USA > California > History of California, Volume II > Part 71
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47 The plan de gobierno of Jan. 1824 contained brief provisions for the dis- position of civil and criminal cases-the latter by military methods. Vallejo, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., xxviii. 61. Nov. 1824, cases to be sent to tribunal de guerra instead of to king as formerly. Sup. Govt. St. Pap., MS., xix. 16. April 20, 1825, a monthly account of cases pending must be sent to sec. of war. St. Pap., Sac., MIS., xvi. 16. May 20, 1826, there was to be a district judge for California, but none came yet. The territory belonged to the cir- cuit court at Rosario, Sinaloa, established late in 1827 ; but I find no evidence that any Californian cases were ever decided by that tribunal. Id., xix. 47 S; Sup. Gort. St. Pap., MS., iii. 3; Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Com. and Treas., MIS., i. 89; Dept. Rec .. MS., vi. 1. March 26, 1828, Capt. Cooper declares Cali- fornia to be a country 'without God, law, or justice.' Vallejo, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., xxix. 200, 215. March 1829, requisition from Durango for arrest
INSTITUTIONARY AND STATISTICAL.
Only one general topic, that of education, remains to be noticed, and that briefly; for there was no pro- gress in this direction, notwithstanding Governor Sola's efforts in the last decade and at the beginning of this. The friars were not interested in popular education, and there was never money in the territo-
of a murderer circulated to comandantes. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., liv. 23-4. June 1829, district judge at Guaymas has jurisdiction over Cal. Id., Ixix. 10. June 25, Echeandía gives a brief but very clear statement of the system observed in the country. Dept. Rec., MS., vii. 22-3. Feb. 1830, district judge to reside at Monterey.
Murder and homicide: The penalties in most cases were those demanded by the fiscal; in but few is there any record of infliction or even sentence. 1821, homicide by 2 neophytes; hanging, and 8 years in chain-gang. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., lii. 4-5. 1822, neophyte murderers; death for 3, 10 years for one. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., liii. 75-6. Homicide at S. José. Id., 69-71. Homicide at Monterey; 10 years. 1d., 4-6. Boy murderers at S. Francisco. Id., 72-4. Neophyte murder, S. Buenaventura. Id., 64-7. 1823, neophyte murder, Sta Clara; I year. Id., liv. 12. A soldier kills another, S. Francisco; 6 years. Id., liv. 18. 1824, murder and rape, S. José Mission. Id., Ivii. 39-42. 1826, Neophyte murder; 1 year as a 'new Christian.' Id., Ixiii. 5. Soldier acquitted of homicide, S. Diego. Id., lix. 5-7. 1828, Rubio murder at S. Francisco. Id., Ixvi. 2-61. Murder at S. Juan Bautista; S years on a war vessel. Id., lxvi. 81-2. 1829, neophyte kills his wife; 2 years. St. Pap. Ben., MS., i. S1. Neophyte accused of killing an American at S. Francisco. Dept. Rec., MS., vii. 79. Murder case. Id., vii. 6. Neophyte beat his wife to death; 1 year. Id., vii. 132. 1830, neophytes at Sta Clara tried for murder of an Indian and released after 3 years for lack of evidence. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., Ixxiv. 1-4. Neophyte murder; 10 years. Id., Ixxii. 7.
Infractions of military discipline: 1823, soldier selling his saddle; 2 months' work. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., lii. 11. 1822, Lieut. repri- manded for disrespect to comandante. Vallejo, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., i. 48. 2 soldiers for robbery; 3 and 2 years in chain-gang. Id., i. 47. 1823, leaving cuartel in night, 3 years. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., liv. 11. Stealing; 2 years in barge. Id., liv. 12. 1825, raising bayonet against sergeant; 3 months. St. Pap. Sac., MS., xi. 21. 1828, soldiers for making complaint against lieutenant; banished to other presidios. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., lxvi. 64-8. 1829, losing a despatch; 25 blows, and 1 month sentry duty. Id., Ixix. 4.
