion Demostrada, Alb., 1873, 16mo, 110 p .; Los Protectores de la Juventud, Alb., 1874, 16mo, 151 p .; Lamy, Constituciones Eclesiásticas para la Diócesis de Sta Fé, Alb., 1874, 8vo, 37 p .; Franco, Benjamina, Novela Contemporanea, Las V., 1877, 12mo, 140 p .; Id., Los Corazones Populares, Novela, Las V., 1878, 12mo, 167 p .; Id., La Po- brecilla de Casamari, Novela Histórica, Las V., 1879, 12mo, 293 p .; Centelas, Dialogos y Cartas, Las V., 1883, 12mo, 156 p .; Ambert, El Heroismo en Sotana, Las V., 1883, 12mo, 128 p .; Los Jesuitas, n. p., n. d., 16mo, 51 p .; Coleccion de Cânticos Espirituales, Las V., 1884, 16mo, 198 p .; Ripalda, Catecismo, Las V., 1884, 16mo, 87 p .; and Classic English Poetry, Las V. (college press), 1884, 12mo, 139 p. All, with one exception, bear the mark of 'Imprenta del Rio Grande,' from which press is also issued the Revista Católica.
776
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
of a healthful sentiment in favor of schools; and en- couraging progress is looked for in the future. There is, besides, a considerable number of fairly prosperous private institutions in the larger towns, including several catholic colleges under the direction of the Jesuits, Christian Brothers, Sisters of Loretto, and Sisters of Charity, supported largely by public school funds; and a few others under other religious denomina- tions, supported by tuition fees and private contribu- tions. The Jesuit college at Las Vegas, that of the Christian Brothers at Santa Fé, and the academies at Alburquerque and Las Vegas may be named as the most prominent educational institutions.
Newspapers in 1850 were two in number, with a circulation of 1,150; in 1860 the figures had not changed; in 1870 there were five journals, but the circulation had only increased to 1,525; while the census of 1880 shows 18, with a circulation of 6,355. In 1885 the number was 39, of which eight were dailies, two semi-weekly, 27 weekly, and two monthly. A list of those published in 1882, not much changed since that date, is appended.12 Several of these news-
12 U. S. Census Reports; Ritch's Blue-Book, 96-7; Id., Aztlan, 82; Las Vegas Min. World, Jan. 1881, p. 147, of 1882; Pettingill's Newsp. Directory, 185; Fisher's Newsp. Agency, 10; Brown's Advert. Agency, 2-5.
List of N. Mex. newspapers in 1882: Alburquerque, Journal, daily and weekly; Review, w. (pub. from '70 as Repub. Review); Revista, w .; Miner and Manufacturer, w. (another Miner susp. in '80). Bernalillo, News, w. (Native susp. in '80). Raton, News and Press, w. (at Cimarron '78-80); Guard, w. Mesilla, News, w. Las Cruces, Rio Grande Republican, w. (also Thirty-four in '80). Lake Valley (Herald in '84). Silver City, New Southwest, w .; Mining Chronicle, w .; Telegram, s .- w. (Grant Co. Herald, in '78-80; Sentinel in '84). Lordsburg (Advance in '84). Georgetown, Silver Brick, w. Deming, Headlight, w. (and Tribune in '84). White Oaks, Golden Era, w. Tipton- ville, Mora Co. Pioneer, w. Santa Fe, New Mexican, d. and w .; Mining News, w .; Nuevo Mexico, w .; Christian Adovcate, monthly; Democrat, w .; Military Review, s .- monthly (Rocky Mt. Sentinel in '80). Golden, Retort, w. S. Pedro, -w. Las Vegas, Gazette, d. and w .; Optic, d. and w .; Revista Católica, w .; Mining World, s .- monthly (N. Mex. Advertiser in '78). S. Lorenzo, Red River Chronicle, w .; Cronica, w. Mineral Hill, Min. City News, w.
