USA > Arizona > History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Volume XVII > Part 56
USA > New Mexico > History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Volume XVII > Part 56
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" The Howell Code, Adopted by the first Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Arizona. Session begun, etc. Prescott, 1865, 8vo, 401 p. Arizona, Mining Law of the Territory of. Prescott, 1864, 8vo, 18 p. In the title an 'N' with the side lines cut out was inade to do duty for a 'Z,' which was apparently lacking in the font.
8 Arizona, Comp. Laws, 31, where, however, the date, Oct. 11, 1864, is not given. Pima co., capital Tucson, included all east of long. 113° 20', and south of the Gila (subsequently divided into 5 counties or parts of counties); Yuma co., capital La Paz, all west of long. 113° 20' and south of Bill Wil- liams fork, and the Sta Maria (never changed); Mojave co. (officially but incorrectly written Mohave), capital Mojave City, all west of 113° 20' and north of Bill Williams fork and the Sta Maria (as it still exists but for the loss of the part joined to Nevada, and an addition from Yavipai, north of the Colorado in 1883; see map); and Yavapai, capital Prescott, all east of 113º 20' and north of the Gila (subsequently divided into 6 counties and parts of counties). See county map and annals in chap. xxiv., this volume.
9 The seal described in the act of 1864-Arizona Compiled Laws, 542-is the upper one in the cut. I find it used for the first time-in print-in the Laws of 1883. The earlier seal, the lower of the cut, of origin unknown to me, is printed in the Journals and Acts as late as 1879. For humorous com- ments on this seal, see Ross Browne, in Harper's Mag., xxix. 561.
The best authority on the organization of the territorial govt in 1863-4 is the introduction and appendix of the Arizona, Journals of the First Legislative Assembly, Prescott, 1865, 8vo, 250, xviii., p., to the contents of which the various writers have added nothing. The Arizona, Message of the Governor, 1864, Prescott, 1864, 12mo, 9 p., was separately published, as were later messages, which will not be specially noticed, as they are contained in the journals.
10 The authorities are, of course, the Arizona, Journals, 1864-85; and Ari- zona, Acts, Resolutions, and Memorials of the First (second, etc.) Legislative Assembly, Prescott, 1865 (et seq.), 8vo, 79 p., with some slight supplementary information from other sources. After 1868 the sessions were biennial.
524
POLITICAL ANNALS OF ARIZONA.
If we credit the statements of political and personal foes, the members of council and house, like terri- torial and federal officials, were for the most part a sad set of rogues and fools; but judging by the record
TERRI
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ARIZONA
DITATDEUS
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SEALS OF ARIZONA.
of their acts, they compare favorably, in respect of honor, ability, and patriotic devotion to their country's needs, with representatives of other territories and states in the west and east.
Arizona has been ruled by a line of eight governors.
525
GOVERNORS.