Assault: Citizens for cutting a soldier; S years chain-gang. Id., lxxi. 35-58. Majordomo for whipping Indians, one of them dying. Id., lxxii. 11-15; Dept. Rec., MS., viii. 59. Soldier for laying hands on a padre; re- leased and made corporal. Arch. Sta B., MS., xii. 138-43. Attempting to stab a vagabond; $5 fine. Dept. Rec., MS., vi. 188. A slap in the face; $18 fine. Id., v. 72.
Sexual irregularities : 1821, rape case, persons 18 and 12 years; 2 years chain-gang. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., lii. 6. Adultery cases, S. Diego. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. 286. A slandered girl examined by a matron and declared a virgin. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., lv. 7-8. Four cases of women being exposed on church steps, or in plaza, with shaven head, for scandalous conduct. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xlvii. 23; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. 293; St. Pap. Sac., MS., xiv. 33-4; vi. 40-1. Fornication and abortion, S. Diego. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., lii. 11. Rape, S. Francisco; 6 years of work, and $200 to support child. Id., lii. 5-6. Soldiers not to be forced to marry unless they have committed rape. Id., xlvi. 23. 1822, incest case at Monterey. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., liii. 7-64. Moral life
SCHOOLS AND CRIMES.
rial treasury with which to hire teachers of an order superior to that of retired soldiers. The primary and primitive schools at pueblo and presidio were I sup- pose kept in operation during a greater part of this decade; but the number of scholars in attendance was always small, and the advantages offered were recog- nized by all as slight. The subject was on several occasions brought up in the diputacion, but for lack of
required at Los Angeles. St. Pap. Sac., MIS., vi. 46-7. 1823, accusation of bestiality, S. Gabriel. Estudillo, Doc. Ilist. Cal., MS., i. 174. 1824, crim. con. at S. José. Dept. St. Pup., Ben. Mil., liv. 18-59. Bestiality. Dept. Rec., MS., i. 259. 1826, habitual rape at Los Angeles. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., Iviii. 5-6. 1827, sodomy and murder at Sta Clara. Id., Ixviii. 5-6. Crim. con. with an aunt at S. José. S. José Arch., MS., vi. 26. Rape at Sta Bárbara; 7 years. Dept. Rec., MS., v. 38. 1828, crim. con. at Angeles. Id., vi. 55; Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., Ixvii. 1. Rape at S. Francisco. Id., Ixvi. 82-9. Adultery at S. José. Id., Ixvi. 61-2. 1829, house of ill-fame, S. Diego. Dept. Rec., MS., vii. 134.
Theft: 1822, two Indians break into presidial warehouse at Sta Bárbara. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., liii. 87. Two men for stealing cattle; 3 years chain-gang. Dept. Rec., MS., i. 93. 1824, six years for robbery. Id., i. 159. Ten years at Loreto for robbery of store. Id., i. 162. Stealing an otter-skin when drunk; 2 years in shackles. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., Ivii. 38. 1826, neophyte for stealing clothing; 1 year's service for the person robbed. Id., lix. 4-5. Stealing cattle and frequent running away; 1 year on public works. Id., lix. 3-4. 1826, $40 fine for stealing a barrel of brandy; same fine for buyer. Id., lxiv. 1. 1827, soldier, 1 year of imprison- ment with cleaning of the barracks, for assault and stealing a small amount from a foreigner. Dept. Rec., MS., v. 66-7. Three Indians, for robberies and running away; 2 years at work in ball and chain. Id., v. 35. 1828, Valerio, a famous robber. Id., vi. 186; St. Pap. Sac., MS., x. 100. 1829, neophytes for stealing horses; 2 months of labor. Dept. Rec., MIS., vii. 95. Soldiers for stealing cattle from rancho nacional at S. Diego; 21 months, payment for cattle, and dismissal from the service. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MIS., lxiv. 13.
Some general complaints of prevalent drunkenness. Prov. Rec., MS., xi. 63; Dept. Rec., MS., i. 135; Mont. Arch., MS., vii. 22. Evil effects of rum and honey at S. José. Dept. St. Pap., S. José, MS., iv. S. Stories of raffling and gambling at Tio Armenta's shop in Monterey. Alvarado, Ilist. Cal., MS., i. 159-62, 215; ii. 136. Mention of prevalent gambling habits. Duhaut- C'illy, Viaggio, ii. 123-6; Morincau, Notice, 56. Alcalde of Sta Bárbara arrested in 1825 for having a monte game at his house. Dept. St. Pap., Prof. and Juez, MS., vi. 34-5. Corporal of S. Juan reprimanded for gambling. St. Pap. Sac., MS., vi. 28. A government lottery in existence 1825. Dept. Rec., MS., i. 279.