The following notes respecting newspaper history are chiefly from Ritch's Blue-Book. The Taos Crepúsculo, 1835, was the 1st paper, published for only 4 weeks. The Sta Fé Republican, 1847, was the Ist paper in English. The Ist Sta Fé New Mexican was pub. in 1847; the 2d was started in 1863. The Mesilla News was pub. in 1860-1; the later News from 1873. The Sta Fé Gazette was pub. between 1851 and 1860, on the press brought by Gen. Kearny in 1846. The Alburquerque N. Mex. Press of 1863 was changed to the Republican. The Elizabethtown Lantern of 1869; changed to Railway Press;
777
1
NEWSPAPERS AND CHURCHES.
papers are published in Spanish, and several others in English and Spanish. In quality they will compare favorably with similar publications in other territories. A Press Association was organized at Las Vegas in 1880.
The religion of the territory is naturally for the most part Roman Catholic. In 1870 that denomina- tion had 152 of the 158 churches, with church property valued at $313,321. The census of 1880 contains no church statistics. In 1882 there were 72 priests, serving a catholic population of 126,000. New Mexico, with Arizona and Colorado, forms an arch- bishopric under John B. Lamy since 1865. The Jesuits-an act incorporating which society was annulled by congress in 1878-are active, especially in educational matters, as are the Christian Brothers and Sisters of Charity and Mercy. There has been some clashing between the old native priests and the new-comers introduced by Lamy, but under the bishop's energetic management there has been a nota- ble improvement in the tone of ecclesiastical affairs, and an almost complete weeding-out of the old-time laxity of morals that was remarked by early visitors. Here, as elsewhere, the church is slow to adopt sweep- ing reforms, and does not often favor educational ad- vancement that it cannot entirely control ; but a good work has been slowly accomplished, and there is a tolerably strong tendency to improvement, many of the catholic institutions of education and charity being
consol. in 1875 with News and Press at Cimarron. Las Vegas, N. Mex. Advertiser, 1870-8, Ist paper in S. Miguel co. Cimarron, Press, 1870, absorbed the News in 1875. Las Vegas, Mail, 1870, changed to Gazette. Silver City, Mining Life, 1873; suspended 1875; later revived as Herald. Las Cruces, Eco del Rio Grande, 1874, transferred to Globe, Ariz. Las Vegas, Revista Católica, started in 1875; Revista Evangélica, 1876-9. Mesilla, Valley Indepen- dent, 1879-9. Santa Fé, Illust. Monthly, Jan. - May 1878. Laguna, La Solona, 1878. Taos, Espejo, 1878; trans. to Bernalillo, and to Alburquerque 1879; changed to Mirror; merged in Miner; suspended. Sta Fé, Rocky Mt Sentinel, 1878-9. Las Cruces, Thirty-four, 1878; Newman's Thirty-four, 1881. Silver City, Silver Record, 1879; suspended. Otero, Optic, 1879; trans. to Las Vegas. N. Mex. Herald, 1879; trans. to Sta Fé in 1880 as Era Southwest- ern; ch. to Democrat. Los Cerrillos Prospector, at Carbonateville, 1879. Alburquerque, Advance, 1880; trans to Socorro as Sun. Alb., Golden Gate, 1880; ch. to Republican. White Oaks, Golden Era, 1880.
778
INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
well managed and effective. The Mormons, respecting whose proselyting schemes there has been some excite- ment, especially in 1875-7, as shown by the news- papers, have a few churches on the eastern border, but I find no definite information or statistics. Of protestant denominations the episcopalians seem to have the lead, with six clergymen under George Kelly as primate in 1882, and three churches as early as 1870. The presbyterians and methodists are reported as having a dozen or more clergymen and 700 com- municants; while the baptists, congregationalists, and southern methodists have each two or three clergymen. protestant influence is, however, weak, and is confined for the most part to the new and thriving towns, most of which have one or more church edifices.
CHAPTER XXXI.
COUNTIES AND TOWNS OF NEW MEXICO.
1886.
