History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Volume XVII, Part 27

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 1832-1918; Oak, Henry Lebbeus, 1844-1905
Publication date: 1889
Publisher: San Francisco : The History Company
Number of Pages: 890

USA > Arizona > History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Volume XVII > Part 27
USA > New Mexico > History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Volume XVII > Part 27

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2º It was said the French had given these Ind. fire-arms, and that they had formed two large towns. I suppose the Pananas may have been Pauanas, or Pawnees. Escalante, Carta, 125, tells us that in this year, 1719, a com- pauy under Capt. Villasur was sent (perhaps after the gov.'s return) to find the Pananas, 300 1. N. E. of Sta Fé. He reached the river on which their towns stood, but the Pananas-who, he thinks, may have been the Quiviras- attacked Villasur in the night with guns, killing V., P. Juan Mingues, and

237

EXPLORATIONS.

viceroy to establish a presidio of 25 men at Cuartelejo, some 130 leagues from Santa Fé, in the heart of the Apache region; but a council of war decided this to be impossible, believing the viceroy had meant Jica- rilla, some 40 leagues from the capital, as the site, and that even there 25 men would not suffice. In 1719- 20 the governor made a tour of inspection, visiting every pueblo and settlement in the province.26 He also sent information on the Moquis for which he was thanked by the viceroy; and the same persistent apostates were mentioned in a royal order, from which it appears that the Jesuits were trying to be put in charge of the Moqui conversion, a phase of the matter that belongs to the annals of Arizona in another chap- ter of this volume.27 From the same document it appears that there was a dispute between the bishop

most of the party, including the French guide. Ritch, Aztlan, 244, mentions this Pawnee massacre as having been on the Missouri.

In a letter of Feb. 1886, Dr J. F. Snyder of Virginia, Cass Co., III., informs me that a massacre of Spaniards by the Missouris, mistaken for Pawnees by the victims, in 1720, is mentioned in all the early histories of the region. He cites the narrative as given in Reynolds' Pioneer Hist. of Illinois, 34, and also cites Charlevoix, Journal, that author having obtained some Span- ish relics in the north, said to have been obtained at a great massacre of the New Mexicans. There is much variation as to details, but the general ver- sion is that the Spaniards came to drive out the French and met disaster by confiding their hostile plans to a tribe that was friendly to the French and led them into an ambush. Dr S. has been shown the spot in Saline Co., Mo., where the affair occurred. It would seem that the expedition must have been that of Villasur, or one sent out after Valverde's return, and in consequence of his reports about the French. It is unfortunate that no original records have been found. It is possible that Villasur reached the Missouri; but it is strange that such a disaster has left no more definite trace in the archives. 26 Arch. Sta Fé, MS. In these years Mig. Tenorio de Alba, Mig. Enriquez de Cabrera, and Alonso Rael de Aguilar appear as govt secretary. Capt. Pedro de Villasur was lieut .- gen. The alcaldes mayores were Alf. Cris. Torres, Sta Cruz de la Cañada; Capt. Luis García, Alburquerque, Bernalillo, Sta Ana, Cia, and Jemes; Capt. Alonso García, Isleta; Capt. Ant. de Uri- barri, Laguna, Acoma, Alona, or the Zuni region; Capt. Alonso Rael de Aguilar, Pecos and Galisteo; and Capt. Mig. Tenorio de Alba at S. Gerón. de Taos. In 1718 there were complaints from Cochiti against the alcalde mayor, Miguel de Vaca, for beating and otherwise abusing the Ind. They led to an investigation and an order of the gov. for more care in Ind. treat- ment. The bulky record is in Arch. Sta Fé, MS.

27 N. Mex., Cédulas, MS., 42-4, order of Feb. 11, '19. Arch. Sta Fé, MS. At the end of '18 Gov. V. sent some Tanos to assure the fugitive Tanos, Tehuas, and Tiguas of Moqui that they might return without fear to their pueblos. He was ordered by the viceroy to use only gentle measures. A royal cédula of March 7, '19, ordered investigation of past management of Capt. Félix Martinez and other presidio com., especially in financial matters. N. Mex., Céd., MS., 44-5.

238

FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.

of Durango and the archbishop of Mexico on the ecclesiastic jurisdiction of New Mexico.

