History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Volume XVII, Part 20

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 1832-1918; Oak, Henry Lebbeus, 1844-1905
Publication date: 1889
Publisher: San Francisco : The History Company
Number of Pages: 890

USA > Arizona > History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Volume XVII > Part 20
USA > New Mexico > History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Volume XVII > Part 20

Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).

. " Valdés is named in a royal order. In '81 Capt. Juan Do.ninguez de Men-

105

EARLY GOVERNORS.

is named again in 1645.46 Luis de Guzman held the office before 1650,47 and Hernando de Ugarte y la Concha in 1650. Juan de Samaniego was the newly appointed ruler in 1653.4 In 1656 Enrique de Ávila y Pacheco had succeeded to the place.“ Bernardo Lopez de Mendizábal is named as having become in- volved in troubles with the inquisition, and surrendered his office in 1660 or the next year; while the more or less famous Don Diego de Peñalosa Briceño ruled in 1661-4.50 Next came Fernando de Villanueva, 51 Juan de Medrano, and Juan de Miranda, the dates of whose rule are not known. Juan Francisco Treviño seems to have ruled in 1675; 52 and Antonio Otermin was governor in 1679-83. Captain Dominguez testi- fied in 1681 that he had known fourteen governors, from Pacheco to Otermin, in the past thirty-eight years, and my list with thirteen names may therefore be regarded as nearly complete for that period.53

The eastern entradas, as far as their meagre results are concerned, belong to the annals of Texas rather than of New Mexico, and have been noticed elsewhere.54 They include missionary tours of padres Salas, Perea, Lopez, and Diego Ortega to the country of the Ju- manas, in the far east or south-east, on a river named the Nueces, in 1629-32; an expedition of Captain

doza testified that, being now 50 years old, he had come at the age of 12 with Gov. Pacheco (that is, in '43); and Gov. Otermin in '82 stated that Gov. P. punished the murderers of Gov. Rosas; this is soon after '41-2. Otermin, Ex- tractos, MS., 1395-6, 1600.

46 Escalante's list: Argüello '45, Concha '50, Villanueva, Medrano, Mi- randa, Treviño, and Otermin. The 3 names preceding O. rest on a statement of P. Farfan that they ruled successively before O. Carta, 115-16.

47 At least such a man, called ex-gov. of N. Mex., was killed in a duel at Mex. in Nov. '50. Guijo, Diario, 154-5.

$8 Viceroy's letter to king, March 20, '53, in N. Mex., Cédulas, MS., 8-9. Posadas, Not., 211-16, calls him Samiego, in ruling '54.

49 Miller's list; name found in a doc. of '83.

50 More of his rule later in this chapter. Mendizábal is barely mentioned in the Peñalosa papers. Sher's Exped., 10-11.

51 Perhaps earlier. He was between Concha and Trevino. Davis' list.

52 Called Frecenio by Davis and Frenio by Miller. Sta Fé Cent., 14.

53 Most authors begin Otermin's rule in '80; but Escalante says the great revolt was in the 2d year of his rule. Dominguez' testimony is found in Otermin, Extractos, MS., 1395-6. Davis and Miller found the allusion to 14 rulers, but make the date '40 instead of '43.

++ See Hist. North Mex. St., i. 382-7.

166

EIGHTY YEARS OF NEW MEXICAN ANNALS.

Alonso Vaca in 1634, eastward 300 leagues to the great river across which was Quivira; another of captains Hernan, Martin, and Diego del Castillo in 1650 to the Nueces, and far beyond to the country of the Tejas, where they found pearls; another similar one of Diego de Guadalajara in 1654, resulting in a fight with the Cuitoas; a backsliding about the mid- dle of the century of certain families of Taos, who went out into the eastern plains, fortified a place called Cuartalejo, and remained there until the gov- ernor sent Juan de Archuleta to bring them back; 55 and finally the fictitious entrada of Governor Peñalosa to Quivira in 1662, of which I shall have more to say a little later. A royal order of 1678 alluded to pro- jects of exploring Quivira and Teguayo, and to con- flicting reports on the geography and wealth of these and other distant provinces, calling for an investiga- tion; and it was in reply that Padre Posadas made his later report, which is the best authority on the outside regions, but contains very little on the history proper of New Mexico, of which the author was cus- todio in 1660-4, and a missionary from 1650.

