USA > Arizona > History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Volume XVII > Part 23
USA > New Mexico > History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Volume XVII > Part 23
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Alfonso Rael de Aguilar. As the latter was again sec. in '94, it seems that the consequences of the desertion were not very serious. The deserters are said to have carried despatches from the padres, which may indicate a con- troversy between them aud the gov. Davis, 337, found a doc. showing the presence of Gov. C. at S. Ant. Sinoln (Senecú) on Nov. 26, '85.
33 In Arch. Sta Fé, MS., is an order signed by Reneros on Sept. 17, '86; also in the Pinart Col. a doc. showing Cruzat to be gov. in '86. Escalante, Carta, 115, says that R. succeeded in '88. Davis does not include R. in his list of gov., though he names him as having come to N. Mex. with Cruzat. There is another order signed by him on Feb. 11, '87, in the Arch. Sta Fe.
3+ Mange, Hist. Pim., 228. On Oct. 8, '87, a town of the Queres (perhaps Cia) was attacked and fire set to the huts, many perishing in the flames; 10 were captured and sentenced to 10 years in the mines of N. Viz. Arch. Sta Fé, MS. Escalante, Carta, 123, says R.'s entrada was to Cia in '88, nothing being accomplished except the taking of a few horses and cattle. R.'s exped. to Sta Ana and Cia is also noted in Sigüenza, Mercurio Volante, MS., 595. In 1695 Reneros was alguacil mayor of the inquisition in Mex. Arch. Sta Fé, MS.
35 Davis and others give the date as '88, as do apparently certain doc. in the Arch. Sta Fé. Mange, who says that 90 captives were formed into a new pueblo, gives no date. Escalante says it was in Sept. '89. Sigüenza, Mer- curio, MS., 595-6, says the battle was on Aug. 29, '89. The viceroy reported the entrada to the king Feb. 9, '90, and the king's cedulas of July 16 and 21, '91, expressed thanks, etc., also permitting the enslavement of the 70 captives, but not their children or any Ind. under 14 years of age; also other matters, as in my text. N. Mex., Cédulas, MS., 23-8.
In the U. S. Land Off. Rept, '55, p. 307-26, is printed a series of doc. from the arch., with translations, which are regarded as the original titles to the pueblo lands of several pueblos, the others having lost their papers. The papers are dated Sept. 20-5, '89. Each one consists of the formal statement under oath of Bartolomé Ojeda, one of the Ind. captured at Cia, and who had taken a prominent part in the fight, to the effect that the natives of Jemes- also S. Juan, Picuries, S. Felipe, Pecos, Cochití, and Sto Domingo-were so ter-
195
HUERTA'S PROJECT.
preparations made for another effort in the north; but a revolt of the Sumas demanded his attention.
In 1689 Toribio de Huerta, claiming to have been one of the original conquerors of New Mexico, applied to the king for authority to undertake the reconquest, with the title of marqués, and other emoluments as usually demanded for such service. Of course, his chief aim was the saving of apostate souls; but he also reminded the monarch that between Zuñi and Moqui was the Sierra Azul, a region immensely rich in silver, and made all the more desirable by the well- known existence of a quicksilver mine near at hand. This picture seems to have struck the fancy of the king and his counsellors, for he instructed the viceroy to give the subject particular attention, investigating the feasibility of the scheme, and Don Toribio's means for accomplishing it. As we hear no more of the mat- ter, we may suspect that the empresario could not support all his allegations about northern wealth.36
rified by the event of ' last year,' that is, the defeat at Cia, that they would not revolt again or refuse to render allegiance; whereupon the gov. proceeds to assign the pueblo boundaries, generally 4 sq. 1., with the church in the centre, hut sometimes by fixed landmarks. In the case of Acoma and Laguna, Ojeda's testimony is as to the bounds of the pueblos, and the reasons why Acoma has moved to the peñol (from which it had been removed in 1599), aud why Laguna had moved near to Acoma. It also is implied that the gov. had in his entrada visited other pueblos besides Cia. I confess that these doc. are very mysterious to me; and I cannot imagine why the gov. on such an occa- sion at El Paso, on the testimony of a captive that the rebels were disposed to submit, should have troubled himself to fix the town limits.
