History of California, Volume II, Part 65

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 826

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Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).

16 Statistics: Decrease in population, 975 to 684. Baptisms, 313; largest number, 43 in 1821; smallest, 18 in 1828. Deaths, 581; largest number, 104 in 1828; smallest, 45 in 1826. Loss in large stock, 9,449 to 4,960; horses and mules, 1,349 to 1,120; sheep, 14,160 to 7,506. Largest crop, 4,627 buslicls in 1821; smallest, 309 in 1829; average, 2,352; of which 1,970 wheat, yield 8 fold; barley, 304, 7 fold; corn, 109, 31 fold.

Robinson, Life in Cal., 82, describes S. Miguel as a poor establishment in 1830. The heat was so great as to be almost insufferable -so that it was said that the fleas might be seen in the heat of the day gasping for breath on the

C21

SAN ANTONIO.

At San Antonio de Pádua at Los Robles, Pedro Cabot and Juan Bautista Sancho served together as they had done since 1804, until the death of the lat- ter in February 1830.17 We hear nothing of the new church, which had very likely been dedicated before the beginning of the decade, except that it was stand- ing in 1830, built of brick and with arched corridors. Population decreased here as elsewhere, as there were no more gentiles to be converted within 75 miles. Statistics show a gain in horses and sheep, and only a small decline in cattle and crops; while we learn from Mr Robinson that this mission in 1830 had an air

briek pavements! In 1829-30 John Bones, an Irishman, was living here; and Wm. Trevethan was majordomo at the mission. Hist. C'al., chap. vi. vol. iii., this series. In 1822 the mission lands were reported as extending 14 1. N. to s., and 34-6 1. E. to w. Sta Isabel and Asumpcion were apparently mission ranchos. Misiones, Cuad. de Estados, 1822, MS., 290-1. In 1828 the boundaries were the tulares on the E., 25 1 .; the sea-shore on the w., 12- 14 1 .; S. Luis Obispo lands on the south, 7 1 .; and S. Antonio lands on the N., 7 1. On the northern boundary was the rancho of S. Bartolomé, or Pleito; castward were pastures for horses; toward the shore was the rancho of S. Simeon, with an adobe house, where grain was raised and 800 head of stock were kept; southward the sheep and soldiers' home were kept; also in this direction were the ranchos, Sta Isabel, with a vineyard, 3 1 .; S. Antonio, with barley-fields, 3 1 .; Paso de Robles, 5.5 1 .; and Asuncion, 6 1., with wheat-fields. North-west 2 1. is a hot spring with a vineyard. In dry scasons the sheep are kept at Rio de Nacimiento, 2 1. away. Droughts and frosts troublesome. Register of Brands, 17-18.

17 Juan Bautista Sancho y Lliteras was a native of Arta, Island of Mallorca, where he was born on Jan. 1, 1773. He took the habit Feb. 9, 1791, at Palma, and after receiving holy orders was made master of the choir, and was employed as preacher. Embarking at Cádiz June 20, 1803, he reached S. Fernando in September; started for California in February 1804, and landed at Monterey on Ang. 4, 1804. His only ministry was at San Antonio, where he served continuously from Oct. 1804 to Feb. 1830, the date of his death. An illness of 1820 left his blood in bad condition, and the immediate cause of his death was blood-poisoning from a tumor in the thigh. Outside of his own local fiehl of labor Padre Sancho was not much heard of, though he was one of the most radical loyalists and not backward in expressing his opposition to republican- ismn; but for his management at San Antonio he received and deserved much praise. Cabot, his veteran associate, who buried him in the presbytery cf the mission church near the remains of Puyol and Sitjar, pays an eloquent tribute to his memory in the death-register of the mission. He says of hin that he had a constitution of iron, and was constantly busy either in work afield or in attending to the bodily and spiritual necessities of the sick and dying. In bad weather he prepared books of music and catechisms for the neophytes, with whose language he was perfectly familiar. Engrossed in such occupations he often forgot to eat. He was ever a foe to idleness, alleging that those who would eat must work. His burial was on the anniversary of his becoming a Franciscan. S. Antonio, Lib. Mision, MS .; S. Antonio, Doc. Sueltos, MS .; Autobiog. Autog. de los PP., MS., 399; Arch. Sta B., MS., iii. 132; x. 439; Sarria, Informe sobre Frailes, 1817, MS., 59.