In February 1632, padres Arvide and Letrado were killed by the gentile Zipias somewhere beyond the Zuñi region; and the next year Padre Porras was poisoned by the Moquis.56 In 1640-2 there were serious difficulties between the governor and the friars, the latter being accused of assuming, as jueces eclesiásticos and officials of the inquisition, extraordi- nary and absolute powers, and of having even gone so far as to encourage a revolt, in connection with which Governor Rosas lost his life. We know but little of the controversy, which was deemed in Mexico very

55 Posadas, Not., 214-18; Escalante, Carta, 125. Simpson, Jour., pl. 65-70, reproduces inscriptions on El Moro, including the names of Capt. Juan Archu- leta in 1636, Agustin Hinojos and Bartolomé Romelo in '41, and Ant. Gonza- lez in '67. This was, however, in the west.

56 Vetancur, Menol., 16, 24, 66. Fernandez Duro, 133, eites the Verdadera relacion de la grandiosa conversion que ha habido en el N. Mex., enviada por el P. Fr. Estevan de Peres, custodio de lis provincias. ... daudole cuenta del estado de aquellas conversiones, etc. Sevilla, 1632, fol., 4 1. This report I have not seen.

167

REVOLT AND CONTROVERSY.

serious, and which seems to have been the beginning of a series of troubles that terminated in the great revolt of 1680. The padres were blamed, and special efforts were ordered to avoid a costly war, which it was thought could not be afforded in a province that yielded no return for an annual expenditure of 60,000 pesos. 57

Several writers mention a revolt of 1644, in which the governor and many friars were killed; 58 but I sup- pose this is but a confused reference to the troubles of 1642 and 1680. In the time of Governor Argüello, probably about 1645 or later, there was a rising in consequence of the flogging, imprisonment, and hang- ing of 40 natives who refused to give up their faith; but the rebels were easily overpowered. In another revolt of the Jemes, aided by Apaches, a Spaniard named Naranjo fell, and in return the governor hanged 29, imprisoning many more for idolatry.59 In 1650 or thereabouts it is evident that, partly as a re- sult of the preceding quarrels, troubles with both con- verts and gentiles began to assume a serious aspect. At the same time complaints of oppression on the governor's part were sent to Mexico and Spain.60

During Concha's rule, or in 1650, there was a plot

57 Palafox, Informe al Conde de Salvatierra, 1642, MS .; letter of same to king, July 25, '42, and royal order of July 14, '43, in N. Mex., Ced. MS. 7-8; Bonilla, Apuntes, MS., 1; Revilla Gigedo, Carta de 1793, p. 441. The latter says the matter was reported to the king in 1640, including an Ind. revolt, as well as scandalous quarrels between the friars and secular authorities. It appears that Rosas was stabbed-perhaps while under arrest awaiting his residencia-by a man who accused him of intimacy with his wife; but the woman had been put in his way that an excuse for killing him might be found. Antonio Vaca is named as a leader in this movement.

58 Calle, Not., 103; Pino, Expos., 5; Id., Not., 2; Alcedo, Diec., iii. 184; Barreiro, Ojeada, 5-6; Alegre, Hist. Comp. J., i. 327. In the general chapter of the Franciscans at Toledo, 1645, the plan of changing the New Mex. cus- todia to a provincia independent of the Sto Evangelio in Mex. was discussed, but abandoned. Ylzarbe, Informe, in Pinart, Col. Doc. Mex., 347.

53 Otermin, Extractos, MS., 1301, 1395-6. This is the testimony of Domin- guez in '81; consulted also by Davis, 279 et seq. D. says the 29 were only imprisoned.

