USA > California > History of California, Volume II > Part 12
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secration took place September 7, 1806. President Tapis was assisted by the ministers of the mission and by Urresti, Victoria, Zalvidea, Peyri, and Cueva from other missions. Governor Arrillaga was present with Captain Rodriguez, Lieutenant Ruiz, Alférez Maitorena, and many soldiers from San Diego and Santa Barbara. Crowds of neophytes from all the country round witnessed the rites, which are not par- ticularly described. Next day Victoria said mass and Urresti preached a sermon. On the 9th the bones of the former minister, Vicente Fuster, were trans- ferred to their final resting-place within the new
28 See chap. i. and ii. of this volume.
29 Prov. St. Pap., MS., xxi. GS-9; xviii. 94; Id., Ben. Mil., xxix. 13. The servant in question went with a candle to get some fat, and amused himself by killing bats.
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LOCAL EVENTS-SOUTHERN DISTRICTS.
edifice. Cueva on this occasion chanted a solemn requiem mass, and the sermon was delivered by Faura. Meanwhile Padre Sanchez and Alférez Ig- nacio Martinez had come from San Diego to join in the festivities. The three days formed an epoch long to be remembered in southern California.30
Father Santiago remained in charge of San Juan until 1810 when he retired to Mexico;31 but his asso- ciate Faura retired in 1809;32 Francisco Suñer came in 1809; and José Barona began his long ministry in 1810. These missionaries baptized 1,040 Indians and buried 748, but increased the number of registered neophytes by only 92, or from 1,046 to 1,138. The number of sheep at this mission was greatly dimin- ished, but was still larger than elsewhere.33
The annals of Los Angeles and the surrounding ranchos present for this decade almost an utter blank. I cannot even give a complete list of pueblo officials. Sergeant Javier Alvarado was the comisionado in 1809, and perhaps in all the preceding years, but was replaced by Guillermo Cota in 1810. Mariano Verdugo was al- calde in 1802, with Fructuoso Ruiz and Ramon Buelna as regidores; Guillermo Soto in 1809, and Francisco Avila in 1810, with Anastasio Ávila and Teodoro Silvas
30 S. Juan Capistrano, Lib. Mision, MS., 26-9; St. Pap., Miss., MS., iv. 22-3; Arch. Sta Bárbara, MS., xii. 66, 71, 79. The first baptism in the new church took place on Oct. 18th.
31 Juan Norberto de Santiago came to Mexico from Spain in 1785, and was sent to California the next year. His signature appears in the books of San Francisco often in 1786-7; but his only regular ministry was at San Juan Capistrano from 1789 to 1810. He sailed with Carranza on the San Carlos, and was captured by the insurgents at San Blas. In February 1811 he writes to the president from Guadalajara that he has been through great dangers, having even been senteneed to death. Arch. Sta Bárbara, MS., xi. 302-3.
32 José Faura was a native of Barcelona; arrived at Santa Bárbara May 7, 1798; served at San Luis Rey from July of that year till 1800; and at San Juan Capistrano till October 1809, when he was allowed to retire, his term of service having expired.
33 Increase in population, 1,046 to 1,138; baptisms, 1,040; smallest num- ber, 58 in 1802; largest, 329 in 1805; deaths, 748; largest, 210 in 1806; smallest, 26 in 1805; large stoek, gain 8,539 to 10,213; horses, 693; small stock, decrease 17,030 to 11,500; crops in 1800, 6,240 bushels; in 1810, 5,300 bush .; smallest, 1,170 bush. in 1809; largest, 10,400 bush. in 1806; average, 5,570 buslı.