622

MONTEREY DISTRICT.

of thrift not observable at many of the others. Every- thing was kept in perfect order; the buildings were in good condition; the Indians clean and well dressed.18

There were several changes in the missionaries of La Soledad. Padre Jaime left the mission in 1821, and Juan Cabot in 1824; Francisco Javier de Uría served in 1824-8; Pedro Cabot in 1828-9; and Pre- fect Sarria came here to live in the middle of 1829. On May 5, 1822, the padres and neophytes met to take the oath of independence, and on November 19, 1826, the Indians formally elected one of their num- ber to go to Monterey and represent them in an elec- cion de partido. The decline of Soledad was less rapid than that of other northern missions in several respects, and in population it now surpassed four of the others. 19

18 Statistics: Decrease in population, 878 to 681. Baptisms, 298; largest number, 43 in 1825; smallest, 22 in 1824. Deaths, 538; largest number 83 in 1826; smallest, 31 in 1821. Large stock, 6,596 to 5,000; gain in horses and mules, 796 to 1,000; sheep, 9,910 to 10,134. Largest crop, 5,437 bushels in 1821; smallest, 547 in 1829; average, 2,830; of which 2,173 wheat, yield 10 fold; barley, 246, 8 fold; corn, 223, 106 fold. Supplies sent to Monterey in Nov. 1829, $1,162, including 81 pairs of shoes. Vallejo, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., xxi :. 469. Mention of S. Antonio, in Robinson's Life in Cal., 80-1. On Nov. 26, 1826, the mission ayuntamiento met and chose the neophyte Eugenio Nactré as elector de partido, or probably to go to Monterey and vote for an « lector de partido. Padre Cabot served as secretary at the election and signed Nactre's credentials, the alcalde and regidores signing with a cross. Thus were the Indians being trained for the duties of citizenship. Hist. Cal., chap. ii. vol. iii .; Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., lix. 17-19. No school in 1829, because no teacher could be found, says the padre to Echeandía on April 22d. S. Antonio, Doc. Sueltos, MS., 76. This collection of fragments, dug up from the earth in the old church, contains many petty items of mission affairs.

In 1822 the mission lands were said to extend 13 1. N. to s., and 8-9 1. E. to w. Soil, rocky; but pretty good crops were obtained by irrigation. Frosts, squirrels, and insects troublesome. Misiones, Cuad. de Estados, MS., 202-3. In 1827 the padres reported that it was very difficult to find pasturage for the stock. West 3 1. was the rancho of S. Miguelito; another at Los Ojitos in the south; another at S. Benito 6 1. E. on the river; and one for sheep at El Pleito, or S. Bartolomé, 7 1. s. Northward to the Sierra de Sta Lucia, 3 or 4 1., were pastured horses; southward the mares, 10.5 1 .; westward, across the river, 5 l., broken horses. There were three ditches carrying water from the Arroyo de S. Antonio to a distance of 2 1. s. of the mission; but the water lasted only until June or July. Register of Brands, MS., 15-17.

19 Statistics: Decrease in population, 435 to 342. Baptisms, 302; largest number, 134 in 1822; smallest, 5 in 1827. Deaths, 356; largest number, 55 in 1826-8; smallest, 18 in 1829. Decline in large stock, 6,030 to 5,007; horses and mules, 1,080 to 1,007; sheep, 9,040 to 5,274. Largest crop, 5,467 bushels in 1825; smallest, 528 in 1829; average, 2,829; of which 1,429 wheat, yield

623

SAN JUAN BAUTISTA.