" Bonilla, Apuntes, MS., 1; N. Mex., Céd., MS., 6, 8-9. The king in his cédula of Sept. 22, '50, notes these complaints and the popular discontent and strife leading to raids by the gentiles, and orders viceroy to investigate and remedy. The viceroy replied March 20, '53, that he had given strict orders to the new gov .; the king approves an.I orders continued vigilance June 20, '54.

168

EIGHTY YEARS OF NEW MEXICAN ANNALS.

of the Tehuas and Apaches to kill the soldiers and friars on Thursday night of passion week, when all would be in church; but by chance the plot was dis- covered by Captain Vaca, nine leaders were hanged, and many more were sold into slavery for ten years. A like result followed an uprising of the Piros, who ran away during Governor Villanueva's time and joined the Apaches, killing five Spaniard ; before they could be overpowered. Several of the same nation now or a little later were put to death for sorcery. Estévan Clemente, governor of the Salineros towns, was at the head of the next conspiracy for killing the tyrants, after stealing their horses to prevent escape; but Don Estévan was hanged. The Taos drew up on two deer-skins a plan for a general movement, but it was abandoned because the Moquis refused their aid. No dates are given for these happenings.61

Diego Dionisio de Peñalosa y Briceño ruled New Mexico in 1661-4, having been appointed in 1660. He was a native of Peru, au adventurer and embustero, beut on achieving fame and fortune with the aid of his unlimited assurance and his attractive person and manners, by which alone presumably he obtained his appointment from the viceroy. Of Don Diego's rule and acts, as in the case of other rulers of the period, almost nothing is known. It appears, however, that he visited Zuňi and the Moqui towns, heard of the great kingdom of Teguay through a Jemes Indian who had been captive there, and also of Quivira and Tejas, and the Cerro Azul, rich in gold and silver ores; and that he planned an expedition to some of these wonderful regions.62 I have seen an order dated at Santa Fé in 1664 which bears his autograph.63 Like

61 Otermin, Extractos, MS., followed by Davis. Zamacois, Hist. Mej., v. 376, says that Alburquerque was founded in 1658, which is an error. The Ist duke of A. was viceroy in 1653-60; but the 2d duke of A., for whom the town was named, ruled in 1701-10. In the Arch. Sta Fé, MS., it is stated that the Pueblo del Paso del Rio del Norte was founded in 1659. The allusion is to the mission of Guadalupe del Paso, not to town or presidio.

62 Juan Dominguez de Mendoza, maestre de campo in Peñalosa's time, re- port of later years as cited by Fernandez Duro, 49, 75.

63 Jan. 20, '64, order that the Indians be not employed in spinning and

169

PEÑALOSA'S HOAX.

his predecessor, Mendizábal, he became involved in troubles with the padre custodio representing the inquisition; or more probably, as I think, he went to Mexico in 1664 or later to urge his scheme of north- ern conquest, and there came in conflict with the holy tribunal, by which he was perhaps kept long in prison; and at any rate, in February 1668 he was forced to march bareheaded through the streets carrying a green candle, for having talked against the santo oficio and said things bordering on blasphemy.64 Unable to interest the viceroy and king in his project, he went to London and Paris in 1671-3, and there attempted to organize a grand filibustering enterprise of con- quest against his former sovereign, freely resorting to falsehood, and claiming for himself the title of Conde de Santa Fé, with half a dozen others to which he had no claim. He died in 1687, and his efforts are closely connected with the expedition of La Salle of 1682-7 ; but these matters pertain to the annals of Texas, and not of New Mexico. 65

In France Peñalosa presented to the government what purported to be a narrative of an expedition to Quivira made by himself in 1662, written by Padre Freitas, one of the friars of his company, and sent to the Spanish king. He never made any such entrada or rendered any such report. The narrative was that of Oñate's expedition of 1601, slightly changed to suit his purposes in Paris. I made known this fraud in an earlier volume of this series, but have since received the work of Fernandez Duro, published two years before my volume, in which that investigator, by

weaving without the gov.'s license; that friendly Indians be well treated, but that wild tribes coming to trade be not admitted to the towns, but obliged to lodge outside. Signed Diego de Peñalosa Briceño. Arch. Sta Fé, MS. This is the only orig. doc. I have seen at Sta Fé that dates back of the revolt of '80.