COUNTY MAP-COLFAX-AREA AND ANNALS-STOCK-RAISING-RATON AND SPRINGER-DICTATIONS OF PROMINENT CITIZENS-MORA-FORT UNION -TAOS-A GARDEN-SPOT-OLD PUEBLO-SAN FERNANDO-RIO AR- RIBA-SAN JUAN INDIANS-COAL-TIERRA AMARILLA-OÑATE'S CAPI- TAL - BERNALILLO - A FLOURISHING COUNTY -TIGUEX - PUEBLOS- ALBURQUERQUE-SANTA FE-ANTIQUITY AND MINES-THE CAPITAL- STATEMENTS OF CITIZENS-SAN MIGUEL-FARMS AND RANCHOS -- LAS VEGAS- TESTIMONY OF RESIDENTS-VALENCIA AND LAS LUNAS-LIN- COLN AND WHITE OAKS-SOCORRO-MINING ACTIVITY- GRANT-SILVER CITY AND DEMING-DOÑA ANA-MESILLA VALLEY-LAS CRUCES- SIERRA-HILLSBOROUGH AND LAKE VALLEY.
BOUNDARIES of the thirteen counties of New Mexico are shown on the appended map. Eight of them date back to Mexican times; one was added soon after the territorial organization;1 and four have since been created.
Colfax county occupies an area of 7,000 square miles in the north-eastern corner of the territory, its altitude being from 5,500 to 8,000 feet, with some lofty peaks. It was created by act of 1869, its boun- daries being modified in 1876 and in 1882. The county seat was first at Elizabethtown, which town was in- corporated in 1870, but was moved to Cimarron in 1872, and finally to Springer in 1882. In 1876-8 the county was attached to Taos for judicial purposes. About half the area is mesa or prairie land, affording
1 For the counties and boundaries as organized by the legislature of 1852, see N. Mex., Compiled Laws, 252 et seq. The county areas as given by me are computed from the map. The authorities differ so greatly, and in some cases are so clearly wrong, that I have hesitated to give their figures, though not very confident that my own are always accurate.
(779)
780
COUNTIES AND TOWNS OF NEW MEXICO.
excellent grazing, and supporting in 1880 about 29,000 cattle and 65,000 sheep, the numbers having greatly increased since that date, 187,000 and 86,000 being
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COUNTIES OF NEW MEXICO.
the figures in 1883. Along the watercourses are numerous narrow tracts, successfully cultivated by irri- gation. There are over half a million acres of coal- fields, and the coal is somewhat extensively worked in the region of Raton. The mountains are covered with pine, affording lumber of fair quality in consider-
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781
COLFAX COUNTY.
able quantities. Of gold from the Moreno placers and Ute Creek and other quartz mines several millions of dollars have been produced since 1868, and copper is also found. Over half the county is included in the famous Maxwell rancho, or land grant of Beaubien and Miranda, and here the Jicarilla Apaches and Ute bands had their homes for many years, as related in an earlier chapter. The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé Rail- road, the first to enter the territory, crosses Colfax from north to south, and on its line are the leading towns. The population in 1880 was 3,398, and is now perhaps 5,000. The total assessed value of property in 1883 was $5,437,640, the largest item being that of live- stock. Raton, with over 2,000 inhabitants, is the largest town, being of modern or railroad origin. Its prominence arises from the proximity of the coal mines, to which a branch road extends, and from the location of the railroad shops here. The town has good water-works, good schools, two newspapers-the Guard and News and Press-the only ones published in the county, and it aspires to future prominence as a manufacturing centre. Springer, the county seat, had but 34 inhabitants in 1880, but is now a thriving village, with a fine court-house and a cement factory, being also the shipping point for a large territory east and west. Elizabethtown and Cimarron, formerly honored as county seats, had respectively 175 and 290 inhabitants in 1880. The former is a mining town in the Moreno districts; and the latter, formerly known as Maxwell's rancho, may be considered the oldest settlement in the county. Colfax has a smaller pro- portion of native, or Mexican, population than most parts of the territory.2
2 Among the publications of recent years which contain more or less de- scriptive matter on the counties and towns are Ritch's Aztlan, his Illust. N. Mex., and the various other editions of the same work; the county reports of the N. Mex., Bureau of Immig .; N. Mex., Business Directory; McKenney's Business Directory; N. Mex., Pointers on the South-west: Rand, McNally, & Co., Overland Guide; Id., Guide to Col .; N. Mex., Real Estate, Sta Fé, 1883; Avery's Hand-Book and Travellers' Guide of N. Mex., Denver, 1881, 16mo; Berger's Tourists' Guide to N. Mex., Kansas City, 1883. This last book has
782
COUNTIES AND TOWNS OF NEW MEXICO.