Davis, 336, found in the archives the foundation for a very unintelligible story, to the effect that Cruzat was accompanied by Reneros and Juan de Oñate. 'O. took with him 70 Franciscan friars, among whom was one Mar- cos de Niza (!), a native of the province. The latter said he had made a visit to Zuni, called the buffalo prov., during the reign of Philip II. At the first arrival of himself and people in N. Mex. the inhab. were much surprised, being astonished at seeing white men, and at first believed them to be gods, and reported them as such. After the surprise had worn off, a cruel war broke out, the gov. and most of the priests being killed, a few only escaping to the pueblo of El Paso. Among those who escaped was a Fran. friar, who went to Mex. and carried with him an image of our lady of Macana, which was preserved for a long time in the convent of that city.' On this image of Nra Sra de la Macana we have a MS. in Papeles de Jesuitas, no. 10, written in 1754, which tells us that in the great N. Mex. revolt of '83 ('80) a chief raised his macana and cut off the head of an image of Our Lady. Blood flowed from the wound; the devil (?) hanged the impious wretch to a tree; but the image was venerated in Mex. for many years.
36 N. Mex., Céd., MS., 16-23. Order of Sept. 13, '89.
196
A DECADE OF FREEDOM.
Before the king heard of Cruzat's zeal and success, he had appointed as his successor Diego de Vargas Zapata Lujan Ponce de Leon. In later orders of July 1691, he instructed the viceroy that if Vargas had not taken possession of the office, or if he was not ruling successfully, he was to be given another good place and Cruzat retained as governor; but Vargas had begun to rule early in 1691, and Cruzat was a few years later made governor of Sonora.37 In the orders to which I have alluded, the king consented to raise the pay of the presidio soldiers from 315 to 450 pesos per year, declined to sanction the abandonment of the El Paso garrison, and suggested that Cia might be a better site than Santa Fé for the proposed restoration of the Spanish villa.
37 N. Mex., Cédulas, MS., 23-8; Mange, Hist. Pim., 228-9.
CHAPTER X.
RECONQUEST BY DON DIEGO DE VARGAS. 1692-1700.
AUTHORITIES-ENTRADA OF 1692-OCCUPATION OF SANTA FE-A BLOODLESS CAMPAIGN -TUPATU'S EFFORTS - SUBMISSION OF THE PUEBLOS - To ACOMA, ZUÑI, AND MOQUI-QUICKSILVER-RETURN TO EL PASO- ENTRADA OF 1693-COOL RECEPTION-BATTLE WITH THE TANOS AT SANTA FÉ-SEVENTY CAPTIVES SHOT-FOUR HUNDRED SLAVES-EVENTS OF 1694 -- THE MESA OF SAN ILDEFONSO-FOUNDING OF LA CAÑADA- RUMORS OF TROUBLE-A FAMINE-REVOLT OF 1696-MASSACRE OF FRIARS AND SETTLERS -- A NEW RECONQUEST-GOVERNOR VARGAS SUCCEEDED BY CUBERO IN 1697-A BITTER QUARREL-CHARGES OF THE CABILDO-VARGAS IN PRISON-EVENTS OF 1698-1700-THE MOQUIS -THE FRENCH-THE PECOS.
RECORDS of the reconquest, with its various entradas and complications down to the end of the century, are comparatively complete and satisfactory, containing naturally a large mass of petty though not uninter- esting detail that cannot be compressed within the limits of a chapter.1 The new governor and captain-
The printed Archivo de N. Mex. (see bibliog. note on p. 20 of this vol.) is the most complete authority; but of the MS. Archivo de Sta Fé, from which the former was drawn in the last century, large fraginents still exist and have been consulted by me. They were also consulted, when probably less imperfect than now, but with too little care in some matters, by Davis, Span. Conq., 336 et seq., whose record ends practically with '96, and who has been followed more or less closely by Prince and other late writers. Another excellent and contemporary version, founded of course on the same doc., or Vargas' reports to Mexico, is Sigüenza y Góngora, Mercurio Volante, con la de la recuperacion de las provincias del Nuevo Mexico, conseguida por Don Diego de Vargas, etc., written by order of the viceroy Conde de Galve, and printed at Mexico 1693. It contains a brief summary, of no special value, of the discovery, conquest, and revolt of N. Mex. I have not seen the original print, but have a MS. copy in N. Mex., Doc. Hist., 581-661. Escalante, in his Carta, 123-4, brings the record, with few details, down to the end of Sept. 1692. Sigüenza, Carta al Almirante, MS., 6-7, mentions the subject. As to miscellaneous references on the reconquest, except such as I may have occa-
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198
RECONQUEST BY DON DIEGO DE VARGAS.