64 Robles, Diario, 56-7; Alaman, Disert., iii. appen. 35-6; Zamacois, Hist Mej., v. 412-13. Z. tells us, p. 387, that 24 missions or pueblos were estab- lished in 1660-4.

65 See Hist. North Mex. St., i. In N. Mex., Ced., MS., 56-60, are two royal or lers, of 1675 and 1678, on the conq. of Quivira, growing out of P.'s efforts. Padre Posadas' report of about 1685 was also drawn out in the same connec- tion.

170

EIGHTY YEARS OF NEW MEXICAN ANNALS

similar arguments, reached the same conclusions.66 I suppose that it is to Don Diego's statements in Europe that we must look for the origin of the famous hoax of Admiral Fonte's voyage on the north-west coast in 1640, the story having first appeared in 1708, and Peñalosa being represented as vice-admiral of the fleet.67

From about 1672 the various Apache tribes became troublesome, destroying in their raids one of the Zuñi towns and six of the pueblos farther east.68 Several friars lost their lives. In 1675 we are told that four natives were hanged, 43 or 47 whipped and enslaved, and many more imprisoned for having killed several missionaries and other Spaniards, besides bewitching the padre visitador, Andrés Duran; whereupon a force of warriors marched to Governor Treviño's house to demand the release of the prisoners for a ransom, retiring on a favorable promise, but declaring they would kill all the Spaniards or flee to the sierra and risk annihilation at the hands of Apaches rather than see their sorcerers punished. Pope, prominent in a

66 See Hist. North Mex. St., i. 386, pub. in 1884. The fictitious narrative, Freytas, Relacion del Descub. del Pais y Ciudad de Quivira, given to the French minister in 1675, and claimed to have been sent to the king of Spain in 1663, was printed in Shea's Exped. of Don Diego de Peñalosa, N. Y., 1882, with Span. and Engl. text, and valuable notes and extracts from Margry and other authors respecting Peñalosa. Later in 1882 appeared Fernandez Duro, Don Diego de Peñalosa y su descub. del reino de Quivira, a report to the Royal Acad. of Hist. This author reproduces all of Shea's matter and adds much more on the same and kindred subjects. For his conclusion that the story was a fraud he relies largely, as I did, on the report of Padre Posadas (erroneously called Paredes by me from the printed ed., apparently not known to F. D. ), who was custodio during Peñalosa's term of office and who mentions no such expedition. I did not see the Madrid work of '82 or know of its existence till after the publication of my volume. Prince devotes a chapter to this exped., not recognizing its fictitious character.

67 See Hist. N. W. Coast, i. 115 et seq.

66 Escalante, Carta, 115-16. The Zuñi town was Jahuicn (or Ajuico, where, acc. to N. Mex., Doc., MS., i. 502, P. Pedro de Ayala was killed by the gentiles on Oct. 7, 1672); those of the Tchuas were Chilili (which Benavides represents as a Tompiro town), Tafique, and Quarac; and those of the Tom- piros, Abó, Jumancas, and Tabira. One of these was very likely the famous Gran Quivira. Escalante says that before '80 there were 46 pueblos of Christian Ind., one Span. villa, and several small Span. settlements. Calle, Not., 103-4, says that in '45 there were 25 doctrinas, with 60 friars, receiving from the king 42,000 pesos per year. Cavo, Tres Siglos, ii. 42, 46, tells us that 24 Ind. towns were formed by the Span. in (before ?) 1660; and that Alburquerque was founded earlier with 100 Span. families. See note 61.