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ANNALS OF LOS ANGELES.
as regidores.34 Population, including the rancheros and their families, increased only from 315 to 365; though it is probable that the soldiers recruited for the presidios from Los Angeles represented a further gain of over fifty.35 Cattle and horses decreased, by intentional slaughter for the most part, from 12,560 to 6,175 head. Sheep were still less than 2,000 in number, and crops of wheat and corn varied from 3,000 to 4,000 fanegas. In 1805-6 the people are represented to have suffered considerably and to have been despondent by reason of the increasing devastations of locusts on corn and beans. 36 It was hoped, however, that hemp-culture might better their condition, and, as we shall see, some- thing was actually accomplished in that direction. In 1809 Comisionado Alvarado reported gambling, drunkenness, and other excesses to be alarmingly on the increase. Despite his efforts-and the stocks at his office were rarely unoccupied-the people were becoming more vicious, scandalous, and intolerable every day. 37
Los Angeles was still within the jurisdiction of Santa Bárbara, though many citizens were invalids of the San Diego company. 33 In August 1802 Goy- coechea mentions the ranchos of the jurisdiction as being those of Nieto, of Dominguez, of the two Ver- dugos, and of Félix, held under concessions of Borica or his predecessors; Simí held by Luis Peña and Santiago Pico, and Las Vírgenes by Miguel Ortega, under provisional grants by Arrillaga. It will be noticed that this list agrees with that of the last decade, the Encino Rancho having been appropriated by the
3+ Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. 258, 305, 328; Id., Ben. Mil., xl. 25-6; Arch. Sta B., MS., ix. 181; St. Pap., Miss., MS., iii. 35.
33 See a list of many citizens in a militia artillery roll. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xl. 17-20.
36 Prov. Rec., MS., ix. 81-2, 1805. All the corn, beans, and pease destroyed by the chapule. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xxxiv. 27.
37 Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xl. 25-6.
38 The invalids have no further dependency on the comandancia of San Diego than that of getting their pay there, being subject to the comisionado, who was a sergeant of the Santa Barbara Company. Goycoechea, Oficio Instruc- tiro, 1802, MS., 124.
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LOCAL EVENTS-SOUTHERN DISTRICTS.
friars, except in adding the Félix Rancho mentioned only in this document, and that it confirms my idea respecting the other three ranchos, since it makes no mention of either the Santiago or the Refugio ranchos, and shows Simí not to have been granted as early as 1795, as was claimed before the land commission. Since 1800 Las Vírgenes had been granted to Miguel Ortega, and El Conejo had been asked for. The latter was granted in 1802 or 1803 to José Polanco and Ig- nacio Rodriguez. In 1809 Santiago de Santa Ana was granted to Yorba and Peralta, and I suppose that El Refugio was occupied by the Ortegas before 1810, though I have seen nothing more definite on the sub- ject than the mention of two Ortega boys as resi- dents of Refugio in a militia list of 1809.39
There were two controversies, neither of them very bitter, between the settlers at the pueblo and the friars, both occurring in 1810. The missionaries were accused of having cut off the town's supply of water by damming -the only instance of profanity on record against them-the river at Cahuenga; but it seems that they were willing to remove the dam if it could be proved that the settlers were really injured.40 The other difficulty arose from complaints that the padres refused to attend to the spiritual care of the sick at Angeles. President Tapis in a private letter warned the mis- sionaries that it would be extremely prejudicial to Franciscan interests if such complaints were to reach the superior tribunal. He urged them not to fear hard work, and threatened to change places with one of them. The friars replied that on the two occasions
39 For map of Los Angeles district, see chap. xvi. Goycoechea, Oficio In- structico, 1802, MS., 124; Guerra, Doc. Hist. Cal., vi. 30-1; Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xl. 18, 19. In the same list Nieto's Rancho is called Sta Gertrudis. See also vol. i. chap. xxx. of this work. Goycoechea says that many persons have asked for San Vicente, but it has been refused for the general good. Permission has been refused even to the padres to establish corrals in various places. According to the land commission cases-No. 308- San Antonio was granted to Lugo in 1810; and a claim was made-No. 483- for Topanga Maliba granted to Tapia in 1804.
40 March 26, 1810, commandant of Santa Bárbara to Arrillaga. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. 304-5.