Slander, forgery, and perjury cases, 1824-6-9. Dept. St. Pap., MS., iii. 15; Id., Ben. Mil., Ivii. 26-31; lxx. 1. Vagrants impressed into inilitary ser- vice. Id., Ixvii. 4; Dept. Rec., MIS., vi. 188; vii. 35. Two Indians escaped from Sta Bárbara in 1823 and came to Monterey, still wearing their grillctes, to complain that after a confinement of five years they had received no benefit from the three indultos that had been granted in that period. Dept. Rec., MIS., i. 126. Prisoners' support cost from 12 to 18 cents per day, charged to the gratificacion fund. Id., i. 93, 240; Leg. Rec., MS., i. SS. Prisoners were let out for private service. St. Pap., Suc., xiv. 19.
680
INSTITUTIONARY AND STATISTICAL.
funds and lack of teachers nothing could be done. In a report of May 19, 1829, Echeandía stated that the pueblo and presidio schools had been 'paralyzed' until 1826-7, when he had taken effective steps to establish them on a permanent basis. At this date there were 18 scholars in the school at San Diego, 67 at Santa Bárbara, 61 at Los Angeles, and 30 at San José. The Monterey school had been closed for want of a teacher. In the late years efforts had been made by the polit- ical authorities to oblige the friars to establish a school at each mission, without success as it would appear from all other records; yet in the report cited it is said that seven of the southern missions had schools with from eight to forty-four children attending each.48
48 Jan. 7, 1822, no schools exist at missions says the governor to prefect; yet for a small sum the padres might hire teachers and do great good. St. Pap., Sac., MS., xviii. i. Jan. 27, 1824, the establishment of a hospicio de estudios proposed in the diputacion. Four members voted for it. Leg. Rec., MS., i. 24-6. Vallejo, Ilist. Cal., ii. 1-3, says that in 1824, while Sola was in con- gress, there came a request for California to contribute for the foundation of a literary and scientific institute in Mexico. Gov. Argüello is credited by Californians with having felt a deep interest in education. June 23, 1827, Bandini urges that the supreme government be induced to send teachers for a small 'colegio ó academia de gramática, filosofía, etc.' Leg. Rec., MS., i. 54. 1827-S, orders of Echeandía on establishment of mission scoools. The prefect and padres circulate the orders, but complain that the boys have little time for learning, on account of their work. Apparently nothing done. Arch. Arzob., MS., v. pt. i. 35, 67; Dept. Rec., MS., v. 59, 119; Leg. Rec., MS., i. 79-80; Vallejo, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., xxviii. 90-95. May 19, 1829, Echean- día, Estado de Escuelas Primarias, 1829, MS., on same date urges appointment of a 'gramático filósofo' at $1,000 salary. Dept. Rec., MS., vii. 14. July 14-20, subject of mission schools again agitated in the diputacion. A bill was reported by the committee providing in substance that masters should be employed and all expenses paid by the missions; but that the schools should be under control of the ayuntamientos or other authorities. Leg. Rec., MS., i. 131, 134, 170-2. Alvarado, Hist. Cal., MS., ii. 163-6, is enthusiastic in his admiration for Echeandía's policy and efforts in behalf of popular education.
List of foreign pioneers who came to California before the end of 1830 (as per reference on p. 653-4). For additional biographie details, including prob- ably a few corrections in dates and even in names, I refer the reader to the Pioneer Register and Index, which is begun in this volume, and which in- cludes not only these names but those of all who came before the end of 1848. Many of the names given in this list have been mentioned before in this and the preceding volumes. I omit most of the doubtful names, and also those of visitors, even of some early traders who may almost be said to have had their homes on the coast for several years.
LIST OF PIONEERS.
681
Allen, Geo., 1822. Anderson, Mary, 1829-30.