171

APPROACHING DISASTER.

later trouble, was now a leader either of the imprisoned offenders or of the band of rescuers.69 All the tribes were known as Apaches, except the Yutas, occupying a part of the northern plains, and with whom Governor Otermin was the first to open communication. The Comanches did not make their appearance in the rec- ords of this century; but the Apaches del Navajo are mentioned. In 1676 the condition of affairs was re- ported to be serious. Towns and churches had been destroyed and many Christians killed by the Apache raiders; while the defensive force was only five men for each frontier station, and these were sadly in lack of arms and horses. A reenforcement of 40 or 50 men was needed at once if the province was to be saved. Padre Francisco Ayeta, the custodio, having come from New Mexico for succor, was preparing to start with a wagon train of supplies for the missionaries; and he made an earnest appeal for the 50 men and 1,000 horses to accompany the train, at an expense of 14,700 pesos to the royal treasury. The junta ap- proved the measure on September 9th, perhaps of 1677; the viceroy reported to the king his resolution to send succor on January 13, 1678; the king approved on June 18th; and finally, after an unaccountable delay, the train started from the city of Mexico on the 29th or 30th of September, 1679. The relief arrived too late, as we shall see, to prevent the abandonment of the province; but it prevented still more serious dis- aster among the fugitive settlers and missionaries.70

69 Otermin, Extractos, MS., 1441-3, 1459-66, 1480-1, being the testimony in '81 of Dominguez, Lopez, Quintana, and P. Ayeta. Escalante, Carta, 116, says nothing of this affair, but states that Pope and 46 others were arrested for various crimes. On March 28, '74, there died at Sta Fe Dona Juana Arias, wife of the visitador Gonzalo Suarez. Robles, Diario, 159. On Jan 23, '75, P. Alonso Gil de Avila, minister of Renecuey (Senecú ?), was killed by the Ind. N. Mex., Doc., MS., i. 502. Other friars named in different records as serving in '80 or earlier are Antonio Acebedo, Lorenzo Analiza, Francisco de Ayeta, Antonio de Aranda (apparently custodio in '50), Juan Bernal (cust. in '80), Fran Gomez de la Cadena, Sebastian Calzada, Andrés Duran, Juan de Jesus Espinosa, Fran. Farfan, Cris. Figueroa, Alonso Gil, Ant. Guerra, Juan de Jesus, Simon de Jesus, Jesus de Lombarde, Albino Maldonado, Juan Mora, Jesus Morador, Juan de Vallada, Fernando de Velasco, and Juan Zavaleta.

TJ Ayeta, Memorial al Virey, 1676, including various docs. o: the subject, in N. Mex., Doc., MS., i. 481-513. Viceroy's rept to king and royal order

172

EIGHTY YEARS OF NEW MEXICAN ANNALS.

I close this chapter with a note from Vetancur's standard chronicle of the Franciscans, written about 1691, but showing the missions as they existed just before the great revolt of 1680. A. padron of 1660 is said by this author to have shown a population of 24,000 Spaniards and Christian Indians, of whom it would seem the former must have numbered about 2,400 in 1680. Padre Francisco de Ayeta came as custodio, with a reënforcement of friars, in 1674, but, as we have seen, went back to Mexico for succor two years later.71

in reply, 1678, in N. Mex., Cédulas, MS., 9-10. Starting of the train and troops, the viceroy going to Guadalupe to see them off, Sept. 29 or 30, '79. Robles, Diario, 290; Rivera, Diario, 14.

1] Vetancur, Chron., 98 et seq. Missions of N. Mex. in 1680. See similar statement for 1630, p. 164 of this chapter.

Senecú (S. Antonio), 70 1. above Guadalupe del Paso, founded in 1630 by P. Ant. Arteaga, suc. by P. García de Zúñiga, or San Francisco, who is buried there; Piros nation; convento of S. Antonio; vineyard; fish-stream.

Socorro (Nra Sra), 7 1. above Senecú, of Piros nation; 600 inhab .; founded by P. García.

Alamillo (Sta Ana), 3 1. above Socorro; 300 Piros.

Sevilleta, 5 1. from Alamillo across river; Piros.