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SAN GABRIEL MISSION.
when they had refused attendance one of them was absent and the other busy with sick neophytes. They claimed, however, that it was not possible for the two ministers to properly care for the pueblo and the ranchos so far away. The supreme government could not blame them for not neglecting their neophytes, and the settlers could bring their sick to the mission until a chaplain could be employed.41
At San Gabriel Mission we left three friars in charge at the end of the last decade, Antonio Cru- zado, Miguel Sanchez, and Pedro Estévan. The last- named left the country at the end of 1802.42 Cruzado and Sanchez, both missionary pioneers, who for thirty years had served together at San Gabriel, died at their post, the former in 1804, the latter in 1803.43
41 Correspondence of March and May 1810, in Arch. Sta B., MS., ix. 181- 96.
42 Pedro de San José Estévan was a native of Castile, became a Franciscan at Habana in 1783, joined the college of San Fernando in 1793, and was sent to California in 1794. He was at San Antonio for some months in 1795; served at San Diego from April 1796 to July 1797; and at San Gabriel till October 1802. He was often at San Juan Capistrano, where he buried Padre Fuster in October 1800. He also visited San Buenaventura and other missions. His license from the viceroy was dated Feb. 8, 1802, and that from the governor Aug. 21st. He sailed before Oct. 20th. Arch. Sta B., MS., xi. 248; St. Pap., Sac., MS., i. 66; Prov. Rec., MS., vi. 18; xii. 16; also registers of the missions named above.
43 Antonio Cruzado was a native of Alcarazegos, bishopric of Córdova, Andalucía, and was born in 1725. Coming to Mexico before 1748, he served in the Sierra Gorda missions for 22 years; was assigned to California in August 1770; sailed from San Blas Jan. 21, 1771, and arrived at San Diego March 12th, and again Jnly 14th, after a trip by sea to Monterey. He was assigned to San Buenaventura, but that foundation being postponed, lie remained at San Gabriel as supernumerary from November 1771 until May 1772, and as regular minister from that date until his death which occurred on Oct. 12, 1804. He was 79 years old, and had labored for 55 years as a missionary in America. He received the sacrament of extreme unction, the others being omitted on account of his feeble condition, at the hands of Francisco Dumetz, who had come to California on the same vessel with him, and who buried him in the mission church. San Gabriel, Lib. Mision, MS., 28; Arch. Sta B., MS., x. 412, 483.
Francisco Miguel Sanchez was a native of Aragon, and of the Franciscan province of San Miguel. He left Mexico in Oct. 1770, and sailed from Tepic in Feb. 1771. He was one of the company often referred to in preceding chapters, driven by adverse winds to Manzanillo, whence he returned overland to Sina- loa, and finally reached Loreto Nov. 24, 1771. He was assigned to the mis- sion of Todos Santos; and in August 1773 when the other Franciscans came north he was left by Palou at Loreto to attend to sending forward some cattle. He started northward in April 1774, left Velicata in August with Lieut. Ortega, and arrived at San Diego Sept. 26th. He was minister of San Gabriel from Sept. 1775, though from 1790 to 1800 he spent most of his
HIST. CAL., VOL. II. 8
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LOCAL EVENTS-SOUTHERN DISTRICTS.
Isidoro Barcenilla served here from 1802 until 1804, when he retired to his college.4+ Dumetz lived here most of the time from 1803 and José Antonio Urresti served from 1804 to 1806; but the regular successors of Cruzado and Sanchez may be regarded as José de Miguel who came in 1803 and José María Zalvidea in November 1806.
Besides the slight misunderstandings with the set- tlers of Angeles about water rights and chaplain ser- vice in 1810, and the threatened revolt of Indians in the same year, which have been already recorded,45 there are no local occurrences to be noted. The mission was within the jurisdiction of San Diego; that is the six soldiers of the guard, who lived here with their families, belonged to the San Diego company.46 The mission church had been completed with an arched roof, but after cracks had appeared and had been once repaired, they were again opened wider than ever by an earthquake, so that the arches had to be torn down and a new roof of timbers and tile substituted
time at San Diego, Santa Clara, and Soledad, visiting also S. Francisco, S. José, and S. Luis Obispo. In 1797 with a view of retirement he asked for and obtained from the governor a certificate of his missionary services; but he decided to remain in the country, and finally died at San Gabriel July 27, 1803. He was buried by Padre Santiago in the mission church under the steps of the main altar on the epistle side. S. Gabriel, Lib. Mision, MS., 27, and other mission-books; St. Pap., Suc., MS., vi. 92-3, 95; St. Pap., Miss., MS., ii. 77, 102.