Don Juan de Estrada y Austria seems to have come in 1721 as juez de residencia to investigate the still pending charges against and controversies between ex-governors Flores and Martinez; and he may have held, as was sometimes customary, the position of acting governor during the performance of his duties as judge;28 if so, he turned over the office before the end of the year or early in the next; and on March 2, 1722, the regularly appointed governor, Don Juan Domingo de Bustamante, succeeded; 29 ruling two full terms, or until 1731. A visitador general, in the per- son of Captain Antonio Cobian Busto, came in 1722 to investigate the condition of provincial affairs.30 Some Spaniards engaged in illicit trade with the French inhabitants of Louisiana, which brought out

28 Davis, Prince, and others represent him as 'his Majesty's residuary (!) judge, acting gov., etc.,' in 1721. I have seen no original record of his pres- ence.

29 The date of B.'s assuming office at Sta Fé is given in a doc. of '22 in Arch. Sta Fé, MS. On March 15, '22, the officers and soldiers of Sta Fé sign a memorial of praise in favor of ex .- gov. V., who had been relieved by B. (no ref. to Estrada). They accredit V. with all kinds of good conduct. He had built at his own cost a church and chapel at the capital, and a chapel at S. Ildefonso; paid his men regularly and treated them well. V. was capitan vitalicio of the presidio of El Paso, and now returned to his post.

30 Arch. Sta Fé, MS. In Oct. a junta was held at Sta Fé to explain to Busto for the king's edification why the country from Chihuahua up to N. Mex. was not fully settled by prosperous and tribute-paying Spaniards. The reason was found in the small number and poverty of the settlers, and the fear of gentile raiders. The remedies proposed were a presidio of 50 men and a settlement of 200 families at Socorro, and another presidio of 50 men at Aguatuvi. The country was rich in metals aud well adapted to agriculture and stock-raising; and any expenditure of money by the govt would be a good investment.

Mig. Enriquez was now sec. Paez Hurtado and Ant. Becerro Nieto are named as generals, the latter of Janos, in N. Mex. temporarily. Capt. Fran. Bueno de Bohorques y Corcuera was alcalde mayor of Sta Fé; Aguilar was a sargento mayor. Captains Ignacio de Roybal and Diego Arias de Quirós and Lieut. Fran. Montes Vijil are named. Hurtado was lieut .- gen. in '24.

Padres named in '22 are: Juan de Tagle, comisario del sto oficio and visita- dor, Juan de la Cruz, custodio and juez ecles., Juan Sanchez, Diego Espinosa de los Monteros, Juan de Mirabal, Juan Ant. de Celi, Manuel de Sopena, Carlos Delgado, Juan del Pino, Fran. Irazábal, Domingo de Araos, Fran. Ant. Perez, com. sto oficio, José Ant. Guerrero, guardian of the Sta Fé convent. These were all at the Sta Fé junta. P. José Diez, who left N. Mex. in 1696, died at Querétaro in '22, age 65. Arricivita, Cron. Seráf., i. 189-206.

239

MOQUIS AND FRENCHMEN.

prohibitory orders from the king in 1723; and orders regulating the trade with gentile tribes were issued by Governor Bustamante the same year.31 Early in 1724 the Yutas committed depredations at Jemes; and the Comanches attacked the Apaches at Jicarilla, forced them to give up half their women and children to save their lives and town, burned the place, and killed all but 69 men, two women, and three boys- all mortally wounded.32 In 1727 Bustamante notified the viceroy that the French had settled at Cuartelejo and Chinali, 160 leagues from Santa Fé, proposing an expedition to find out what was being done, and asking for troops for that purpose; but it was decided that such an entrada was not necessary, though all possible information should be obtained from the Indians.33 The Jesuits still desired to convert the Moquis, and obtained in 1726 favorable orders from king and vice- roy, of which they made no practical use. Padres Miranda and Irazábal visited the province in 1724, obtaining what they considered favorable assurances for the future; and in 1730-1 padres Francisco Ar- chundi and José Narvaez Valverde seem to have had a like experience. The Moquis had no objections to an occasional interview so long as they could put off their submission to a convenient time not the present. 34

31 N. Mex., Céd., MS., 45-6, orders of March 10, '23, and March 7, '24. It was charged that N. Mex. traders went to La and bought $12,000 worth of goods. Gov. B.'s order about trade with gentiles, Apr. 3, '23, in Arch. Sta Fé, MS. The people were allowed to trade with gentiles who came to Taos and Pecos, but some were accustomed to go out in the plains to meet them.