appointed at Washington, as the custom is, more through political influence than a consideration of the country's needs, yet as a rule with fairly good results, as follows: John N. Goodwin in 1863-5, Richard Mc- Cormick in 1865-9, A. P. K. Safford in 1869-77, John P. Hoyt, acting, in 1877-8, John C. Frémont in 1879-81, John J. Gosper, acting, in 1881-2, F. A. Tritle in 1882-5, and C. M. Zulick from 1885. The last, appointed by President Cleveland, is a democrat ; all the rest have been more or less republican in poli- tics. Governors McCormick and Safford, ruling for the longest terms, were more fully identified than the others with the real interests of the territory, and perhaps were more efficient rulers; but the rest seen to have been for the most part honorable and intelli- gent men. In a general way their acts call for no further criticism, favorable or otherwise. One of the number should be well enough known to readers of my history of California; but Fremont was appointed merely that his chronic poverty might be relieved; and in Arizona he seems to have done nothing worse than neglect his duties. Delegates in congress were not less zealous and intelligent men, being in politics union, or republican, to 1874, democratic to 1884, and then republican again.11 Though working with due zeal at Washington, the delegates, as is true for most territories, have been able to accomplish but little for the advancement of Arizona, since congress contented
11 The vote and politics of the 12 elections for delegate were as follows: Ist, 1864, Poston, union; Bradshaw, democrat; Leib, un .; vote not found. 2d, 1864, Goodwin, un., 707; Allyn, un., 376; Poston, un., 260; total, 1,343. 3d, 1866, Bashford, republican, 1,009; Poston, rep., 518; Sam. Adams, indep., 168; total, 1,695. 4th, 1868, McCormick, rep., 1,237; John A. Rush, dem., 836; Adams, indep., 32; total, 2,105. 5th, 1870, McCormick, 1,882; Peter R. Brady, dem., 832; total, 2,714. 6th, 1872, McCormick, 2,522; total, 2,522. 7th, 1874, Stevens, indep. dem., 1,442; Bean, rep., 1,076; John Smith, rep., 571; total, 3,089. 8th, 1876, Stevens, 1,194; W. H. Hardy, rep., 1,099; Oury, dem., 1,007; total, 3,250. 9th, 1878, Campbell, dem., 1,452; A. E. Davis, rep. and granger, 1,097; Stevens, dem., 1,090; K. S. Woolsey, indep. dem., 822; total, 4,461. 10th, 1880, Oury, dem., 4,095 (or 4,176); Stewart, rep., 3,606 (or 3,778); total, 7,701 (or 7,954). 11th, 1882, Oury, 6,121; Por- ter, rep., 5,141 (or 5,243); total, 11,262 (or 11,364). 12th, 1884, Bean, rep., Head, dem. The figures are from Hamilton's Resources, 102-5, and Ariz., Hist. (Elliott & Co.), 315.
526
POLITICAL ANNALS OF ARIZONA,
itself for the most part with the annual appropriations for routine expenses.12
On the question of a permanent capital the legisla- tures of 1864-5-6 could not agree. Representatives of the first district were not quite strong enough to decide in favor of Tucson, to which town undoubtedly at that time the honor belonged; but they were able to defeat the pretensions of Prescott. It was a barren victory, however, since by the governor's proclamation from year to year the legislature was convened at Prescott as the temporary seat of government. In 1867, however, the tables were turned, and by a ma- jority of one vote Tucson was made the capital, five sessions of the legislature being held there; until in 1877 the northern combination was in turn trium- phant, and Prescott has been the capital ever since. Agitation on the subject is by no means at an end, but Tucson is thought to have but slight chance of regaining its old position, though a change in favor of Phoenix or some other town of the central region seems not unlikely in the future. 13
12 See U. S. Acts, etc., for congressional action; also Cong. Globe (through index under 'Arizona ') and Journals of senate and house for discussions and unsuccessful efforts. The appropriation for ordinary expenses of the govt down to 1868 was $33,500 per year; with $5,000 extra in 1866, besides $5,000 for compiling the laws, and $4,160 for a census. After 1868 the amount was from $33,500 to $40,000 for years when the legislature met, and $13,500 to $23,000 in other years. For the Indian service, that is, for Ind. on reserva- tions and friendly tribes, there was a varying but increasing appropriation of $10,000 to $172,000 (in 1881 as high as $346,000 apparently); besides a yearly amount from $150,000 to $425,000 for the reservation Apaches after 1872, this including, however, part of the N. Mex. Apaches. For surveys, besides the expenses of the office for Cal. and Ariz., there was an appropriation of $5,000 to $10,000 down to 1870; and later $20,000 or less, sometimes nothing; be- sides $6,000 to $9,500 for the surveyor-gen. and his office. Some of the spe- cial acts of congress will be noted in other connections. A few not thus noted are as follows: 1867, internal revenue of 1866-8, devoted to the building of a penitentiary; 1869, sessions of the legislature to be biennial; 1870, salaries of justices to be $3,000, and $2,000, appropriated for a law library; 1878, council not to exceed 12 and house 24 members at $4 per day.