At San Juan Bautista Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta continued his ministry; but Tapis, his associate, died in 1825, being succeeded by Buenaventura Fortuni in 1825-6, while Juan Moreno came here at the end of 1830.20 This mission reached its highest figure of

10 fold; 433 barley, 12 fold; 399 corn, 100 fold. The mission furnished $1,150 to Monterey in 1829. Current items in books and newspapers eredit Soledad with 36,000 cattle, 70,000 sheep, and more horses than any other inission, in 1826! Lands in 1822, extending 9-20 1. E. to w. and 3 1. N. to s. Soil poor, and yielding tolerable crops only in wet seasons. Some irrigation. No opportunities for extending agriculture. Frosts and locusts bad. Misiones, Cuad. Estados, 1822, MS., 294-5. In 1828, situated at the end of the valley of Monterey, adjoining the S. Carlos lands on the E. Two bands of mares between Laguna de los Palos and Cholar, 3 and 5 1 .; and another 2 1. farther by permission of S. Carlos. Brands and Marks, MS., 15. Apr. 22, 1829, Padre Cabot informs Echcandía that he cannot establish a school for want of a teacher, of funds, and of scholars, all being needed for work. St. Pap., Sac., MS., x. 99. The record of the election of 1826 is perhaps worth literal quo- tation as a curiosity in the way of state papers. 'At the mission of Nra. Sra. de la Soledad, this day, Sunday Nov. 19, 1826, I, the Chief Alcalde Gerónimo, last night summoned the people for them all to come to the church; and all being assembled, we attended our mass and commended ourselves to the Vir- gin to give us a good heart, that we may do what the comandante of the pre- sidio has directed us. After hearing the mass we went out of the church, and being together with all the people, I named Sr Simon Cota, who can write, as my secretary, and chose two scrutators, Odilon Quepness and Felipe de Jesus; and out of all the people eleven were set aside as the comandante prescribes, and then all the people retired except the eleven, whose names are .. . and they talked among themselves whom of all the men of the mission they would send to Monterey. Three wanted Fernando, one was in favor of Isidro, two preferred Valentin, and four Juan de Dios; and all the ten con- eluded that Juan de Dios was the one that God desires to go to the coman- clante of Monterey, and hold himself subject to his orders. And this is to be known by all the people, and this paper we all that are here present will sign, affixing thereto a cross because we cannot write; and Juan de Dios will carry it with him. (Here are the crosses.) Before me, Simon Cota, secre- tary of the junta.' Original in S. Antonio, Doc. Sueltos, MS., 105; also in Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., lix. 16-17.

20 Estévan Tapis was born Aug. 25, 1754, at Santa Coloma de Farnes in Catalonia, Spain, taking the habit at Gerona Jan. 27, 177S. He sailed from Cádiz June 4, 1786, and came to California in 1790. His service was at San Luis Obispo in 1790-3; at Sta Bárbara in 1793-1806; at S. Cárlos in 1807-11; at Purísima in 1811-13; at Sta Ines in 1813-14; and at S. Juan Bautista from' January, 1815, to Nov. 3, 1825, the date of his death. At the death of Lasuen he was elected president of the missions in the middle of 1803, and held the position until 1812, having been reelected in 1809. He was also the bishop's vicar. During his presidency he resided for short periods at many different missions. He received the last sacraments from Prefect Sarria, who with Viader, Fortuni, and Gil were present at his death, the latter burying him on Nov. 4th in the presbetery on the gospel side.

Father Tapis has left less of his individuality in the records than any other of the friars who filled the presidency and was so prominent among his associates. Notwithstanding his high office and his service at so many differ- ent missions, it is not easy to say what manner of man he was. In my list of original authorities will be seen several documents from his pen; but his term of office was not a period of contention, and his writings show but little

624

MONTEREY DISTRICT.

population in 1823 with 1,248 souls; and it was the only one of the old establishments, except San Luis Rey, that gained in population during this decade. San Juan also maintained its average of crops; but in live-stock it was distanced by both San José and Santa Clara. During the earlier part of the decade many gentiles were brought in from the eastern valleys.21

of his peculiar weaknesses if he had them, or of his strength. Clearly, however, he performed his duties ably, and was popular with both missionaries and military officials. He is awarded the highest praise, albeit of a somewhat stereotyped order, in all reports of his prelates. At the time of his death he was the senior missionary in the Californian service. He was familiar with several Indian languages, was noted for his habit of studying the individual peculiarities of his neophytes, and fond of teaching boys to read and write. Gil in the record of his death speaks of him as a truly evangelical man, re- markably wise in his relations with his fellow-men, 'particularly with the superior officers and governors who lived here during the time of his rule; so that all, friars, military, civilians, and Indians, loved him.' S. Juan Bautista, Lib. Mision, MS., 34-5; Autobiog. Autog. de los PP., MS., 396-7; Sarria, Informe sobre Frailes, MS., 63-4; Arch. Sta B., MS., iii. 136-7.

