USA > Arizona > History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Volume XVII > Part 74
USA > New Mexico > History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Volume XVII > Part 74
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24 Chivington in his MS. narrative says that the famous forced march of 64 miles in 24 hours ended at Maxwell's rancho, and was prompted by messages from Fort Union that the post was in great danger. He also states that Maj. Paul had mined the fort and made preparations to destroy all public property on the coming of the confederates, and then march to meet the Coloradans.
25 These troops included two companies of the 5th infantry and two light batteries under captains Ritter and Claflin. Denver Hist.
26 Chivington says that before this his force met the Texan advance guard and captured a lieut. and 30 men before a gun was fired.
695
BATTLE OF APACHE CAÑON.
with a yell, and charging through and through the enemy's ranks. Cook fell, severely wounded, but Lieutenant Nelson took his place. The infantry, under captains Downing and Wyncoop, cooperated most effectively; the Texans were driven from the field, and the fight of Apache Cañon was won. State- ments of casualties are conflicting; but the federals seem to have lost from five to fifteen killed, and the confederates from 20 to 40, with nearly 100 prisoners. Chivington before night fell back to Pigeon's rancho to bury his dead, care for the wounded, and send back the prisoners, with a message to Colonel Slough and the main army. That night or the next morning he retired four or five miles farther, to Kolosky's rancho, where the water supply was better; and here he was joined by Slough and his troops in the night of the 27th. 27
27 Chivington and Hollister give tolerably clear accounts of the fight in which they took part. C. in his MS. does not give a statement of casualties; but acc. to Hayes he reported a loss of 5 killed and 14 wounded, the enemy's loss being 32 killed, 43 wounded, and 71 prisoners. Hollister says the fed- erals lost 5 killed, 13 wounded, and 3 missing; and the confed, 16 killed, 30-40 wounded, and 75 prisoners, including 7 officers. The Denver Hist. has it 13 fed. killed, 13 wounded, 3 missing; confed. 40, 75, and 108 respectively. Hayes, who regards this affair as a drawn fight and gives few details, says that the reports of Scurry and Sibley give no figures. Perhaps the Coloradans exaggerate their victory, and it would seem that Hayes may have found some evidence to this effect in the confed. reports, which he does not specify. The Frenchman, Alex. Vallé, known as 'Pigeon'-whence the name Pigeon's rancho-described Chivington's operations to Hayes as follows: "H poot 'is 'ead down and foight loike mahd bull.' Hollister prints a letter from a Texan to his wife, found at Mesilla, which gives a very vivid description of the fight, and of their surprise when 'instead of Mexicans and regulars' they saw ' they were regular demons, that iron and lead had no effect upon, in the shape of Pike's Peakers from the Denver gold mines.' After the first retreat of the bat- tery and the forming a line of battle at the new position, 'up came the cannon, with the enemy at their heels; but when they saw us ready they stopped, but only for a short time, for in a few moments they could be seen on the moun- tains jumping from rock to rock like so many sheep. They had no sooner got within shooting distance than up came a comp. of cavalry at full charge, with swords and revolvers drawn, looking like so many flying devils. On they came, to what I supposed certain destruction, but nothing like lead or iron seemed to stop them, for we were pouring it into them from every side like hail. In a moment these devils had run the gauntlet for half a mile and were fighting hand to hand with our men in the road.' Behind the ditch ‘ we felt safe, but again we were mistaken, for no sooner did they see us than some of them turned their horses, jumped the ditch, and like demons came charging on us .. .. We expected to shoot the last one before they reached us, but luck was against us, and after fighting hand to hand with them, and our comrades being shot and cut down every moment, we were obliged to sur-
696
CONFEDERATE INVASION OF NEW MEXICO.