32 Letters of PP. Mirabal and Irazábal, in Arch. Sta Fé, MS. The padres thought as the Jicarillas were Christians and the Comanches had been noti- fied of it war on the latter was justifiable acc. to scripture. Paez Hurtado was ordered in Feb. to make an exped. with 100 men, but I have not found any report of results. In '25, Rivera, Diario y Derrotero, 23-9, mentions Alburquerque as a villa of mixed Span., mestizos, and mulattoes, mostly scat- tered on the ranchos. Bonilla, Apuntes, MS., says that in '26 a reinforce- ment of troops was ordered; also that Brig. Pedro de Rivera visited N. Mex. to reorganize the presidio, the force being consequently fixed at 80 men with $400 each. P. Niel, Apunt., 96-100, gives some geographio notes of '29 for the N. Mex. settlements that seem to be confused references to earlier records, and are so faulty that I do not deem them worth reproduction.

33 Orig. MS. in Pinart collection.

34 N. Mex., Céd., MS., 45-8, order of March 20, '26, and viceroy's report of May 14, '25. See later chap. on Ariz .; N. Mer., Doc., MS., 674-8, state-

240

FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.

There was a complicated controversy in these and later years between the missionary and episcopal authorities. The bishop of Durango claimed New Mexico as part of his bishopric, insisting on his right to appoint a vicar and control ecclesiastic matters in the province, which the friars refused to recognize. Bishop Crespo, in his visita of 1725, reached El Paso, and exercised his functions without much opposition ; but in August 1730, when he extended his tour to Santa Fé, though he administered the rite of confir- mation there and at a few other towns, at some of the missions he was not permitted to do so, the friars ob- jecting by instruction of the custodio, Padre Andrés Varo, and he, of course, obeying the instructions of his superior in Mexico. The bishop also appointed Don Santiago Roybal as juez eclesiástico, whose au- thority was only partially recognized. Crespo began legal proceedings against the Franciscan authorities in Mexico, and besides demanding recognition of his episcopal rights, he made serious charges against the New Mexican friars, alleging that they did not prop- erly administer the sacraments; that they did not learn the native language; that the neophytes, rather than confess through an interpreter, who might reveal their secrets, did not confess at all, except in articulo mortis; that of 30 padres provided for, only 24 were serving; that the failure to reduce the Moquis was their fault; that some of them neglected their duties, and others by their conduct caused scandal; and that tithes were not properly collected or expended. These charges, especially those connected with ignorance of the native language, were supported by the formal testimony of 24 prominent officials and residents, taken by the governor at Santa Fé in June 1731.

ments of PP. Miranda, Irazábal, Archundi, and Valverde. The latter had served in N. Mex. since '92. It does not clearly appear here that he had vis- ited Moqui; but Fernandez Duro, Noticias, 137, cites a MS. of 120 pp. in the Acad. de Hist., entitled Valverde, Exped. á la prov. de Moqui, 1730. On Ar- chundi's entrada, see also Crespo, Mem. Ajust., 51, where it is said that in an entrada of '31 a pa:lre sacrificed his life (?). Some time before Nov. '32, P. Fran. Techungui entered Moqui and brought away 5 Tiguas to Isleta. Id., 54.

241

FRIARS VERSUS BISHOP.

Details of the suit are too bulky and complicated for notice here. There was a royal order of 1729 favor- able to the bishop, and another of 1731 to some extent sustaining the position of the Franciscans; but the decision in 1733 was in substance that, pending a final decision on the great principles involved, the bishop had, and might exercise, jurisdiction in New Mexico; and as we shall see, he did make a visita in 1737. In Spain, the case came up on appeal in 1736, and a main feature of the friars' plea was the claim that the testi- mony against them was false, having been given by bad men, moved by prejudice against the padres, who had opposed their sinful customs. To prove this, they produced the evidence, taken by the vice-custodio, Padre José Antonio Guerrero, in July 1731, of an- other set of officials and citizens, to the effect that the missionaries had performed every duty in the most exemplary and zealous manner, though it was not pre- tended that they knew the native dialects. Counter- charges were also made that the governor and his officials abused the Indians, forcing them to work without pay. The record from which I take this in- formation was printed in 1738, when no permanent decision had been reached.35