Anderson, Stephen, 1828. Baldwin, James M., 1814-15. Bee, Henry J., 1830. Bob, a negro, 1816. Bolbeda, Louis, 1826. Bolcof, José, 1815.
Johnson, Corn. A., 1826. Jones, John C., 1830. Jones, Thos J., 1821. Kinlock, Geo., 1829. Laughlin, Rich., 1828. Lawrence, Jos. V., 1821.
Leandry, John B., 1827.
Bones, John, 1821.
Lester, Thos, 1817. Lewis, Allen, 1830. Littlejohn, David, 1824.
Bonifacio, J. B., 1822.
Borris, Wm or Jas, 1823.
Littleton, John, 1826.
Bouchet, Louis, 1828.
Livermore, Robert, 1822-4.
Bowman, Joaquin, 1826.
Lodge, Michael, 1822.
Breck, James, 1829.
Logan, Wm, 1826.
Buckle, Sam., 1822-3.
McAllister, Mich., 1822.
Buckle, Wm, 1822-3.
McCarty, James, 1824.
Burke, James W., 1824.
McFerion, James, 1824.
Burns, John, 1830.
McIntosh, Ed, 1823.
Burton, John, 1825.
McKinley, James, 1824.
Call, Daniel, 1816.
Macondray, Fred. W., 1822.
Chapman, Joseph, 1818.
Malcolm, Julian, 1814.
Charles, Michael, 1826.
Martin, John, 1822.
Coleman, Geo., 1827.
Mason, Anthony A., 1816.
Cook, James, 1830.
Mayo, Geo., 1816.
Cooper, John B. R., 1823.
Moreno, Santiago, 1824.
Dana, Wm G., 1826.
Mulligan, John, 1814-15.
Davis, John, 1828.
Murphy, Tim., 1828.
Devoll, Phil. L., 1830.
Mutrel, Jean B., 1827.
Dillon, Joseph, 1824.
Nye, Gorham H., 1830.
Olivera, Manuel D., 1829.
Pacheco, Jordan, 1829.
Domingo, Juan, 1830.
Park, Thos B., 1826. Pascual, Mateo J., 1818.
Elwell, Robt J., 1827.
Pasos, Manuel D., 1822-4.
Fellom, Matthew, 1821-4.
Pattie, Sylvester, 1828.
Fitch, Hen. D., 1826.
Pope, Wm, 1828. Prentice, Sam., 1830.
Fuller, John C., 1823.
Read, John, 1826-8.
Galbraith, Isaac, 1826.
Rice, Geo. J., 1826.
Richardson, Wm A., 1822.
Roach, John, 1830.
Robbins, Thos M., 1823.
Goddard, Nic., 1824.
Rocha, Ant. J., 1815.
Graham, John, 1791.
Gralbatch, Wm, 1825.
Rose, John, 1818. Roy, Pierre, 1782. Satte, J. J., 1827.
Grant, James, 1825. Grover, Sam., 1816. Gyzelaar, Hen., 1816. Harris, James, 1830.
Hartnell, Wm E. P., 1822.
Higgins, John, 1830. Hill, Daniel A., 1823. Hinckley, Wm S., 1829. Jackson, Joseph, 1827.
Smith, Charles, 1828.
Smith, Thos L., 1829.
Smith, Wm, 1806.
Smith, Wm, 1827.
.
Ferguson, Daniel, 1824. Ferguson, Jesse, 1828.
Pereira, Joaquin, 1826.
Fisher, a negro, IS18.
Pombert, Louis, 1826.
Flemming, James, IS29.
Pryor, Nath. M., 1828.
Fling, Guy F., 1826. Foxen, Benj., 1826.
Rainsford, John, 1829.
Gale, Wm A., 1810. Garner, Wm R., 1824.
Gilroy, John, 1814. Glande, Giov., 1827.
Robinson, Alfred, 1829.
Sawyer, Jos., 1828.
Scott, James, 1826. Shaw, Thos, 1824. Slover, Isaac, 1828.
Doak, Thos, 1816. Dodero, Nicolás, 1827.
Duckworth, Walter, 1829.
Peirce, Henry A., 1828.
682
LIST OF PIONEERS.
Snook, Jos. F., 1830.
Warren, Wm, 1828.
Spence, David, 1824.