On March 28th Slough pushed forward with his full force; but Chivington, with 400 or 500 men un- der the guidance of Lieutenant-colonel Manuel Chavez, was detached to cross the mountains and attack the enemy's rear. His success will be noted presently. The rest of the army, 700 or 800 strong, met the Texans, sooner than Slough expected, half a mile beyond Pigeon's rancho, about 9 A. M. From the first the federals were outnumbered, acted on the defensive, and though fighting bravely for about five hours, were forced back to the rancho, to a new position half a mile farther east, and finally to Kolosky's. Had the enemy known the number of the troops opposed to them, or had they not been somewhat over- cautious as a result of the former battle, the federal repulse might have been a disastrous defeat. The federal loss is given as from 20 to 50 killed, 40 to 80 wounded, and 15 to 20 prisoners; that of the con- federates 36 to 150 killed, 60 to 200 wounded, and 100 prisoners, the last figure apparently, however, including both battles.28 Scurry, the Texan com- mander, instead of following up his success, sent a flag of truce, asking an armistice for the purpose of burying his dead, and caring for his wounded. This was granted by Slough, and the Texans took advantage of the opportunity to fall back to Santa Fé, which position they presently abandoned and retreated down the Rio Grande.
The cause of Sibley's retreat, notwithstanding his apparent victory, must be sought in the operations of
render. Now, who do you suppose it was that came charging and nearly running over me, with a revolver pointed at my head, etc. ? It was Geo. Lowe .... You know him well .... How one of the men that charged us ever escaped death will ever be a wonder to me .... About 80 of us were taken prisoners and marched off toward Ft Union. How many were killed and wounded I don't know, but there must have been a large number.'
28 Hayes gives the federal losses as 29 killed, 42 wounded, and 15 prison- ers; confederate 36 killed and 60 wounded, as admitted by Scurry. Lossing says the federals loss 23 k. and 50 w .; confed. same as Hayes. Gov. Con- nelly reported the confed. lost as 400 k., w., and prisoners. Hollister puts the fed. loss at 46, 64, and 21; confed. 281, 200, 100 (prob. including both battles). The Denver Hist. has it 134 k. and w. on the fed, side; and 151, 200, and 100.
697
CHIVINGTON'S EXPLOIT.
Chivington. This officer, on the 28th, with 370 Colo- rado volunteers and 120 regulars, had been guided by Chavez over the mountains to the rear of the enemy, where they arrived about noon. Descending the precipitous cliffs in single file, they drove off the Texan guard, capturing several of their number, spiked the cannon, killed the mules, burned 64 wag- ons, and destroyed all the enemy's supplies, thus rendering it impossible for the confederates to con- tinue their offensive operations. This virtually ended the campaign; the 'Pike's Peakers' had proved more than a match for the 'Texan rangers,' saving New Mexico for the union; and Chivington, presiding elder of the methodist church in Colorado, had made himself the hero of the war.29
Orders now came from Canby to Slough to protect Fort Union at all hazards; and, very much against the wishes of the Coloradans, the army fell back to the fort, arriving on the 2d of April. On the 5th, under new orders, the army marched for the south, under the command of Colonel Paul, Slough having resigned his commission. Galisteo was reached on the 10th, details of movements in these days having very slight significance,30 and here was met an adjutant from Canby. This officer, leaving Fort Craig gar- risoned by volunteers under Carson, had marched northward on April 1st with 860 regulars and 350 volunteers. The confederates, or a part of them, had fallen back on Alburquerque; and against this town, on the 8th, Canby's troops made a demonstration,
29 Chivington's own narrative is most satisfactory, besides agreeing in most respects with others. His officers were captains W. H. Lewis and A. B. Carey of the regulars, and Wyncoop of the volunteers. Chivington says that they bayoneted 1,100 mules. On their return they reached the camp at Kolosky's at midnight, entering it prepared to fight, with the idea that it was a camp of the enemy.
30 Hollister and the Denver Hist. give many such details. Slough seems to have resigned in his disgust at not being permitted to pursue the retreat- ing Texans. On the 9th, according to Hayes, Col Paul marched from Bernal Spring toward Sta Fé, meeting on the way Maj. Jackson and party, with a flag of truce, and soon learning that Sta Fé had been evacuated. On the 12th he wrote from Galisteo that the Union troops had been cheered on entering the capital.