13 In the original bill, as introduced in congress, Tucson was named as capital, but on final passage that clause was removed, and thus the gov. was left to select a temporary and the legislature a permanent capital. Why Goodwin selected a spot so far away from the settlements is not clearly ex- plained. Possibly he thought Prescott likely to become the centre of popula- tion, or was influenced by certain personal interests of his associates, and probably the secession proclivities of Tucson had much to do with his choice. The Tucson people were disappointed and angry. Poston, Reminiscences, 210,
523
NEW COUNTIES.
As we have seen, four counties were created in 1864. In 1865 Pah-Ute county was organized from northern Mojave; but the next year congress attached the north-western corner of Arizona-all north and west of the Colorado and longitude 114°-to Nevada; and the legislature, after vain protests against this change, finally in 1871 repealed the act creating Pah- Ute, and restored what was left of that county to Mojave, which in 1883 was extended eastward, north of the Colorado, from longitude 113° 20' to Kanab Wash. Utah also tried in 1865 to get a slice of northern Arizona, without success; while Arizona's effort of 1877 to annex Grant county, New Mexico, was equally unsuccessful. Maricopa county was created in 1571; Pinal in 1875; Apache in 1879; Cochise, Graham, and Gila being organized in 1881. Thus the number of counties was increased to ten, a tier of four being created in the central or Gila re- gion, while Yavapai in the north and Pima in the south were each divided by a north and south line. Boundaries as they now stand are shown on the map.
says Prescott was selected by influence of Carleton, and against his own ad- vice. In the legislature representatives of the 1st district voted solid against Prescott, trying to gain a vote or two from the opposition by favoring suc- cessively La Paz, Walnut Grove, and a town to be called Aztlan, at the junc- tion of the Verde and Salado; but they had lost one of their members of the house by death, and the members from the 2d and 3d district gave 9 votes to 8 in favor of Prescott. In the council, however, there was a vacancy in the 21 district, so that the vote was a tie, 4 to 4. In the session of 1865 the council voted 4 to 1 in favor of Prescott, but iu the house the matter was in- definitely postponed, vote not given. As 3 members of the council and 8 of the house were not in attendance, this action may indicate magnanimity on the part of Yavapai-perhaps. In 1866 the bill in favor of Prescott was de- feated in council by a tie vote of 4 to 4, Yuma and Pah-Ute joining Pima in the fight. In 1867 it was Yavapai against the field, but the best this county could do against Tucson was to gain one Yuma vote for La Paz, Mojave and Pah-Ute in the house deserting their northern allegiance, and Prescott was defeated 9 to 7, and 5 to 4 in council where Mojave voted for Prescott. At this session a minority report opposed Tucson on the ground that a majority of the population lived outside of Pima co .! On this basis it would be hard to locate a capital in any of the U. S. Poston, Remin., 210, says that McCor- mick by his influence gave the capital to Tucson on a promise of support for delegate. In 1875 there was a vote for Tucson, which is not quite intelligible (sce note on 8th sess., p. 541, this vol.). In 1877 the northern population had considerably increased, and by united action gave 12 votes to 6 for Prescott in the house, and 5 to 4 in the council. If later or intermediate agitation ever took the form of bills introduced and not passed, such bills have escaped my notice.
528
POLITICAL ANNALS OF ARIZONA.
Yuma alone has retained its original extent, yet not without a boundary dispute. It had doubtless been the original intention that the Colorado should be the boundary between Arizona and California, but
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owing to'a peculiar bend of the river, the line as cor- rectly surveyed from the Gila junction toward San Diego left a small area south and west of the Colo- rado opposite Fort Yuma, technically in California. On this area was a considerable amount of taxable
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529
A BOUNDARY DISPUTE.