44 Isidoro Barcenilla came to California in 1797; was one of the founders of Mission San José; and served there as minister from June 11, 1797, till April 1802. He was a very irascible man, always in trouble with the soldiers of the guard; but this characteristic was due mainly, it is believed, to a cere- bral affection and to piles, which so impaired his health that in July 1800 he obtained, after repeated applications, permission to retire. On account of some informality in the document he did not use it; but again in July 1804 he received his license and sailed in October. After leaving San José in 1802 he lived at San Francisco a few months, and then went to San Gabriel where he lived until his departure. He was regarded as an intelligent and zealous missionary. S. Gabriel, Lib. Mision, MS .; S. José, Lib. Mision, MS .; Arch. Sta B., MS., x. 406; xi. 63-4, 67; Arch. Arzob., MS., ii. 40; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 35-6; xxi. 44.
45 See pp. 92, 112, of this volume.
46 One corporal, five soldiers, and four wives made their annual confession in 1806. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. 161. Nov. 24, 1801. Goycoechea of Santa Bárbara says to Carrillo that an order of this date makes the church at San Gabriel common, as regards immunity, to persons of San Diego and Los Angeles, it being the parish church of the pueblo. Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., iv. 124.
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MISSION SAN FERNANDO.
in 1804.47 The neophyte population increased from 1,136 to 1,201, San Gabriel now occupying the sixth place in this respect, and the death-rate for this dec- ade being eighty per cent of baptisms. The agri- cultural product in 1810 was much larger than had ever been known in California; and the average crop was also larger than at any other establishment.43
At San Fernando Rey, one of the new establish- ments, an adobe church with tile roof was consecrated in December 1806.42 Father Dumetz left the mission in April 1802, though he was back for a time in 1804-5. Francisco Javier Uría, the other founder, left the country in 1805; but subsequently returned to Cali- fornia, though not to this mission. In 1805 there came Nicolás Lázaro and José María Zalvidea, the latter transferred to San Gabriel in 1806, while the former died at San Diego in August 1807.50 They were succeeded in 1807 by José Antonio Uría and Pedro Muñoz. The former retired in November 1808,51 and was replaced by Martin Landaeta, who died in 1810.52 Meanwhile José Antonio Urresti had
47 Tapis, Informe Bienal de Misiones, 1803-4, MS., 71.
48 Population, gain, 1,136 to 1,201; baptisms, 1,364; largest number, 212 in IS09; smallest, 37 in 1808; deaths, 1,095; smallest number, 59 in 1810; largest, 231 in 1806; large stock, gain, 7,090 to 10,576; horses, etc., in 1810, 776; small stock, loss, 12,360 to 9,750; crops in 1800, 9,420 bushels; largest crop in 1810, 19,140 bushels; smallest in 1805, 3,330 bushels; cotton attempted by Tapis in 1808 without success on account of cold. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. 281.
49 Tapis, Informe Bienal de Misiones, 1805-6, MS., 79. Corp. Guillermo Cota commanded the guard in 1806. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xxxvii. 21.
50 Nicolás Lázaro, a native of Búrgos, Spain, arrived in California Aug. 31, 1805, and served at San Fernando from September of that year until June 1807. He then went down to San Diego, hoping that a change of climate might benefit his health; but lived only two months, dying on Aug. 1Stli. Arch. Sta B., MS., x. 424; Prov. Rec., MS., xii. 57; S. Diego, Lib. Mision, MS., 91. He was buried in the San Diego church.