Watson, Dav. or Jas, 1823-4.
Stearns, Abel, 1829.
Watson, Ed, 1828.
Steel, Jos., 1826.
Welsh, Wm, 1821.
Stewart, Thos, 1824.
White, Michael, 1829.
Taylor, Wm, 1828.
Williams, Geo., 1829.
Temple, John, 1827.
Willis, Wm, 1828.
Thomas, Ignacio, 1818.
Wilson, James, 1824.
Thompson, A. B., 1825.
Wilson, John, 1826.
Thompson, James, 1828.
Wilson, John, 1826.
Trevethen, Wm, 1826.
Wilson, John H., 1826.
Turner, John S., 1826.
Wilson, Julian, 1828.
Vincent, Geo. W., 1826.
Wilson, Wm, 1822.
.
PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX.
1542-1848.
ALL history, as a record of the acts of men, is biography. In these pages it is proposed by means of an alphabetic index to make available as biograph- ical matter the first five volumes of this work, covering the annals of Califor- nia from its discovery to 1848. Through this index the reader may have access directly to all that is told in the work about any man of the thousands whose acts make up the country's early history. The names will not in most cases be repeated in the general index at the end of vol. vii .; but to that index the reader is referred for additional matter relating to such of these persons as were prominent after 1848, and also for information about men who, though mentioned in the history, did not come to California.
But I propose to carry this record far beyond the limits of a mere index. To the thousands of names mentioned in the history will be added other thousands which it has not been necessary to mention there. Thus will be presented a complete register of pioneers, or early Californians. Something inore is done, however, than merely to register names and dates. In many cases -indeed, in all when it is desirable and possible-information is given respect- ing the nationality, occupation, achievements, death, and family connections of each subject, as well as about the date and manner of his coming to Califor- nia and his connection in public capacities with the country's annals. In this way the index and register is expanded into a kind of biographic dictionary.
Of foreign pioneers-that is, not of Spanish and Indian blood-including both residents and visitors, my register contains all the names I have been able to obtain, except those found in the shipping articles and crew-lists of trading vessels and muster-rolls of naval craft. Some of the former and many of the latter are accessible, but they would multiply my lists to no good pur- pose. Yet when a sailor returned to California in later years I have regarded him as a pioneer under the date of his earliest visit. Of Spaniards, Mexicans, and native Californians, I have not attempted to present complete lists; yet the aim has been to register all who acquired any sort of prominence in territorial or local affairs, all the well-known traders and rancheros, all the friars, all the military and civil officials, all the leading families in each sec- tion. The reader is also referred to the list published at the end of vol. i., many of the same names being repeated here with additional information.
Obviously the most rigid condensation has been necessary, and the bio- graphic notes must be very brief ; yet the natural impression at first glance that they are too short will in most cases be removed on closer examination. Seven eighths of the names-even if we could obtain additional information and had space for its presentment-would in their connection with Califor- nian history call for nothing beyond what is here given. Of the rest, a large proportion is that of public men whose acts are sufficiently recorded and dis-
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684
PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX.
cussed elsewhere, requiring only the index reference. I would call particular attention to this phase of the matter and to a cognate one. Ask a pioneer for his reminiscences or a sketch of his life, and he will fill his narrative chiefly with the journey of his immigrant party across the plains, the organi- zation of his regiment and its voyage round Cape Horn, his service in the California battalion, his experience in the Bear Flag revolt, or at the fight of San Pascual, or with other well-known historic happenings in which he took part, and which he remembers with pride. But these events are fully treated elsewhere, and the pages devoted to an immigrant party are added by the index to the biography of each member of the party; the chapter on the New York volunteers, or the Mormon colony, to the life of each volunteer and colonist; that on the Graham affair to the record of each exile. Thus a large amount of matter not biographical on its face is legitimately added to the Pioneer Register. It is also to be noted that the lives of many early friars and officers have been given in connection with their departure or death, requiring only a reference here. True, there remains after all a class of pio- neers, a hundred or two in number, permanent residents, representative citi- zens, founders of families, but not directly connected with public affairs, to each of whom a few pages instead of a few lines might be devoted with inter- est, often with profit; yet these are the men who are given in this register the greatest average space, and it is doubtful if that space could be increased con- sistently with the scope of such a work.