Mora county, lying south of Colfax, with an area of 3,700 square miles, was created in 1860, being cut off from Taos, and including Colfax down to 1869. There were slight changes of boundary in 1868, 1876, and 1882. The county seat has been Mora, or Santa Gertrudis, from the first. The population was 9,751 in 1880, and may be nearly 12,000 now, a majority being of Spanish origin. The average elevation is 4-7,000 feet, the mountainous parts being in the western fourth, while the mesa lands occupy three
a brief treatise on ' Pronunciation of Spanish Names,' which has the unusual merit of being accurate. All the common errors are indicated as errors, and not given, as is too common, for the correct pronunciation. The author, however, is wrong in attributing these errors to N. Mex. especially, or to the uneducated; for they are almost universal in Spanish America, and very com- mon in many provinces of Spain.
The following stock men of Colfax county have given for my use inter- esting Dictations or Statements in MS., containing biographic items and infor- mation respecting the county's chief industry, the separate MSS. being mentioned under the authors' names in my list of authorities: Thomas O. Boggs, of Springer, is a son of Gov. L. W. Boggs of Mo., a man well known in the annals of Cal. He came to N. Mex. in 1844, and later served as scout in the Ind. wars. He furnished also the Carson Papers for my use, having been the executor of Kit Carson's estate. J. B. Dawson, of Vermejo, is a native of Ky, and first came with a herd of cattle from Tex. in 1866. For a long time he was engaged in the purchase of cattle for the Colorado market. He has 5,000 acres in his home rancho, and is a partner in several large cattle companies. He has a large family at his home, including his aged father and mother. Stephen Dorsey, a native of Vt, rose from private to colonel in the war of 1861-5, was U. S. senator from Ark. from 1873, came to N. Mex. in 1877, and became the owner of many ranchos. He has U. S. patents for 4-5,000 acres, including springs and streams, which give him control of im- mense grazing ranges. He owns about 50,000 head of Durham and Hereford cattle, being connected in the past with several companies, but gradually severing this connection, with the idea of doing business for himself alone. He is one of the most prominent stock-raisers in the territory. Joseph W. Dwyer is the owner, with J. S. Delano, of the Una de Gato rancho, which grazes 12,000 cattle. He is a native of Ohio. Mrs S. C. Lacy, a native of Ark., and widow of I. W. Lacy, who died in 1881, leaving 5 children, has a rancho at Vermejo, where she raises grain and vegetables, having also a range in Colorado, with 12,000 cattle. John Love, born in Pa, came in 1880 as sec- retary of S. W. Dorsey, a position which he still held in 1885. He is also the owner of 1,000 cattle. "Geoffrey McCroham is foreman of the Cimarron Cattle Co., at Blue Water Hole Springs, where the co. has 26,000 cattle. He has also a farm at Wagon Mound. He is an Englishman who came here from Texas. Russell Marcy has been since 1873, when he came from Cal., a cattle-raiser on Palo Blanco Creek. He is also a banker at Raton, a represent- ative business man of the territory, and has served as constable and county commissioner. Taylor F. Maulding, a native of Tenn., came in 1866, and has a large rancho on the Vermejo. James E. Temple, of Chico Springs, has a home ranch of 2,000 acres. He is an Irishman who, after many wander- ings in America, came to N. Mex. in 1867, engaging unprofitably in mining at the Moreno placers, and later, with much success, in the dairy business down to 1882. Since that date he devotes himself to raising cattle.
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