property, including the ferry buildings. The Ari- zona legislature rather indiscreetly asked congress for the land in 1864-5; California took the hint; the property was taxed by both Yuma and San Diego counties ; and a spirited controversy was carried on from about 1867, each claimant ridiculing the other's absurd pretensions. In 1871 there seems to have been some kind of a decision at Washington in favor of Arizona, and after 1873 I find no trace of the dis- pute.14
The white population of Arizona-that is, of Ari- zona county, New Mexico according to the some- what doubtful census of 1860, was 2,421, or perhaps 6,481, including all Mexicans and mixed breeds. During the disasters of 1861-3, the number was perhaps reduced to 500 or 600.15 After the organ- ization of the government, the first territorial census of 1866 showed a total-excluding Indians-of 5,526; and the second, 7,200 in 1867.16 The United States census of 1870 shows a population of 9,658;17 and the figures in 1872 and 1874 were 10,743 and 11,480, respectively, with a notable increase to 30,192 in 1876.18 The federal census of 1880 raised the fig- ures to 40,440.19 For later years we have no accurate
14 See governor's message, in Ariz., Jour., 1871, p. 55; Id., 1867, passim; Id., 1868, p. 189-92; also, not only on this controversy, but particularly on all the county boundaries and their successive changes, note on legislative proceedings at end of this chapter, and local annals in chap. xxiv. On July 28, 1873, the com. of pub. lands at Wash. informed the surv .- gen. of Ariz. of a decision in favor of the territory. Yuma Sentinel, Sept. 13, 1873.
15 Hinton, Hand-book, 44, gives the pop. in 1863 as 581. Mowry, Arizona, 71, grossly overestimates the number in 1864 as 20,000.
1b Governor's report in Ariz., Journal, 1866, p. 264-5; Id., 1867, p. 259.
17 U. S. Census, 9th. The total included 26 negroes, 20 Chinamen, and 31 Indians; no. of citizens (males above 21 years) 3,397; native (U. S.) born 3,845, of whom 1,221 born in Ariz .; foreign born 5,809, of whom 4,339 in Mexico; males 6,887, females 2,771; families 2,290; dwellings 2,822. En- gaged in agric. 1,285; in professional and personal service 3,115; in trade and transportation 591; in mining, manuf., and mechanical industries 1,039.
18 Ariz., Jour., 1874, p. 78; Id., Acts, 1876, p. 123; Hinton, 44, 377; Ariz., Hist. (E. & Co.), 30.
19 U. S. Census, 10th. Of the 40,440, there were 155 negroes, 1,630 Chinese, and 3,493 Indians. Citizens 18,046; native born 24,391, of whom 8,166 in Ariz .; foreign born 16,049, of whom 9,330 in Mexico; males 28,202, females 12,238; families 9,536; dwellings 9,033. Engaged in agriculture 3,435; in profession and personal service 8,210; in trade and transportation 3,252; in mining, manuf., and mechanical industries 7,374.
HIST. ARIZ. AND N. MEx. 34
530
POLITICAL ANNALS OF ARIZONA.
statements; but the population in 1886 should not be less than 75,000.20
In former years, immigration to Arizona depended mainly on the varying prospects of the mines, though by no means all immigrants were miners. Of late, however, it has been clearly demonstrated that the country possesses a great variety of resources, and is capable of supporting a large miscellaneous popula- tion, though here, as elsewhere, attempts at coloniza- tion have met with indifferent success.21 It is certain that the land possesses in abundance two of the three great sources of wealth-mining and agriculture-and to develop them only the industry of man is needed. Together with her large area of grazing and arable lands, the territory contains nearly every variety of mineral, and in her valleys can be raised all kinds of cereals, vegetables, and fruit, the citrus belts of south- ern Arizona being destined at no very distant day to rival those of California.
Among the early settlers were the Mormons, who in 1868 had a settlement at St Thomas, in Pah-Ute county, a region later attached to Nevada. In 1873 the authorities in Utah formed a plan of colonization, and a pioneer party of 700 men was sent south, in- tending to get a start by working on the Texas Pa-
20 Gov. Tritle's estimate was 75,000 for 1884, acc. to Ariz., Hist. (E. &. Co.), 30. Hamilton, Resources, 97, gives a pop. of 82,976 in 1882, and that from a census; but I suppose there can be no real authority for so large a fig- ure. Perhaps the fact that in 1882 Ariz. was seeking admission as a state had some influence on this report.