general had been selected with special reference to the regaining of New Mexico; but on account of troubles with the Sumas and other tribes nearer El Paso, over a year passed away before Vargas could give his attention to the far north. Then so great was his impatience that he did not await the arrival of a reenforcement of fifty men from Parral assigned to this campaign by the viceroy, but leaving a note, in which he informed the conde de Galve that he pre- ferred "antes incurrir en la nota de osado que en la de receloso," he set out from El Paso on August 21, 1692, with a force of 60 soldiers and 100 Indian auxiliaries, accompanied also by padres Francisco Cor- vera, Miguel Muñiz, and Cristóbal Alonso Barroso.2
The march up the valley of the Rio Grande was uneventful; all the pueblos up to Sandía, as we have seen, had been destroyed years before; and no Indians were seen. On the 9th of September the baggage was left at the Hacienda de Mejía, with a small guard under Captain Rafael Tellez; Santo Domingo and Cochití were found entirely abandoned; and at dawn on the 13th Don Diego's little army appeared before Santa Fe, surrounding the town and cutting off both the water supply and all communication with the out- side. Here the Tanos of Galisteo were strongly fortified, but were apparently taken by surprise. At first they were defiant, and declared they would per- ish rather than yield to the invaders, or rather, that they would kill all the Spaniards, with any cow- ardly natives who might join their country's foes. But Vargas and the friars, while preparing "like brave men and zealous Christians for battle," also re- newed their offers of pardon for past offences and their entreaties for peaceful submission; and before night
sion to cite on special topics in the following pages, there is no occasion to say more than that many of the works cited in the preceding chapter on the revolt contain also brief mention of succeeding events to 1700.
* Vargas in a letter says he started Aug. 21st, his force at Sta Fé being 40 Span. and 50 Ind .; while Siguenza notes that 14 Span. and 50 Ind. were left with the baggage at Mejia. Davis says the force was 200 Span, and less than 100 Ind.
199
SANTA FÉ REOCCUPIED.
the natives yielded without a blow. Next day they were properly lectured and formally absolved from their apostasy; children were presented for baptism; and thus Santa Fe became once more a loyal Spanish villa. 3
Don Luis Tupatú, the most powerful of the rebel chieftains since the death of Pope and Catiti, pres- ently made his appearance on horseback, clad in Span- ish costume, to tender his allegiance and that of the Tehuas. He said the Pecos, Queres, Jemes, and Taos had refused to recognize his authority and might resist the Spaniards; but he offered to accompany the governor on his tour, and aid him to the best of his ability. The fifty soldiers from Parral arrived on the 21st, and joined Vargas at Galisteo. Pecos was abandoned by the inhabitants, who in five days could not be induced to return, though a few were captured, and released bearing offers of peace and pardon. Returning to Santa Fé, Vargas started for the north on the 29th, visiting all the pueblos in that direction.4 The people took their dose of absolution with a good grace. Those of Taos ran away at first, but were soon induced by Tupatú to return; and they soon revealed a plot of the hostile nations to attack the Spaniards from an ambush; but also joined the gov- ernor's force in considerable numbers, as did those of other pueblos, to act as warriors or messengers of peace, as occasion might demand. Returning to Santa Fé on October 15th, Vargas wrote next day a report to the viceroy, announcing that he had "conquered for the human and divine majesties " all the pueblos for 36 leagues, baptizing nearly 1,000 children born
3 There is no foundation whatever for the bloody battle lasting all day, or the allied rebels gathering for the defence of Sta Fé, as narrated by Davis and Prince. There was no blood shed during all this campaign of 1692.