Isleta (S. Antonio), no distance given; where a small stream with the Rio del Norte encloses a fertile tract with 7 Span. ranchos; convent built by P. Juan de Salas; 2,000 inhab. of Tiguas nation. Here is the paso for Acoma, Zuñi, etc.

Alameda (Sta Ana), 8 1. above Isleta; 300 inhab. of Tiguas nation; named for the alamos which shade the road for 4 1.

Puray, or Puruay (S. Bartolomé), 1 1. from Sandía (Alameda ?); 200 Tiguas; the name means 'gusanos,' or worms.

Sandia (S. Francisco), 1 1. (from Puaray); 3,000 Tiguas; convent, where P. Estevan de Perea, the founder, is buried; also the skull of P. Rodriguez, the Ist martyr, is venerated.

S. Felipe, on the river on a height (apparently on E. bank); 600 inhab. with the little pueblo of Sta Ana; of Zures (Queres) nation; convent founded by P. Cris. Quiñones, who, with P. Geron. Pedraza, is buried here.

Sto Domingo, 2 1. above S. Felipe; 150 inhab .; one of the best convents, where the archives are kept, and where, in '61, was celebrated an auto-de-fé, by order of the inquisition; P. Juan de Escalona buried here; padres in '80, Talaban (once custodio), Lorenzana, and Montesdeoca.

Sta Fé, villa, 8 1. from Sto Domingo; residence of the gov. and soldiers, with 4 padres.

Tesuque (S. Lorenzo), 2 1. from Sta Fé, in a forest; 200 Tiguas (Tehuas); P. Juan Bautista Pio.

Nambé (S. Francisco), 3 1. E. of Tesuque, 5 1. from Rio del Norte; 2 little settlements of Jacona and Cuya Mangue; 600 inhab .; P. Tomás de Torres.

S. Ildefonso, near the river, and 2 1. from Jacona, in a fertile tract, with 20 farms; 800 inhab .; PP. Morales, Sanchez de Pro, and Fr. Luis.

Sta Clara, convento, on a height by the river; 300 inhab .; a visita of S. Ildefonso.

S. Juan de los Caballeros, 300 inhab .; visita of S. Ildefonso. In sight are the buildings of the villa de S. Gabriel, the Ist Span. capital.

173

STATISTICS OF 1860.

Picuries (S. Lorenzo), 6 1. (from S. Juan), on a height; 3,000 inhab .; Fr. Ascensio de Zárate served and is buried here; P. Matias Rendon in '80.

Tahos (S. Gerónimo de Taos), 3 1. (?) from Picuries and 5 1. from the river, in a fine valley; 2,000 inhab. and some Spaniards; in 1631, P. Pedro Mi- randa de Avila was killed here; PP. Juan de Pedrosa and Antonio de Mora in '80.

Acoma (S. Estévan), east (?) of Cia on a peñol 1 1. in circum. and 30 estados high; 1,500 inhab., converted by P. Juan Ramirez; in '80, P. Lúcas Maldo- nado.

Hemes (S. Diego de Jemes), a large pueblo formed of 5 smaller ones, with 5,000 inhab .; in charge of P. Juan de Jesus.

Alona (Purísima), 24 1. from Acoma, with 2 visitas, called Mazquía and Caqnima; 1,500 inhab .; P. Juan de Bal. (Zuñi prov.)

Aguico (Concepcion), 3 1. w. of Alona, with other small pueblos; 1,000 inhab; they revolted in '32, and killed P. Fran. Letrado; in '80 the padre escaped.

Aguatobi (S. Bernardino), in Moqui prov., 26 1. from Znñi; 800 inhab. converted by P. Fran. de Porras; much pumice stone; P. José de Figueroa, or Concepcion, in '80.

Xongo pabi (S. Bartolomé), 7 1. from A., with a visita called Moxainabi; 500 inhab .; P. José Trujillo in '80.

Oraybi (S. Fran .; others say S. Miguel), farthest w. of the Moqui towns, over 70 1. from Sta Fé; had 14,000 gentiles, but a pestilence consumed them; 1,200 in a visita called Gualpi; PP. José de Espeleta and Agustin de Sta María.