698
CONFEDERATE INVASION OF NEW MEXICO.
with but slight effect,31 thence turning to the right, and joining Paul's force at Tijeras on the 13th. The next day, Chivington having been appointed colonel of the Colorado regiment, the united army marched to the Rio Grande, and down that river to Peralta, where the confederates were posted in the adobe town, having abandoned Alburquerque. It was to some extent a surprise, and a few pickets were captured. Chivington was eager to take the town by assault, but Canby would not permit it.
On the 15th a belated Texan train coming in sight from Alburquerque was captured by 30 mounted Coloradans, who lost one man and killed four, taking one gun, a dozen prisoners, 70 mules, and 15 horses. Presently the confederates opened fire with their ar- tillery, which was answered, the firing being continued to some extent all day, with but slight and unrecorded effect. The Colorado troops retired to the river, and planned an attack under cover of the banks, but Canby forbade the movement. He is accused of an unwill- ingness to kill his old comrades, of jealousy toward the volunteers, and even of cowardice. Hayes, how- ever, states that the reason for inaction was that he "had no desire to capture men whom he could not feed." The Texans took advantage of a tempestuous night to ford the river and escape. On the 16th.and 17th the armies advanced slowly southward in sight of each other on opposite sides of the river,32 the Texans burning some of their baggage on the way, to La Joya; but on the 18th the confederates had disappeared, to be seen no more, leaving, however,
31 Hayes says that in this engagement, respecting which no details are given, Maj. Duncan, 3d cavalry, was seriously wounded. Chivington says: They fought all day at long range, and at night Canby took a side route and attempted to form a junction with us, and Sibley escaped down the Rio Grande with his force.
32 Chivington says: 'They disputed our crossing for 4 days and nights whenever we attempted to cross; and we tried to get sufficiently far in ad- vance to cross without being subject to their artillery fire. On the 4th night they burned their transportation, and abandoned everything except some light vehicles, packed their provisions, and took to the mountains.' There is no other evidence that Canby's force attempted to cross at all. See account of fight at Peralta, in Las Vegas Chronicle, Feb. 21, 1885.
699
RETREAT OF THE TEXANS.
some of their sick and disabled, with a few wagons, which were found by Captain Grayden on a trip to the western side. A day or two later Sibley destroyed the rest of his baggage, and followed a trail over the mountains far to the west of Fort Craig, and thence to the Mesilla valley and to Fort Bliss, where he ar- rived early in May.33 In killed, wounded, prisoners, and stragglers, they had left nearly half their original force in New Mexico.34
The federals advanced much at their leisure in three columns under Paul, Chivington, and Captain Morris, crossing the river at Limitar, just above Socorro, on the 20th, and there learning definitely of the enemy's flight.35 On the 22d they reached the old battle-field of Valverde, where the volunteers encamped, and the regulars took up their quarters at Fort Craig. There was no thought of further pursuit, General Canby re- turning to Santa Fe, and leaving Colonel Chivington in command of the southern district, which position he held until succeeded by Colonel Howe. Some Texan rangers still remained in the Mesilla valley, and in May a party of them appeared at the Panadero, below the fort, but there was no fighting. On July 4th the Californian advance reached the Rio Grande, and two days later the last of the invaders left the territory. It does not seem necessary to record the movements of the Colorado companies in garrison at different posts and in a few Indian expeditions during the following months. Before the end of the year the last of them had left New Mexico for home and other service, their places being taken by the California vol- unteers, and General Carleton assuming command of the department in September.
33 May 4th, according to Lossing; but on the 18th Canby, acc. to Hayes, reported the confed. as scattered along the valley from Doña Ana to El Paso. 34 Canby's report, as quoted in Ariz., Hist. (E. & Co.). A prisoner 'tells me that out of the 3,800 men and 327 wagons that were with us when we left Ft Fillmore, only 1,200 men and 13 wagons remained together when they were obliged to flee to the mountains.' Letter of a Texan quoted hy Hollister.
35 Hollister says that 30 prisoners came into camp on the 19th, and were paroled, one of them being Ex-surveyor-gen. Pelham. At Limitar 75 sick and stragglers were taken.
700
CONFEDERATE INVASION OF NEW MEXICO.