35 Crespo, Memorial ajustado que de orden del consejo supremo de Indias se ha hecho del pleyto, que siguió el Ilmo. Sor Don Benito Crespo, obispo que fué de Durango, y lo continua el Illmo. Sor Don Martin de Elizacoechea, su successor en dicho obispado. Con la religion de N. P. S. Francisco, de la Regular Observencia, y su procurador general de las Indias. Sobre visitar, y exercer los actos de la jurisdiccion diocesana en la custodia del Nuevo Mexico en la Nueva España, poner vicario foraneo, y otras cosas. Madrid, 1738, fol., 64 1. The padres accused of neglect, so far as named, were PP. Ant. Gabaldon of Nambé, Juan de la Cruz of S. Juan, Carlos Delgado of Isleta, Manuel Sopena of Sta Clara, José Yrigoyen of S. Ildefonso, Domingo Araos of Sta Ana, Ant. Miranda of Cia, Pedro Montano of Jemes, Juan Mirabal of Taos, and Juan Ant. Hereiza of Picuries. Some of the witnesses against the padres were Capt. Juan Gonza- lez, alc. mayor of Alburquerque; Diego de Torres, lieut .- alc. m. of Sta Clara; Juan Paez Hurtado; Ramon García, alc. m. of Bernalillo; and Miguel Vega, alc. m. of Taos. Witnesses in favor of the padres included Capt. Tomás Nuñez de Haro, Capt. Ant. de Uribarri, Capt. Sebastian Martin, Capt. Alonso Rael de Aguilar, Andrés Montoya, alc. m. of S. Felipe, Capt. Nicolás Ortiz Niño, and some of the opposing witnesses on certain points. P. Juan Mig. Menchero was in N. Mex. as visitador, and took some part in this affair. The bishop's visits, both in '25 and '30, are said to have produced copious rains, and thus greatly benefited the province. The marriage of Manuel Armijo and Maria Francisca Vaca, which the juez ecles. tried to prevent, figured largely in the testimony.

HIST. ARIZ. AND N. MEX. 16

242

FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.

Governor Bustamante's rule ended in 1731, and the result of his residencia was favorable, though on one charge-that of illegal trade, admitted to be for the benefit of the country-he was found guilty and forced to pay the costs of trial.36 His successor was Gervasio Cruzat y Góngora, who ruled for a full term of five years. The period was a most uneventful one so far as we may judge by the meagre record in the shape of detached items. A mission of Jicarilla Apaches was founded on the Rio Trampas, three or five leagues from Taos, in 1733, prospering for a time under Padre Mi- rabal; no Indian campaigns or troubles are recorded, and nothing is heard even of the apostate Moquis.37 From the governor's part in taking evidence for the bishop in the great controversy already noticed, it may be presumed that he was not regarded as a friend by the friars.

A successor was appointed-ad interim, by the viceroy-on May 17, 1736, in the person of Enrique de Olavide y Michelena, who, however, may not have assumed the office till 1737. This year Bishop Eliza- coechea visited the province, without opposition so far as is known, and extended his tour to the Zuñi towns. In 1738 Governor Olavide visited all the pueblos, at each publicly announcing his presence and calling upon all who had grievances against the alcaldes or indi- viduals to make them known; but nothing more serious was submitted than a few petty debts of a horse, cow,

36 Bustamante (Juan Dom.), Residencia del gobernador y Capitan general que fué de N. Mexico. Tomada por D. Fran. de la Sierra y Castillo, 1731. Orig. MS. of 177 I., in Pinart col. One witness for making malicious charges was fined $100.

37 Founding of the Apache mission. Villaseñor, Teatro, ii. 420; Crespo, Mem. Ajust., 61. There were 130 Ind. at this mission in '34; but few or none were left in '48. In '33 an Ind. greatly excited the wrath of P. Montano at Alburquerque by presenting himself during service without a cloak and with braided hair, being sustained in the ensuing quarrel by his grandfather. The padre complained through the custodio, P. José Ant. Guerrero, to the gov., and declared that the grandfather should be shut up in a dungeon with shackles for his impious conduct. Arch. Sta Fé, MS. "May 20, '35, Gov. C. strictly forbids the sale of arms to gentiles, under severe penalties-a fine of 10,000 maravedis for Span., and 100 lashes and 50 days in prison for Ind. Id. July 14, '36, Gen. Juan Paez Hurtado, inspector, left his name on El Morro. Simpson's Jour., pl. 67. P. Jose Ortiz Velasco was custodio in '33-5.