Cochiti, 3 1. from Sto Domingo; 300 inhab. of Queres nation; the padre escaped in '80.

Galisteo (Sta Cruz), 6 1. (from Cochití ?), with S. Cristóbal as a visita; 800 inhab. of Tanos nation; here once served P. Antonio de Aranda; in '80 PP. Juan Bernal, custodio, and Domingo de Vera.

Pecos (Porciúncula), on the eastern or Quivira frontier, in a finely wooded country; has a magnificent church with six towers; pop. not given; P. Fern. de Velasco.

S. Marcos, 'on the right toward the N., 5 1. from Sto Domingo; ' 600 inhab. of Queres nation; 2 visitas, S. Lázaro and Ciénega; P. Manuel Tinoco.

Chilili (Natividad), 3 1. from S. Lázaro; 500 Piros, converted by P. Alonso Peinado, who is buried here; this is the Ist pueblo of the Salinas valley.

Quarac (Concepcion), 3 1. from Chilili; 600 Tiguas speaking Piros lang .; converted by P. Perea; here is buried P. Gerónimo de la Llana.

Taxique (S. Miguel), 2 1. from Quarac; 300 inhab .; the padre escaped in '80.

Abbo (S. Gregorio), in the Salinas valley, which is 10 1. in circum., and produces much excellent salt; 800 inhab .; 2 visitas, Tenabo and Tabira (Gran Quivira ?); 15 1. farther east are some Christian Jumanas served by the padre of Quarac; P. Fran. de Acebedo is buried at Abbo.

All the padres named above as serving in '80 were killed in the revolt of that year; the survivors are named in note 5 of the next chapter. See also map in next chapter.

CHAPTER IX.

A DECADE OF FREEDOM. 1680-1691.

CAUSES OF THE REVOLT-RELIGIOUS TYRANNY- THE PATRIOT LEADERS- POPE, CATITI, TUPATU, AND JACA-THE KNOTTED CORD-THE PLOT REVEALED - MASSACRE OF 400 SPANIARDS - TWENTY-ONE MARTYR FRIARS-NAMES-SIEGE OF SANTA FE-THE GOVERNOR'S VICTORY AND RETREAT-DOWN THE RIO DEL NORTE TO EL PASO-PRESIDIO DEL PASO DEL NORTE-POPE'S RULE IN NEW MEXICO-LIBERTY AND AN- ARCHY-FRUITLESS ENTRADA OF 1681-DESTRUCTION OF THE PUE- BLOS - THE FAITHFUL TIGUAS OF ISLETA - OTERMIN CENSURED - EVENTS AT EL PASO-MISSION ITEMS-RULE OF CRUZAT AND RENEROS -HUERTA'S PROJECT -- BATTLE AT CIA-A NEW GOVERNOR.

THE pueblo communities were now to rid themselves for a time of their Spanish masters, whom they re- garded as tyrants. Past efforts to shake off their fetters had only shown how tightly they were riveted. They were required to render implicit obedience, and to pay heavy tribute of pueblo products and personal service. Their complaints, however, in this direction are not definitely known. The Spaniards in their later gathering of testimony ignored this element of secular oppression, if, as can hardly be doubted, it ex- isted, and represented the revolt to be founded exclu- sively, as it was indeed largely, on religious grounds. The New Mexicans seem to have been more strongly attached than most American tribes to their aborigi- nal faith, and they had secretly continued so far as possible the practice of the old forms of worship. The friars had worked zealously to stamp out every vestige of the native rites; and the authorities had enforced the strictest compliance with Christian regulations, not

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History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Volume XVII, Part 20

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 1832-1918; Oak, Henry Lebbeus, 1844-1905 Publication date: 1889 Publisher: San Francisco : The History Company Number of Pages: 890

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 1832-1918; Oak, Henry Lebbeus, 1844-1905
Publication date: 1889
Publisher: San Francisco : The History Company
Number of Pages: 890