21 In 1871 is mentioned a scheme to introduce as colonists the better classes of the French communist prisoners at govt expense, C. D. Poston being inter- ested in the project, with much encouragement, it is said, from the French ministry. S. F. Call, Aug. 21, 1871. Again, in 1873, a French colony is mentioned as having a large grant, and proposing to build a railroad from Guaymas. S. F. Bulletin, Feb. 27, 1873; Hayes' Scraps, Ariz., v. 131. In 1876-8 we hear of the Arizona Colonization Company of Boston, under the presidency of Cozzens, author of the Marvellous Country, I suppose, which en- listed over 200 colonists for the Colorado Chiquito region. The first party of 45 arrived in May of this year, but they soon became disgusted and scattered to seek employment at the towns. Another party is said to have been on the way, but I find no definite record that any colony was established. Conklin's Pict. Ariz., 352-3; Anaheim Gazette, May 20, 1876. In 1882 G. W. Webb is named as the agent of a company which had constructed a ditch and proposed to found a kind of Arizonian Riverside in the Gila valley. Yuma Sentinel, Jan. 28, 1882.
531
THE MORMONS.
cific Railroad, but became discontented with the pros- pect and went home.22 The project was revived in 1876-7, and a beginning was made in two districts- on the Upper Colorado Chiquito and on Salt River. At a meeting held at Salt Lake City, in January 1876, missionaries were present from different parts of Utah, and an organization was effected under Lot Smith as president. The first party arrived in March at the Sunset crossing, and soon the camps of Sunset, Allen, Ballinger, and Obed were established. Progress was slow, the first season's crop not sufficing for the colony's needs, and teams having to be sent to Utah for supplies; but the pioneers were resolute men, and though many, first and last, abandoned the enter- prise, at the end of 1877 the mission numbered 564 souls, and a year later 587. In 1884 the population is given by the newspapers as 2,507, the chief settle- ments being Sunset, St Joseph, and Brigham City.28
22 Ladd's Little Colorado Settlements, MS., 1; Hayes' Scraps, Ariz., vi. 126; S. F. Bulletin, Feb. 4, July 14, 1873.
23 The original leaders, each at the head of saints from some neighborhood in Utah, were Lot Smith, Geo. Lake, Wm C. Allen, and Jesse O. Ballinger. Smith's camp was called Sunset, but was moved the Ist year 2 miles north. Allen's camp was renamed St Joseph in 1878. Lake's camp was called Obed, about 2 m. west of Allen, but was abandoned in 1877 on account of fever and ague. Ballinger's camp was named Brigham City in 1878. Woodruff was founded in 1877, 25 m. above St Joseph. Moan Coppy, in Yavapai co., 36° on the road to Lee's ferry, was founded by Lamanites in 1877; also in that year Forest Dale in the south. Taylor, near Brigham City, was founded in 1878, but soon abandoned, and a new settlement estab., which was later known as Snowflake. In 1876 much damage was done by floods; but forts of logs and stone were built, and a steam saw-mill was started in the Mogollon Mts, 40 m. w. of Sunset, sometimes called Millville. A tannery was later in operation here, but the mill was sold in '81, and removed to the eastern stake. In 1877 a grist-mill was built near Ballinger's, horse-power having been used before, and a reenforcement from the southern states, under A. P. Beebe, arrived. In 1878 occurred another flood; the Little Colorado 'stake of Zion was organized, with Smith as pres., Jacob Hamilton and L. H. Hatch as councillors, and bishops Geo. Lake, L. M. Savage, John Bushman, and John Kaitchum. Also the stake of eastern Ariz. was set off, the dividing line be- ing the Berado rancho on the Col. Chiq. 1879 was a year of good crops, and dairying was carried on in Pleasant valley, 40 m. w. of Sunset; a woollen factory at Moan Coppy; Wilford Woodruff at work as missionary, and extend- ing his efforts to the Laguna and Isleta Ind. in N. Mex. 1880 was a bad year, with poor crops; Brigham City was nearly abandoned, and the saints regarded themselves as cheated in the count of votes at election. In 188] crops were also bad in many places, and a flood destroyed dams, also carrying away the bridge at Sunset. Brigham City was nearly abandoned by the Mormons, the site being turned over to the church, and sold to Adams, Whiting, and Company; yet this was the headquarters of the Mormon con-
532
POLITICAL ANNALS OF ARIZONA.