51 José Antonio Uría arrived at Monterey July 28, 1799; served at Mis- sion San José from August of that year until July 1806; at Santa Cruz in 1806-7; and at San Fernando until November 1808. In November 1809 he wrote from Mexico to Capt. Guerra that he was in good health and hoped to remain attached to his college. His name appears frequently in the mission books as having officiated at San Francisco and San Juan Bautista. Langs- dorff met him at San Francisco in 1806 and found him a very intelligent but very serious man.
52 Martin de Landaeta came to California in 1791, and after a very short residence at San Luis Obispo was assigned to San Francisco, where he served until 1798, when sickness compelled him to retire to Mexico. Recovering his
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LOCAL EVENTS-SOUTHERN DISTRICTS.
come in 1809 and became the associate of Muñoz. Neophytes increased threefold from 310 to 955, and deaths were but little more than half the baptisms. 53 The excitement over a strange flag brought in from the Tulares has been noted. In 1804 there was a controversy about lands, the friars protesting success- fully against the granting of Camulos Rancho to Francisco Ávila.
Captain Felipe de Goycoechea commanded the com- pany of Santa Barbara54 till August 31, 1802,55 when Lieutenant Raimundo Carrillo was appointed to suc- ceed him, and he sailed for Mexico in October to take the position of habilitado general of the Californias to which he had been elected by his brother officers. He was the oldest of the presidial commanders, having held the place since 1784, and he was also one of the ablest, subsequently becoming the first governor of Lower California.56 Carrillo during the term of his command was lieutenant of the Monterey company, since Goycoechea retained that rank in the Santa
health he returned to California in 1800 and again served at San Francisco until the end of 1807. In January ISOS he was transferred to San Fernando, where he died in 1810. Vancouver found him a very genial man in 1792 as did Langsdorff in 1806. Arch. Arzob., MS., i. 52; Arch. Sta B., MS., x. 423; S. Francisco, Lib. Mision, MS., 42.
53 Population, gain 310 to 955; baptisms, 1,468; highest number, 361 in 1803; lowest, 42 in 1809; deaths, 797; highest number, 206 in 1806; lowest, 30 in 1810; large stock, gain 527 to 8,282; horses and mules in 1810, 862; small stock: gain, 600 to 3,264; erop in 1800: 1,890 bushels; in 1810, 8,730 bushels; largest crop, in 1806, 11,580 bush .; smallest, 1,550 bush. in 1807; average, 5,220 bush.
54 For map of Sta Bárbara district, see chap. xxvi.
55 Goycocchea, Oficio Instructivo para el Teniente Don Raimundo Carrillo, 1802, MS. This original document in the author's own handwriting is dated Aug. 31, 1802, the day on which the command was turned over. It is devoted to details respecting the condition of affairs in the district, some of which I have utilized elsewhere.
56 Felipe de Goycoechea was born in 1747, probably at Álamos, Sonora. St. Pap., Miss., MS., i. 4, 5; Romero, Memorias, MS., 13. He was an alférez in the presidial company of Buenavista in Jan. 1783, when a commission as lieutenant was sent him with orders to take command at Santa Bárbara in Alta California. Prov. Rec., MS., ii. 55; St. Pap., Sac., MS., i. 55. May 23, 1783, Gov. Fages from Loreto notifies Soler that Goycoechea will com- mand on the frontier until the company has been reviewed. June 20th, Fages announces to Goycoechea that he shall start for California July 15th, and hopes to find him in possession of the command which Soler had refused him. Prov. Rec., MS., iii. 101, III. He arrived at San Diego Aug. 26th,
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FELIPE DE GOYCOECHEA.