21 Statistics: Increase in population, 843 to 964; largest number, 1,248 in 1823. Baptisms, 1,174; largest number, 359 in 1821; smallest, 42 in 1829. Deaths, 947; largest number, 226 in 1825; smallest, 47 in 1830. Decrease in large stock, 11,700 to 7,824; horses and mules, 700 to 324; sheep, 9,530 to 7,050. Largest crop, 5,904 bushels in 1821; smallest, 963 in 1828; average, 3,441; of which 2,518 wheat, yield 17 fold; 513 barley, 21 fold; 325 corn, 57 fold. Sheep increased until 1828 and then decreased rapidly. Jan. 22, 1821, the padre writes to the governor that last night 33 gentiles came in to ask for baptism. Arch. Arzob., MS., iv. pt. i. 41. Feb. 24, 1821, Tapis says he has been obliged to suspend the Indian alcalde for having 'entregado las solteras a los hombres' during the padre's illness. He has appointed another man who was alcalde once before and 'cuidó bien de las solteras.' Id., iv. pt. i. 41. Corp. Butron reprimanded by the governor for card-playing. St. Pap. Sac., MS., vi. 28. April 21, 1822, oath to the imperial regency. chap. xxi. 1828, killing of a neophyte by another. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., Ixvi. S1-2. Inocente García, Hechos., MS., 24-36, who was majordomo of the mission, José de Jesus Pico, Acontecimientos, MS., 7-9, and Justo Larios, Vida y Aven- turas, MS., 2-5, tell some stories about life at San Juan at this period, including bear-fights and practical jokes played by or on the soldiers of the guard, respecting which events details do not seem desirable. García once hid the arms of the escolta which brought an officer from the capital and was very near causing serious trouble. At another time he was severely beaten by order of Capt. Gonzalez. The mission blacksmith was arrested for having robbed the warehouse of $1,000.

Mission lands in 1822 extend 6 1. E. to w. and N. to s. Mission on a plain 1 1. by .5 1., surrounded by mountains 4-6 1. off on the E., .5 1. on s., with low hills on w. extending to the sea 6-7 1. In the w. N. w., 3-4 1. is Antonio Castro's rancho (Pájaro), and 3 1. N. E., Mariano Castro's rancho of Las Ani- mas; 4.25 l. N. E. is Ortega's rancho of S. Isidro. Good soil but scarce water. Misiones, Cuad. de Estados, MS., 250-1, 302-3. According to a report of 1828 the mission had in the E. a sheep-rancho, another in the N. E. and 2 in the N. N. E., one of the latter, 3 1. on the way to S. Francisco, hav- ing a sulphur spring and deposits of brea; w. N. w., 3 1. off are 2 sheep- ranchos adjoining the lands of the Picos, Castros, and Vallejos on the Pájaro. s. w, 6 1. off, is Espinosa's rancho of San Miguel; s. s. E. the mission has in

625

SANTA CRUZ.

At Santa Cruz, still in the military jurisdiction of San Francisco, Luis Gil y Taboada was the minister until 1830. The three new-comers, Antonio and José Joaquin Jimeno and Juan Moreno, were here much of the time in 1827-30, Joaquin Jimeno being the minister in charge at the end of the decade. Padre Olbés had retired to his college in 1821. He was the only friar who retired legitimately during this period.22 Population declined rapidly here as elsewhere; but in live-stock Santa Cruz nearly held its own, while in agriculture it actually showed a gain over the past decade, the average crops being larger than those of any other northern mission except San José. Not- withstanding the comparative prosperity of the mis- sion its suppression was proposed in 1823, and there even seems to have been a vote of the diputacion in favor of it for reasons which, like the efforts of the padres against such a step, are not very clearly re- corded, but seem to have grown partially out of the

the Canada de Natividad 3 1. off, a rancho adjoining the Alisal of Butron and Sauzal of Alviso. South is a great mountain called Gavilan from which water is brought in a ditch for irrigation. Register of Brands, MS., 13-14.