‘S. Cristóbal, S. Lázaro, Tesuque, Nambé, Cuyammique (?), Jacona, Pujuaque, S. Ildefonso, Sta Clara, S. Juan, Picuries, and Taos are named. A fragment of the original MS., Vargas, Reconquista de N. Mex., 118-34, in the Arch. Sta Fé, records this northern tour, and on following pages later developments are recorded. As a rule I shall not refer to these original frag- ments unless they contain something not in the printed version.
200
RECONQUEST BY DON DIEGO DE VARGAS.
in rebellion. To hold the province for the king he must have 100 soldiers and 50 families; and he recom- mended the sending of convict mechanics from Mexi- can jails to serve as teachers and search for metals 5
Next Pecos submitted on the 17th; but Galisteo and San Marcos were found deserted. The people of Cochití, San Felipe, and San Marcos® were found together, and persuaded on the 20th to reoccupy their pueblos. Those of Cia and Santa Ana had built a new pueblo on the Cerro Colorado four leagues from the old Cia; and those of Jemes and Santo Domingo, with a few Apaches, were in another three leagues from the old Jemes. All submitted after some slight hostile demonstrations on the part of the Jemes. Cold weather and snow had now become troublesome; and on the 27th, from the Hacienda de Mejía, Vargas despatched for El Paso his artillery, disabled horses, Indian auxiliaries, ten settlers, and a party of rescued captives,7 with an escort of soldiers. A junta voted to postpone the completion of the campaign to another year, but the leader refused his assent.
Marching on the 30th the army of 89 men reached Acoma on November 3d.8 The people were ready for defence, slow to believe they would be pardoned,
5 Vargas' letter of Oct. 16, 1892, in Arch. N. Mex., 129; also in Arch. Sta Fé. The gov. is about to start to conquer the remaining pueblos and to look after the quicksilver mine. The messenger bearing the letter reached Mex. Nov. 21st, and next day there was a great celebration of the victory, the cathedral being illuminated by the viceroy's order. Robles, Diario, 117; Zamacois, Hist. Mej., v. 468; Sigüenza, Merc. Vol., MS., 631. Davis says that 500 families were demanded.
6 S. Marcos was 3 1. from Galisteo.
" Acc. to Arch. N. Mex., 132, there were 43 of these captives. In the Arch. Sta Fé it is stated that they numbered 17 males and 40 females. Si- guenza gives the number as 66 at this time, but in all 77. They were per- sons-mostly half-breed or Ind. servants, and including no Span. except a few women, with the children they had borne in captivity-that had been held by the rebels since 1680. Davis gives a list of some of the women and children, 28 in all, whom he calls prisoners, but cannot understand for what offence.
8 Route from Hac. de Mejía: Isleta 5 1 .; Rio Puerco (perhaps the earliest mention of this name in Arch. Sta Fé, MS.); the Laguna and Arroyo de S. Felipe are named between the Puerco and El Pozo) 7 1 .; El Pozo 11 1 .; Acoma 1 1 .; R. Nacimiento or Cubero 5 1 .; Ojo del Nacimiento 3 1 .; El Morro 14 1 .; Ojito de Zuñi 6 1 .; Mesa de Galisteo 4 1. (Zuñi). Siguenza calls the cliff Caquima.
201
AT ZUÑI AND MOQUI.
and fearful of being killed for past offences; they wished Vargas to pass on to Zuñi, and give them time for deliberation; but finally they yielded to persuasion, and the governor, padres, and fifteen men were ad- mitted to the peñol summit, where the ceremonies of submission were performed, and 87 children bap- tized on the 4th. At Zuñi the inhabitants were found to have left their old pueblo and built a new one on a lofty mesa.9 Here the Apaches made a dash, and drove off a band of the Spaniards' cattle; but Zuñi was restored to loyalty and faith on the 11th, about 300 children being baptized. Here the sacred vessels and all the property of the martyr mis- sionaries had been carefully preserved, and in one room were found candles burning on a kind of altar, this being the only pueblo that for the past twelve years had shown the slightest respect for Christianity.