Bárbara company during his term as habilitado gen- eral. Carrillo held the command until 1807, when he went to San Diego as captain, and José Argüello was made captain and commandant of Santa Bárbara. Meanwhile in March 1806, José de la Guerra had been promoted to the lieutenancy of this company, when Goycoechea's name was dropped. Francisco María Ruiz was the company alférez until 1806 when José Joaquin Maitorena, formerly cadet at San Diego, was promoted to take his place. The position of habilitado during this decade was held, sometimes by the comandante, sometimes by the alférez, and once by the cadet Gervasio Argüello in 1807. Santiago Argüello was also cadet in 1808; and the company sergeant in 1806 was José Palomares.
with a guard of five men, started two days later for his destination, and assumed the command at Santa Barbara Jan. 25, 1784, succeeding Lieut. Ortega. In 1787 and the following years he was often reprimanded by Fages for carelessness, neglect of duty in minor matters, and arbitrary actions; and Fages left him to his successor Romen as an officer that must be watched. Prov. St. Pap., MS., vii .- viii. passim; x. 148. Goycoechea's excuses were ill- health, forgetfulness, haste, etc .; and it appears that he made an unsuccessful effort to be transferred to some other province. Id., ix. 78. After Fages left the country we hear no further complaint, and it is evident that Goycoechea performed his duties as commandant and habilitado with zeal and ability. Several official papers from his pen are found in my list of authorities, and their contents have been put before the reader. Oct. 28, 1797, the viceroy informed the governor of his promotion to the rank of brevet captain, and Borica sent him his commission on Jan. 26, 179S. Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 96; vi. 70-1; Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xv. 265. There appear to have been no votes against him for habilitado general in June 1802, except his own, which was cast for José Arguello; and he sailed for Mexico Oct. 13th, his appointment by the viceroy bearing date of Aug. 31st. Id., xxxii. 6, 10-13; Prov. Rec., MS., xi. 90-2. The records throw no light on his administra- tion of the general habilitacion, during which he continued to hold his rank as brevet captain of the Santa Bárbara company, leaving it to be inferred that no fault was found, since in 1805 he was made governor of Baja Cali- fornia, though he did not take possession of the office until July 5, 1806. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvi. 80; xix. 69-70; Id., Ben. Mil., MS., xxxix. 6; Prov. Rec., MS., ix. 92. In 1811 Gov. Goycoechea was impeached for official misconduct, being accused of speaking ill of the superior government, permitting illegal trade, neglect of official duties, in favor of private business, inattention to religion, and defrauding the soldiers. Little is recorded of details, but the governor is said to have successfully refuted each charge. At any rate he held his position until his death which occurred on Sept. 7, 1814, at Loreto. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. 313, 317-20; xxii. 27. José María Romero, Memorias, MS., 13, describes Goycoechea as a tall, stout man, of light ruddy complexion, affable to his men. Vancouver, Toy., ii. 432, 457, speaks in high terms of him and named Pt Felipe in his honor. He was a bachelor, Prov. Rec., MIS., iv. 31; but not a woman-hater so far as I can judge from an entry in the Santa Bárbara mission-book of baptisms to the effect that a certain widow had presented him with a son ..
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LOCAL EVENTS-SOUTHERN DISTRICTS.
The presidial company by recruiting in 1805-6 was increased from fifty-nine men to sixty-six. Invalids increased to thirty-five, most of whom still lived at the presidio, and the total population de razon, including the guards of Santa Bárbara, San Buenaventura, Purísima, Santa Inés, San Fernando, and San Ga- briel, had increased from 390 to 460, not including Angeles and the ranchos. Including these, as all were within the same military jurisdiction, the total population of the district was 825, a gain of 150 during the decade. The neophyte population of the jurisdic- tion, including San Gabriel, was in round numbers 6,500, a gain of 2,500. There are no reliable statistics of presidio live-stock57 or agriculture. Reports of weather and crops were sent with considerable regu- larity by the commandant to the governor, but these reports contain nothing noticeable beyond the almost total destruction of the corn and bean crop at Los Angeles and San Fernando by the chapulli, or locust,58 in 1805. In a note I append such items of financial affairs at this presidio as may be gathered from the records.59
The records say nothing of the presidio buildings during this decade till 1806, when on the 24th of March at midnight an earthquake cracked the chapel walls in three places. Carrillo reported the mishap May 11th, asking permission to obtain material for
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