22 Ramon Olbés was born at Ateca in Aragon, Spain, Feb. S, 1786; took the habit at Zaragoza Jan. 1, 1802, and arrived at San Fernando college on June 10, 1810. He started for California July 1, IS11, but on account of sickness and troubles arising from the insurrection he did not reach his des- tination until a year later. He served at Sta Inés in 1812-13; at Sta Bárbara in 1813-16; at S. Luis Rey in 1816-18; and at Sta Cruz from June 1818 to November 1821. Olbés was regarded by his superiors as having much ability and energy; but his usefulness as a missionary was seriously impaired by his fitful and eccentric moods, amounting at times almost to insanity, and result- ing partially perhaps from ill-health. Much of his time was spent during his ministry at Sta Cruz in peevish ravings against the settlers of Branciforte and against the provincial authorities who would not take his part in the quarrel. Even his sermons were not entirely free from his pet grievance. His eccen- tric conduct at the time of the Bouchard affair has been noticed elsewhere. chap. xi .; Olbés, Cartas sobre el Tumulto de Sta Cruz, 1818, MS. Investiga- tion of charges against the padre of having preached a seditious sermon in Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MIS., 1. 17-19. In his treatment of the Indians he varied from extravagant generosity and indulgence to excessive cruelty. Asisara, an ex-neophyte of Sta Cruz, in Amador, Memorias, MS., says the padre would on a feast-day give the Indians 100 cheeses, a barrel of molasses. and other things in proportion; but for the slightest offence in his dark moods, 50 blows on the belly awaited the culprit. Asísara tells many stories of the friar's peculiarities which hardly merit reproduction here. Respecting the retirement of Olbes we only know that the license was granted for ill-health. Autobiog. Antog. de los PP., MS., 405; Sarria, Informe sobre Frailes, MIS., 42-3; Arch. Sta B., MS., iii. 137; x. 432; Arch. Misiones, MIS., i. 483; Prov. Rec., MIS., xi. 35; xii. 122, 157-8.

HIST. CAL., VOL. II. 40

626

MONTEREY DISTRICT.

mission claim for the rancho of Salsipuedes. Many vessels touched at this landing, where as at the other way-ports visits of foreign traders were at different times permitted and forbidden; and among others the IIéros in 1827; but Captain Duhaut-Cilly confines his description to natural features. 23

The Villa de Branciforte doubled its population in this decade, having about 150 inhabitants in 1830. There is a complete list of the 32 citizens, four of whom were foreigners, with the names of every mem- ber of their respective families in 1828-153 persons in all. The villa, not having a sufficient population for an ayuntamiento of its own, was attached in 1822 to the civil jurisdiction of San José; and with that pueblo was transferred in1826 from the military juris- diction of Monterey to that of San Francisco; but in

23 Oath of padres and neophytes to the independence, April 21, 1822. chap. xxi. 7. Correspondence respecting the proposed suppression of the mission. chap. xxii .; Arch. Sta B., MS., xii. 361-2; Arch. Arzob., MS., iv. pt. ii. 5, 12. Dec. 31, 1824, Gil writes that the rainfall has been greater than ever before, for 24 years at least. Much damage was done to gardens and to buildings, including the church which threatened ruin as no laborers were obtainable for repairs. Sta Cruz, Arch., MS., 12-13. In 1825 the padre was ordered to abstain from all dealings with vessels on the coast. He answered that he would obey, but had supposed his mission included in the port of Monterey and therefore open. Arch. Arzob., MS., iv. pt. ii. 149. 1827, visit of Duhaut-Cilly. Viaggio, i. 247-52; ii. 93. Statistics: Decrease in popula- tion, 461 to 320. Baptisms, 274; largest number, 91 in 1821; smallest, 10 in 1829. Deaths, 417; largest number, 62 in 1828; smallest, 29 in 1830. De- crease in large stock, 3,492 to 3,363; horses and mules, 492 to 363; sheep, 5,700 to 4,827. Largest crop, 7,350 bushels in 1821; smallest, 1,674 in 1829; average, 3,708; of which 1,410 wheat, yield 14 fold; 474 barley, 17 fold; 1,218 corn, 193 fold; 441 beans, 10S fold. I have the original statistical reports of Sta Cruz for nearly every year in Arch. Misiones, MS. The number of fugi- tives in 1825 is given as 31. Arch. Sta B., MS., ix. 500-1 .. Gil writes that the Indians were all impregnated with venereal disease, so that the slightest change in the temperature prostrated them and 60 or 80 were sick at the same time. Doc. Ilist. Cal., MS., iv. 774. Here as at other missions an Indian ayuntamiento was chosen in 1823. Arch. Arzob., MS., iv. pt. ii. (47S). Taxes on mission produce in the later years were about $380 per year. Supplies to the escolta averaged about $35 per month. Full accounts with presidio for most months in Vallejo, Doc. Hist. Cal., xvii .- xx. xxviii .- ix. Amount of sup- plies 1821-30, except 1817, $5,690.