Finally, having left a guard at Zuñi, Vargas went on to the Moqui towns, arriving at Aguatuvi on the 19th.10 The Moquis, having been advised by the Navajos not to trust the Spaniards, came out in hos- tile attitude 700 or 800 strong, but the chief Miguel was well disposed, his people required but little per- suasion, and the invaders were ceremoniously wel- comed on the 20th. Miguel said the other pueblos were hostile, yet they all submitted without resistance except Oraibe, which was not visited. These people had a kind of metallic substance, which was said to come from a Cerro Colorado across the great river. The indications seemed to point to a quicksilver mine, and specimens were brought away for the viceroy.
9 This may throw some doubt on the antiquity of the ruins known as Old Zuñi. On the Morro, or Inscription Rock, is inscribed: 'Here was Gen. D. Diego de Vargas, who conquered for our Holy Faith and for the royal crown all New Mexico at his own cost in the year 1692.' Copied in Simpson's Jour., pl. 71; but S.'s translation is inaccurate, and that of Domenech, Deserts, i. 416, is still more so.
1º Route: Zuñi, Flia Hinin, to a waterless monte, 6 1., 15th; Aguage del En- tretenimiento, 6 1., 16th; Chupaderos, 9 1., 17th; Magdalena (only in MS.), 18th; S. Bernardo de Aguatuvi, 10 1., 19th; S. Bernardino Gualpi, 22d; S. Buen. de Mossaquavi (or Moxionavi), 22d; S. Bernabé Jongopavi (or Xom- mapavi), 23d.
202
RECONQUEST BY DON DIEGO DE VARGAS.
The horses were in bad condition, some alarming re- ports of Apache raids came from Captain Tellez, and Vargas returned to Zuñi, whence the whole army soon started for the east and south.11 On the way there occurred two attacks by Apaches, who wounded a soldier and secured some horses; but one of the gen- tiles was caught, exhorted, baptized, and shot; Var- gas reached El Paso on December 20th; and Captain Roque de Madrid two days later with the rear-guard of the army. Thus ended Vargas' first entrada, in which, without shedding a drop of blood except in conflicts with Apaches, he had received the nominal submission of all the rebel pueblos, while the friars had baptized 2,214 children.12
New Mexican submission was as yet but a formality, as no Spaniards had remained in the north. Or receipt of Vargas' letter of October 1692, the viceroy and his advisers decided to supply the soldiers and families asked for;13 but a little time was required to fit out the colony, and the governor, as before, started before the reenforcement came. With about 100 soldiers, having collected all the volunteer settlers and families he could at El Paso and in Nueva Vizcaya- 70 families with over 800 persons in all-he set out on the 13th of October, 1693,14 accompanied by seventeen
11 The deserted pueblo of Alona was left on Nov. 29th. The route from the Morro to Socorro seems to have been a new and direct one to the s. of Acoma. The itinerary is given. On the Sierra de Magdalena the ruins of an ancient pueblo were found. The sierras of Sandía, Salinas, and Ladrones are named as seen. The whole distance was 156 1. This euds the 2.1 cua- derno of Vargas in the Arch. N. Mex., 137. Of the original in the Arch. St.t Fé there is fol. 118-238 of the Reconquista de Vargas, with some gaps.
12 Simpson, Jour., 22, gives a tradition of the Jemes about a fight with the Span., an apparition of Our Lady of Guadalupe aud a dispersiou of the tribe. Frejes, Hist. Breve, 146, and Pino, Expos., 5, Noticias, 2, 6, relate that S. Juan and Pecos remained faithful and greatly aided Vargas. This idea re- appears in various forms and places, but has apparently no foundation in fact. On Dec. 27th Gov. V. formally delivered to the president of the missionaries the Christian relics found at Zuni. Arch. Sta Fe, MS. P. Joaquin de Hino- josa was now vice-custodio.
13 Letter of viceroy to Gov. V. Sept. 4, 1693, stating that he had obtained 66} families, aggregating 235 persons, whom well supplied for the journey, he had sent to El Paso. Orig. MS. of the Pinart Col.