The legislature at the session of 1862-3 passed reso- lutions thanking "the brave California and Colorado troops for their timely aid in driving the traitors and rebels from our soil," with an additional paragraph especially complimentary to General Carleton and the Californians, whose march across the desert was regarded as "one of the most remarkable achieve- ments of the age." This paragraph brought out a letter from Governor Evans of Colorado, who, in view of the fact that the Californians had not arrived until the campaign was over, complained of injustice done to the Coloradans, who had really expelled the invader. Accordingly, at the next session, the legislature at- tempted to set the matter right, solemnly affirming, in a resolution respecting the Colorado troops, that "it is not the intention to place these brave soldiers second to none" ! 36
36 N. Mex., Acts, 1862-3, 1863-4; Colorado, House Journal, 3d sess., p. 72-7. In 1865 Kit Carson was promoted to brigadier-general of volunteers for his gallantry at Valverde and other services. Carson, Papers, MS. These papers contain a few documents bearing on details of this campaign, including cor- respondence showing that Canby and Carson had some doubts about the loyalty of the militia and some of the volunteers. Claims for damages done by rebels were filed by citizens, and the subject was often agitated; but down to 1880 at least none of these claims had been paid. N. Mex., Mess., of Gov., 1880.
CHAPTER XXVIII.
CHRONOLOGIC AND OFFICIAL.
1864-1886.
CHRONOLOGIC RÉSUMÉ-GOVERNORS-LIST OF OFFICIALS-MEMBERS AND OFFICERS OF THE LEGISLATURE FOR EACH SESSION-SUMMARY OF LEGIS- LATIVE ACTS-CHANGES IN SESSIONS AND RULES-DELEGATES IN CON- GRESS-CONTESTED SEATS-NATIONAL LEGISLATION-PUBLIC BUILDINGS -HISTORICAL SOCIETY-FINANCES-CLAIMS AGAINST THE UNITED STATES -REVISED LAWS-SUPREME COURT-LAWYERS-EFFORTS TO SECURE ADMISSION AS A STATE-SURVEYS AND BOUNDARIES-CRIME AND DIS- ORDER-STATISTICS OF POPULATION.
IN the history of New Mexico after 1863 chrono- logic annals have but small part. The government record, Indian affairs, industries and institutions, and local matters will be treated in four successive chap- ters. All these, and especially the first, will be de- voted for the most part, not to a consecutive narra- tion of events, but to classified records and statistical matter showing the territory's condition and develop- ment, a large part of which matter may be presented most profitably in fine-print notes. I begin, however, by appending a chronologie summary of the most im- portant happenings of 1864-86, embracing many top- ics to be noted more fully in the following pages and chapters. And the completeness and utility of this summary are increased by extending it backward, so far as leading events are concerned, to the American occupation in 1846; and even farther, in the briefest of outlines, to the beginning of New Mexican annals.1
1 Chronological summary of New Mexican history: Discovery and explo- ration, 1540-97: see chap. i .- v. of this vol. 1535-6, Cabeza de Vaca, passing through Texas and Chihuahua, hears of the N. Mex. pueblos. 1540-2, Coro- nado's army enters via Sin., Son., and Ariz., spending two winters in the Rio
( 701 )
702
CHRONOLOGIC AND OFFICIAL.
The territory was ruled from 1864 by a succession of eight governors: Henry Connelly from 1864, Robert
Grande valley. 1581, Fr. Agustin Rodriguez enters N. Mex. from Chih. 1582-3, entrada of Espejo. 1583-95, several projects of conquest, without results. 1590-1, illegal entry of Castaño de Sosa from N. Leon via Texas. 1594-6, expeditions of Bonilla and Humaña.
Spanish conquest and occupation: see chap. vi .- x. 1598-9, conquest by Juan de Ouate. 1601-5, Oñate's exped. to Quivira and mouth of the Colorado. 1615, Sta Fé founded about this date. 1630, from 50 to 100 missionaries serving in from 90 to 150 pueblo missions. 1640, beginning of dissensions be- tween govt and missionaries. 1650, beginning of serious troubles with the Indians. 1664 et seq., Penalosa's filibustering schemes. 1670 et seq., Apaches begin their raids; Navajoes mentioned; Span. pop. about 2,400, con- verted Ind. 20,000. 1680, revolt of Pueblos, expelling Span., and killing 400; El Paso founded. 1681-2, Otermin's vain efforts to reconquer the prov- ince. 1692-6, reconquest by Diego de Vargas.