Mission lands extend 3 miles N. to s. and 7-9 1. E. to w., though only 3 iniles are useful. Crops more than suffice for neophytes, leaving a surplus for the presidio. No lands for the further extension of agriculture; grasshoppers and insects very bad. Misiones, Cuad. de Estados, 1822, MS., 305-6. The rancho Matadero and the rancho Punta are mentioned in the live-stock re- ports.

627

BRANCIFORTE.

1828 it was detached from San José, together with the ranchos of San Isidro and Las Animas, becom- ing again subject to the civil and military authorities of Monterey. I find no evidence that the office of comisionado was continued after 1819, but there was always an alcalde of subordinate rank. During the first half of the decade we have the name of the alcalde for 1822 only-Serafin Pinto; but the office was held in 1826 by José Joaquin Buelna; in 1827, by Serafin Pinto; in 1828, by Canuto Boronda; in 1830 by Fran- cisco Rodriguez. Beyond the figures of population there are no statistics extant, except to the effect that the villanos owned about 2,500 head of cattle in 1830; and as for events, only one or two slight items of criminality are recorded, the most interesting case being that of a citizen who was accused of slandering Father Gil.24

24 On population see Misiones, Cuad. de Estados, MS., 233; St. Pap. Miss., MS., vi. 7-8; Vallejo, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., xviii. 201; Wilkes' Nar., v. 553; Bandini, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., 6; Sta Clara, Parroquia, MS., 57-8; Dept. St. Pap., MS., i. 19-20; and the lists in Id., ii. 70, 74-5, from which I take the following names of citizens, omitting those of women and children:

José C. Boronda, Joaquin Buelna, Juan José Félix,

Juan José Castro, José María Juarez, Francisco Rodriguez,

Miguel Villagrana, Juan Pinto, José Antonio Robles,

Joaquin Pinto, Joaquin Castro, Roman Rodriguez,

José María Perez,

Martin Vela,

Joaquin Soto,

José María Solar, Luis García,

José Ramirez,

Manuel Montero,

Marcos Amador, Manuel Tego,

Julian Wilson,

Samuel (Buekle), Joaquin Juarez,

Francisco Gonzalez,

William (Buckle),

Juan Gonzalez,

Francisco Juarez,

Francisco Soria, Jaime Mendoza,

Macedonio Lorenzana.

José Bolcof,

And from another list, apparently additional : Serafin Pinto and Luz García.

On the successive changes of civil and military jurisdiction, see chap. xxi. 34: S. José, Arch., MS., i. 50; Dept. Rec., MIS., iv. 25; vi. 189; Bandini, Doc. IIist. Cal., MS., 8; Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Pref. y Juzg., MS., i. 35; Id., Ben. Mil., Ivii. 22. In 1828 Branciforte is described as bounded by the bay of Monterey on the w., by Amesti's rancho on the s., by Sta Cruz and the Sierra on the N., and on the E. by Sta Clara Creek. Register of Brands, MS., 20. In the slander case, in 1824, José M. Perez was accused of saying to the mother-in-law of Gervasio Soto that Padre Gil had accused all the women of the villa of immoral conduct. The evidence is more complicated and amus- ing than convincing. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., Ivii. 26-31. In 1827 Joaquin Castro had to pay a fine of $18 for a slap or two and some blows with a stick by which the health of Macedonio Lorenzana was impaired. Dept. Rec., MS., v. 72.

CHAPTER XXVIII.

ROSS AND THE RUSSIANS. 1821-1830.

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History of California, Volume II, Part 65

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe Publication date: 1885 Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers Number of Pages: 826

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 826