243

RULE OF GOVERNOR MENDOZA.

or pair of drawers. Let us hope that Don Enrique's orders for payment were promptly obeyed. The governor's residencia was prosecuted in January 1739, by Juan José Moreno as juez; and as the answers to the twenty-eight routine questions by twenty-four witnesses, half of them Indians, were uniformly favor- able, the decision was most flattering to a ruler re- specting the occurrences of whose rule little is known.38

The new governor, appointed by the king on May 12, 1737, and assuming office in January 1739, was Gaspar Domingo de Mendoza, who ruled till 1743. About 1740 a small party of Frenchmen came by way of Jicarilla and Taos, two of them remaining, and the rest departing by another route; and this occur- rence is rather vaguely connected by certain writers with a plan of the French to take possession of the Rio Colorado region.39 In 1742 padres Delgado and Ignacio Pino went to the Moqui towns and succeeded in bringing away 441 Tiguas, who before the great revolt had lived in the pueblos of Sandía, Alameda, and Pajarito, which the friars now wished to reës- tablish, though the governor declined to act without special instructions. Meanwhile the recovered neo-

38 Feb. 1, '37, gov. issues a bando forbidding trade with the Ind. except by permission of the proper authority, under penalty of fine, forfeiture of goods, and flogging in the case of a native offender. Arch. Sta Fé, MS. On the governor's tour of inspection, Olavide y Michelena (Henrique), Autos de visita hechos por el gobr, 1738, MS., 38 1., in the Pinart col. The bishop's visita is recorded in an inscription on El Morro of Dec. 28-9th, when he started for Zuñi. Simpson's Jour. Prince, Hist. Sk., 226, is in error when he says this was the 1st episcopal visit. On the final trial of Gov. O., I have Olavide y Michelena, Autos de residencia, 1739, an orig. MS. of 178 1. in the Pinart col.

39 Mention of the arrival of 9 Frenchmen, in Arch. Sta Fé, MS. Of the 2 who remained, one, Jean d' Alay, married and became a good citizen (and bar- ber) of Sta Fé; the other, Louis Marie, became involved in troubles, and was shot in the plaza in Mendoza's time. Codallos y Rabal, Testimonio, etc., iu Id. The French criminal sentenced to death, 'sacado el corazon por las espaldas,' is mentioned by the gov. in a letter of '43. N. Mex., Doc., MS., 691. Acc. to this, the Frenchmen came in '39. They are also mentioned in Menchero, Declaracion, MS., 726, who says that for their country a settlement near Isleta was named Canadá. Salvador, Consulta, 662-3, says they were on the way to settle in the west; and Villaseñor, Teatro, ii. 416, tells us that they settled at a place near Alburquerque called Cañada, and later Limpia Con- cepcion, or Fuenclara. Acc. to records of land grants, published with transl. in U. S. Land Off. Repts, '56, p. 291-8, it appears that the settlement of Tomé Dominguez was founded in 1739, by some 30 settlers who received lands.

244

FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.

phytes were distributed in different missions.40 Mota Padilla, the historian of Nueva Galicia, devotes some attention to New Mexico, and gives its population of Spaniards in 1742, not including the soldiers and their families, as 9,747, living in 24 towns.41 Mendoza's rule ended late in 1743, and his residencia, conducted by his successor, brought to light no complaints or un- favorable testimony.42

Joaquin Codallos y Rabal was the next governor, ruling for a little more than a full term, from the end of 1743 to 1749.43 Colonel Francisco de la Rocha was appointed in 1747 or earlier to succeed Codallos on the expiration of his term; but Rocha declined on account of his age and infirmities. The viceroy wished to appoint a substitute, but the king would not permit it, appointing to the office Tomás Velez Cachupin, who took command as early as May 1749, and ruled to and beyond the end of the half-century covered by this chapter. New Mexican affairs in these years, some- what more fully recorded than for the preceding, may be most conveniently grouped-except a few detached items given in a note44_in four or five topics, to each of which I devote a paragraph.