Spanish rule continued: see chap. xi .- iii. 1706, founding of Alburquerque. 1709, first important war and treaty with the Navajos. 1712 et seq., efforts to conciliate or conquer the Moquis, who refused to submit. 1716 et seq., first troubles with Comanches. 1730-42, controversies of Franciscans with the church and with the Jesuits. 1730, first visit by the bishop. 1750, Span. pop. 4,000, Ind. converts 12,000. 1760, tour of Bishop Tamaron. 1760-1800, a period of dissension, rascality, and decadence. 1774-6, active efforts for exploration in west, and for conversion of the Moquis; exped. of Dominguez and Escalante to Utah. 1776-7, organization of Provincias Internas, including N. Mex. 1780-1, ravages of small-pox, leading to consolidation of missions. 1786, new Apache policy. 1800, Span. pop. 18,000, Ind. 9,700. 1803, Louisiana ceded to U. S. 1804-5, beginnings of Sta Fé trade; working of Sta Rita copper mines. 1806-7, Pike's exploring exped. 1810, Pino sent to Span. cortes from N. Mex. 1819, boundary treaty with U. S. 1821, N. Mex. supports Iturbide. 1822, Span. pop. 30,000, Ind. 10,000.
Mexican rule: see chap. xiv. 1822, N. Mex. becomes a Mexican province. 1824, a territory of the Mex. republic; beginning of the legal Sta Fé trade. 1828, expulsion of Spaniards and partial secularization of missions; discovery of the gold placers. 1833, visit of the bishop. 1835, first printing-press and newspaper. 1836, N. Mex. a department under a governor. 1837-8, rebel- lion of Gonzalez and accession of Gov. Armijo. * 1839, N. Mex. a separate comandancia; discovery of the 'new ' placers. 1841, Texan Sta Fé invasion. 1844, department divided into districts and partidos. 1845, pop. about 70,000, Ind. 10,000; Texas annexed to U. S.
Rule of the United States: see chap. xvii., xxv .- vii, 1846, Mex. war; occupation of N. Mex. by Gen. Kearny. 1847, revolt of the New Mexicans; first legislature and first newspaper in English. 1848, treaty between U. S. and Mex., the latter ceding N. Mex .; territorial convention. 1849-50, state convention; debates in congress on slavery and Texan boundary. 1850, N. Mex. admitted as a territory; pop. 61,547; vicarate of Sta Fé estab., Lamy honorary bishop. 1850-1, Mex. boundary survey. 1851, organization of territorial govt, and meeting of Ist legislature. 1851-9, several R. R. and other explorations. 1853 4, dispute with Mex. for possession of the Mesilla valley. 1854-5, Gadsden purchase annexed to N. Mex .; Ind. wars. 1855, surveyor-general's office estab. 1858-60, pueblo, private, and town land claims confirmed by congress. 1858-63, Navajo wars, ending with exped. of '63 4 by Carleton and Carson. 1861, Cimarron Ind. agency estab. IS61-2, confederate Texan invasion; territory of Colorado cut off. 1863, Arizona cut off; Fort Sumner and Bosque Redondo reservation estab.
Chronologie annals of 1864 86: see for details this and the three following chapters. 1864, also Ritch's Blue-Book. 1864, gov. Connelly; gen. Carleton; Ind. supt Steck; Navajos at Bosque Redondo. 1865, publication of revised statutes; Ind. supt Delgado. 1866, gov. Mitchell; Ind. supt Norton; re-
703
RULERS OF NEW MEXICO.