The settlements of this region were in 1878 organized into the Little Colorado stake of Zion; and at the same time an eastern Arizona stake was organized in the region about St John, but I have no details on the annals of this stake.
The Salt River settlements, later Maricopa stake, above Phoenix, were begun in March 1877 by nine families from Utah, organized at St George by Brig- ham Young, under Daniel W. Jones as president. There were 71 persons in the colony, the settlement being called successively Camp Utah, Utahville, Jones- ville, and finally Lehi. The Utah ditch was constructed by the incorporated Utah Irrigating and Farming Company. Elder Jones had some troubles with his flock, the site of the village seems to have been slightly changed once or twice, and in 1884 the population was less than 200.24 In January 1878 there arrived from Salt Lake City-part of the members coming from Idaho-another colony of 77 saints, including the Sirrines, formerly of Brannan's California colony. They declined to join Smith in the north, failed to make a satisfactory arrangement with Jones, and so founded Mesa City, four miles from Jonesville, incor- porating a new company for the construction of a ditch, by which at a cost of $43,000 about 5,000 acres have been reclaimed from the desert. The population was about 600 in 1884. Jesse H. Perkins was pre- siding elder from October 1878, and A. F. McDonald
tractors on the A. & P. R. R. Here ends my only detailed authority, the Settlements of the Little Colorado, Arizona, MS., prepared for my use by S. G. Ladd. See also, on these settlements, Yuma Sentinel, Mar. 18, 1876; Nov. 17, 1877; Nov. 2, 1878; Anaheim Gazette, Dec. 16, 1876; Hinton's Hand-book, 296; Prescott Miner, Sept. 19, 1879; June 25, 1880; Salt Lake Herald, Dec. 1, 1877. Elliott & Co. state that in the latest years the Col. Chiq. farms have proved a failure, on account of alkali, and possibly the pop. given in my text from newspaper authority may be too large. It includes, however, the east- ern stake.
24 Maricopa Stake, MS., by Chas J. Robson, one of the pioneers. The original company consisted of D. W. Jones, P. C. Merrill, Henry C. Rogers, Thos Biggs, Joseph McRae, D. J. Merrill, Isaac Turley, Geo. E. Steel, and -Williams, all with families. F. E. Robson taught the 1st school at Lehi in 1878. See also Salt Lake Herald, May 5, 1877; Aug. 12, 1880; Phoenix Herald, July 30, 1880; Prescott Miner, Oct. 19, 1877; Los Ang. Express, April 14, 1877; S. Luis Ob. Tribune, July 28, 1877; Ariz., Hist. (E. & Co.), 284.
533
THE MORMONS.
president from February 1880, the Maricopa stake being permanently organized in December 1882.25
In 1878 P. C. Merrill and four families left the Jones colony and founded St David on the San Pedro. In 1879 Joseph K. Rogers with four families came from the eastern Arizona stake and settled at Smith- ville-called Pima from 1883-on the upper Gila in Graham county. Other settlements formed in 1881-4 were Curtis, Graham, Thatcher, Central, Layton, and McDonald on the San Pedro. All those south-east- ern establishments were organized in February 1883 into the stake of St Joseph under Christopher Layton as president. Pima is the chief town, and had in 1885 about 600 inhabitants.26
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