40 Letters of gov. M., and PP. Delgado, Pino, and Cris. Yraeta (at El Paso) in '42-3. Moqui, Noticias, MS., 678-92. P. Gabriel Hoyuela is named as custodio (still holding the office in '45 with P. Juan Garcia as sec.), and P. Fran. Bruno de la Peña is mentioned, and P. José M. Lopez. P. Yraeta blames the gov. for not aiding the missionary projects, and says twice as many might have been rescued from Moqui with proper aid. It was pro- posed to try again the next year. The gov. unintelligibly mentions missions called Viní and Sargarria. Villaseñor, Teatro, ii. 416, mentions the entry of the 2 padres, and notes that in Oct. 440 Moquis came to Sta Fé to ask for protection and friars. They were settled in different pueblos and given $2,000 in live-stock, etc.

41 Mota Padilla, Conq. N. Gal., 319, 515-16. He calls Alburquerque the capital, with a garrison of 80 men. The Apaches and Comanches are constant in their raids; the presidios are expensive and of little use. The estimate of pop. is more than twice too large.

42 Mendoza (Gaspar Domingo), Residencia .... contra el teniente coronel .... del tiempo que fué gobr y cap .- gen. de este reino. . .. 1744, MS. of 133 1., in the Pinart col.

43 That is of course excepting 1747, when acc. to Davis, Prince, and others another viceroy, Güemes y Horcasitas ruled ad interim! Gov. C. was a major in the army.

# The viceroy in a report of Nov. 8, '47, notified the king of Rocha's in- ability to serve, and the king in an order of Jan. 20, '49, forbids the appoint-

245

NEW EXPLORATIONS.

But for the route from El Paso up the Rio del Norte, the region between Santa Fé and Zuñi on the north and the frontier presidios of Janos, Corodegua- chi, and Guevavi on the south was a tierra incognita occupied by savage tribes. In 1747 the viceroy or- dered a combined movement or campaign in this country. Thirty soldiers and as many settlers and friendly Indians were to march north by separate routes from each of the four southern presidios to meet a corresponding force sent south-westward fron Santa Fé. They executed the movement and reached the Acoma region late in the year; but Governor Codallos was unable to cooperate, on account of a Comanche raid, not reaching Cubero until the others had departed. Therefore nothing was effected against the Indians, at which the viceroy was angry, and de- ducted $8,000 from the New Mexican situado, though he later accepted the governor's excuses. We have, unfortunately, no details of the explorations, except that Padre Menchero was with the El Paso company, turning to the west from the Jornada del Muerto, reached the upper Gila, and thence went north to Acoma through an entirely new region.45

The prospect of having to surrender the Moqui field

ment of a substitute. N. Mex., Céd., MS., 54-5. The king in this cédula says nothing of a new appointment, and if at that time he had appointed Cachupin the latter could not have been at Sta Fé so early as May '49; so that after all C. may have been the substitute confirmed by the king.

Dec. 24, '44, order of the viceroy to suppress 5 plazas of the Sta Fé presi- dio, reducing the force to 80 men, its former number. MS. of Pinart col. In '44 a Frenchman named Velo arrived at Pecos. He was arrested and sent to Mex. Arch. Sta Fé, MS. In Id., for this and following years there are va- rious orders of the gov. against gambling, maltreating Ind., etc .; also appeals to Mex. for arms, etc. In '47 P. Mig. Menchero made another tour as visi- tador; and coming from El Paso with a large party, they turned west from the Jornada del Muerto, reached the upper Gila, and thence went N. to Acoma, thus exploring a new region. Tamaron, Visita, MS., 97-8. In '48 cit- izens called to serve against gentiles and failing to obey had to pay a fine. Arch. Sta Fé, MS. This year 33 Frenchmen visited the Comanches at the Rio de Jicarilla and sold them muskets. The gov. thought that in this party must have been some of those who visited N. Mex. before, and that the French had hostile designs. Id. The gov. recommended a presidio of 50 men at J., but the viceroy declined to authorize it now. Id. Taking of a census ordered by viceroy. Id. Royal order against gambling and other excesses pub. by Gov. C. in '49. MS. of Pinart col.

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History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Volume XVII, Part 27

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 1832-1918; Oak, Henry Lebbeus, 1844-1905 Publication date: 1889 Publisher: San Francisco : The History Company Number of Pages: 890

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 1832-1918; Oak, Henry Lebbeus, 1844-1905
Publication date: 1889
Publisher: San Francisco : The History Company
Number of Pages: 890