B. Mitchell from 1866, William A. Pile in 1869-71, Marsh Giddings in 1871-5, Samuel B. Axtell in 1875-8, Lewis Wallace in 1878-81, Lionel.A. Sheldon in 1881-4, and Edmund G. Ross from 1885. I append a list of all territorial and federal officials for the period.2 Most of
pairs on the palacio; Mescaleros quit the Bosque Redondo reservation. 1867, gen. Sykes and Getty; Ind. supt Webb; discovery of Moreno mines; peon- age abolished; death of Padre Ant. J. Martinez; decision of sup. court that Pueblos are citizens; soldiers' monument dedicated at Sta Fé. 1868, Grant co. created; Ist daily mail from east; Navajos removed from Bosque Redondo to their old home in the N. w .; Ist mil. telegraph in operation; death of Kit Carson; Chavez, contestant, seated as delegate in congress; Fort Sumner abandoned.
1869, gov. Pile; Ind. supt Gallegos and Clinton; Colfax and Lincoln counties created; archives sold for waste paper; complaints against Justice Houghton; earthquakes. 1870, Iad. supt Pope; population, 90,573; forts Cummings and McRae garrisoned; sale of the Maxwell rancho; Apaches at Cañada Alamosa moved by Colyer to Tularosa; Ist national bank at Sta Fé. 1871, gov. Giddings; gen. Granger (also 1875); biennial sessions of legisla- ture; water found by Martin in the Jornada del Muerto; filing of land claims resumed. 1872, Ind. supt (the last) Dudley; state constitution formed; new public school law. 1873, gen. Gregg; Jesuit school at Alburquerque. 1874, gen. Devin; Mescaleros on reserv. at Fort Stanton; Apaches moved to Hot Springs; new land district in south at Mesilla; prot. episcopal missionary diocese. 1875, gov. Axtell; mil. telegraph, Sta Fé to Mesilla; archdiocese of Sta Fé created; Rev. Tolby murdered in Colfax co .; Jesuit schools at Las Vegas and La Junta. 1876, col Wade and gen. Hatch; telegraph to Tucson; R. R. at Trinidad, Col .; prefect system of co. govt abandoned; murder of Hon. Louis Clark in Rio Arriba; Ft Selden abandoned. 1877, Apaches re- moved to S. Carlos, Ariz .; telegraph to S. Diego; survey of land claims resumed; grand lodge of masons organized. 1878, gov. Wallace; R. R. crosses N. Mex. line at Raton Mt .; war of stockmen begins in Lincoln co .; act incorporating Jesuits annulled by congress in '79; Sta Fé academy incor- porated; Jicarillas moved to a reserv. in N. w .; Utes removed to Col .; Apache raids of Victorio, '78-82. 1879, beginning of a 'boom' in mines; White Oaks mines discovered; Los Cerrillos camps; R. R. reaches Las Vegas; Hot Springs hotel opened; Ist prot. epis. church in N. Mex. dedi- cated at Las Vegas; Alburquerque academy incorporated.
1880, R. R. reaches Sta Fe, Alburquerque, and Isleta; narrow-gauge R. R. from north enters the territory; general incorporation act; Bureau of Immig. and Historical Soc. organized; founding of New Alburquerque; Vic- torio killed in Mexico; visit of Gea. Grant and Pres. Hayes; Maxwell Grant co., organized under laws of Holland; Rio Arriba co. enlarged; gas at Sta Fé; street R. R. at Alburquerque; Las Vegas academy; fire at Las Vegas; pop. of the territory 109,793. 1881, gov. Sheldon; gen. Bradley and Mackenzie; R. R. completed to Deming, El Paso, and Cal .; also D. & G. R. R. in the north, and A. & P. to the Arizona line; Ist territorial fair, and congregational church at Alburquerque; educational assoc. organized; Ind. school at Alburquerque; Ist vol. of N. Mex. sup. court reports published; telephone at Sta Fé. 1883, tertio-millennial celebration at Sta Fé; A. & P. R. R. reaches Colorado River; Jicarilla Ind. removed to the Mescalero reser- vation. 1884, Sierra co. created; Navajo reserv. extended and consolidated with that of the Moquis; $200,000 approp. for completing public buildings; wrangle about organization of the legislature. 1885, gov. Ross; publica- tion of Compiled Laws. 1886, fire at Socorro; population probably 150,000.
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