1 Sept. 20th V. issues a bando, making known the viceroy's order that
203
SECOND EXPEDITION OF VARGAS.
friars under Padre Salvador de San Antonio as cus- todio. Preparations being inadequate, progress was slow, and 30 persons died on the way from hunger and exposure. The start was in three divisions. Lieutenant-general Luis Granillo was second in com- mand, and Captain Juan Paez Hurtado had special charge of the colonists.15 From the deserted hacienda of Lopez, near Socorro, Vargas had to press on in ad- vance with his soldiers, leaving the colonists to strug- gle forward as best they could. Details of the march present little of interest.16 At the pueblos the Span- iards were received without opposition, but with more or less coolness. Some leading men said the people were afraid of being killed, founding their fears on a pretended statement of an interpreter during the pre- ceding visit. There were signs of trouble,17 but the army was joined by the lagging immigrants, and on December 16th, under Oñate's original banner, made a triumphal entry into Santa Fé.
The Tanos inhabitants of the villa were polite but not enthusiastic; and the army encamped outside to avoid a rupture. San Felipe, Santa Ana, and Cia were reported friendly, but the rest only awaited an opportunity for hostility-except Pecos, which kept its promise of the year before, revealed the plans of the malecontents, and even offered aid. Vargas sent
the 100 soldiers recruited by V. for the Sta Fé presidio, and all the original vecinos of Sta Fé now at El Paso, should go to the north. Arch. Sta Fé, MS. In the later proceedings against V. in 1698 in the same Arch., it appears that he enlisted the men withont expense to the treasury, by advancing $150 to each, to be deducted from his later pay. It is also stated that he obtained at Zaca- tecas, Sombrerete, and Fresnillo about 27 families of * viudas viejas, negras, coyotas, y lobas.' Acc. to the Arch. N. Mex., 13, Davis, 373-85, makes the start on Oct. 11th, and the force 1,300.
13 Other prominent officers were captains Roque de Madrid, José Arias, Antonio Jorge, Lázaro de Misquía, Rafael Tellez Jiron, Juan de Dios Lucero de Godoy, Fernando Duran y ('havez, Adj .- gen. Diego Varela, Adj. Fran. de Anaya Almazan, sergt. and sec. Jnan Rniz. Alfonso Rael de Aguilar and Antonio Valverde figure as civil and mil. sec. in 1693.
16 The authority is the 3d and following cuadernos of Vargas in the Arch. N. Mex .; also fragments of each cuaderno and a few detached doc. in the Arch. Sta Fé, MS., the latter followed as before, sometimes closely and ac- curately, sometimes carelessly, by Davis.
li There was also some discontent in the ranks. A corporal and several soldiers deserted and started for El Paso on Dec. 3d. Arch. Sta Fé, MS.
204
RECONQUEST BY DON DIEGO DE VARGAS.
out many parties to reconnoitre, but the Indians, though not very liberal with their corn, professed friendship, and in turn sent their chiefs to Santa Fé. During their visit, Captain Arias of the rear-guard arriving, the governor announced the receipt of news that 200 soldiers were on the way to New Mexico. This made a good impression, and a quantity of food was obtained. But the Tanos soon began to show their independence by declining to furnish corn or to bring timber with which to repair the San Miguel chapel. They offered, however, an estufa-quite good enough they said for divine service until warm weather should come.
Then the Picurfes and others bethought them of a device to scatter the Spanish force, becoming much concerned for their own spiritual welfare, and asking for an immediate distribution of the padres. On December 18th, Padre San Antonio and his compan- ions presented a formal protest against the distribu- tion. While ready to sacrifice their lives for the faith, they were not willing to go rashly and needlessly to sure death.18 The governor acceded to their views. Another petition of the colonists, through their cabildo, represented that they were suffering from cold by reason of insufficient shelter, twenty-two children having died within a few days, and asked that the Tanos be persuaded or forced to vacate the casas reales and dwellings of the villa in favor of the rightful own- ers. Though dreading a conflict, the governor was
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