There will be noted an entire absence of the indiscriminate eulogy so often deemed an essential feature of pioneer sketches. I have neither space nor disposition to indulge in praise or blame, either for the purpose of pleasing or displeasing pioneers or their descendants, or of adding the interest of mild scan- dal to my sketches. Of private individuals, as a rule, no attempt is made to depict the character, to picture them as 'nature's noblemen,' or to point out the fact that they were not members of temperance societies. It is taken for granted that they were more or less good, bad, and indifferent citizens accord- ing to circumstances; but their weaknesses and virtues, within certain limits, do not concern me or my readers. Doubtless I have recorded many items about individuals that they and their friends would prefer to have suppressed, and suppressed many items that to enemies would be most agreeable reading; but in each case I have acted on my own judgment and with strict impartial- ity. Where a man's distinguishing traits are so clearly marked that they may be fairly presented in few words, especially in the case of men locally famous, I have not hesitated to write the few words, whether complimentary or other- wise. Public men are freely criticised, but mainly in other parts of the work where their acts are recorded, only a summary or moderate reflection of gen- eral conclusions being introduced here. In the comparative extent and gen- eral tone of the notices, no distinction is made by reason of race between Spaniards, Mexicans, Californians, and foreigners; between soldiers and civilians, friars and laymen, sailors and immigrants, traders and rancheros, rich and poor, the living and the dead; but, other things being equal, more space is given to early pioneers than to those of later years. If a line or two of extra space is occasionally devoted to a man who has furnished documentary and other evidence on early times, and the record of another man who has
PREFACE.
shown no interest is bricfer, the difference does not necessarily indicate par- tiality, since in many instances certain kinds of information about a man can be obtained only from himself or some member of his family.
From the nature of the case, my authorities, except in special instances, cannot be cited. Such citations would involve endless repetition, and would fill much space that can be utilized to better advantage. The reader is re- ferred to the general list of authorities in vol. i .; but it is proper to specify here some classes that have been particularly prolific in items for this regis- ter. First in importance are the archives, public, private, and missionary; especially in their records of naturalization and passports, custom-house records, military rosters, local census lists, voting and official lists, mission registers of births and marriages and deaths, and the correspondence of officials, friars, and citizens; particularly important among the private archives being the commercial correspondence and account-books of such men as Lar- kin, Cooper, Hartnell, Spear, and many others. Next should be mentioned the several hundred volumes of personal reminiscences furnished for my use by early Californians, native and foreign, each containing a few-some very many-personal items in addition to those relating to the narrator and his family. Third may be noted the work of such specialists as Clark on the N. Y. volunteers, Tyler on the Mormon battalion, McGlashan on the Donner party, Kooser on the artillery company, Lancey on the conquest in general, etc .; with valuable muster-rolls kindly furnished me by the military depart- ment at Washington. Fourth, and amply worthy of separate mention, we have the biographic gleanings of Ben Hayes on the pioneers of southern California; while in the same connection may be mentioned the patient re- searches of Alex. S. Taylor. Fifth, the archives of the Society of Pioneers contain, besides lists of members, partials rolls of the Cal. battalion; while the government lists of those who held 'Cal. claims,' Wheeler's list of San Francisco lot-owners, the voluminous testimony in famous land cases, and especially the valuable New Helvetia diary of '45-8, furnished me by Wm F. Swasey, should not be forgotten. Sixth are to be noted the newspapers of '47-85, with their thousands of obituary and biographic items, so faulty in individual cases, so extremely valuable in the aggregate; and, similar in many respects, the county and local histories of recent years, from which I have drawn much material. Finally, I must allude to special correspondence with many pioneers from time to time as particular information has been necded; hundreds having replied, and a few-such as John Bidwell, Wm H. Davis, Wm Glover, S. H. Willey, John A. Swan, and others-meriting fuller acknowledgment than my space permits.
That this register will be appreciated in any degree commensurate with the labor it has cost is not to be expected. Within my knowledge nothing of the kind has ever been attempted in any new country. The value that in any of the older communities would now be attached to such a record, had it been made at the beginning, is my basis for estimating the prospective useful- ness of this.
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