History of California, Volume II, Part 40

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 826

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45 There are some slight discrepancies respecting the numbers, names, and

389

MURDER OF PADRE QUINTANA.

appears that the defence of the murderers had been excessive cruelty on the part of the murdered friar, who it was testified had beaten two neophytes almost to death and had ordered the making of a new instru- ment of torture to escape which his death had been planned. The officials in Mexico evidently attached some importance to this testimony, and Sola felt himself called upon to reply.46 He denied the charges of the neophytes, and eulogized Quintana as a model of kindness, who had sacrificed his life in the cause of duty; first in leaving San Carlos to relieve his sick associate and then in rising from a sick-bed to visit that of a neophyte supposed to be dying. And still further, the governor declared that after a close inves- tigation he could find no evidence of cruelty on the part of the padres generally, their errors being for the most part on the side of mercy.47

The leading event of Santa Cruz annals in this decade was the flurry caused by Bouchard's appear- ance in 1818, with the resulting charges made by Padre Olbes against the villanos; but this affair with all its interesting and amusing complications has been fully recorded elsewhere. In 1815-16 there had been expeditions after runaway neophytes of which not much is known, but the rancherías of Pitemas and of Malmí are named. In 1817 Wilcox visited Santa Cruz in the Traveller; and the same year on petition of the padres, the rancho known as Bolsa de Salsi- puedes, belonging to Branciforte, was provisionally ceded to the mission by the villa on condition that it

sentences of the culprits which it is not necessary to notice. Prov. Rec., MS., ix. 135, 138-9; xi. 33; Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xlvi. 7; Guerra, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., iii. 75-6. On Nov. 21, 1820, another neophyte, Alberto, im- prisoned at San Francisco, was examined on the subject, and confessed that he had been urged to join the conspiracy and had refused, having done wrong in not revealing the plot and in subsequently running away. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xlix. 59-61.

46 Sola, Defensa del P. Quintana y otros Misioneros, 1816, MS .; Prov. Rec., MS., ix. 138-9.

47 Andrés Quintana was a native of Antoñana, Álava, Spain. He landed at Monterey, Aug. 31, 1805, and was minister of Santa Cruz from November of that year until his death on Oct. 12, 1812.

300

LOCAL ANNALS OF THE NORTH.

must be given up at any time on six months' notice. 49 Olbés was back at the mission in February 1819, when he complained to Argüello that all but three of his neophytes had fled because they had been told at the villa that soldiers were coming to take them all pris-

oners.

This irritable friar's troubles with his citizen

neighbors were well nigh unceasing.43 In population Santa Cruz lost heavily during the first half of the decade, but gained after 1816, some new ranchería of gentiles having apparently been discovered. The mission raised good crops and was quite successful with its cattle and sheep.50

The population of Branciforte I give as 75 in 1820, though that figure rests on no more solid foundation than the record that it was 40 in 1815, 53 in 1818, and 114 in 1822.51 The corporal in charge, or comisi- onado, seems to have been changed each year, and the position was held by Jose Rodriguez, Juan José Peralta, Marcos Briones, Luz García, José Antonio Robles, Joaquin Buelna, and Manuel Rodriguez from 1810 to 1819, there being no record for 1813-14, 1816, and 1820. In March 1816 Sola issued a series of instructions to the comisionado for the government of the villa. The general purport of this document was that harmony and good morals must be main-

48 Correspondence in May and June 1817. Arch. Arzob., MS., iii. pt. i. 134-6.

19 Feb. 24, 1819, Olbés to Argüello, in Id., iii. pt. ii. 63-4.

50 Decrease in population, 507-461. Baptisms 393; largest number, 112 in 1820; smallest, 8 in 1813. Deaths, 399; largest number, 51 in 1813; smallest, 33 in 1817. Large stock, 1,753 to 3,492; horses, etc., 953 to 492; sheep, 3,098 to 5,700. Crops in 1810, 2,734 bushels; in 1820, 4,300; largest, 8,400 in 1818; smallest, 826 in 1817; average, 3,142 bushels, of which 1,482 wheat, yield 26 fold; 414 barley, 33 fold; 678 corn, 266 fold.

Willey, Centen. Sketch Sta Cruz, 14, gives some statistics of 1814. In Sta ('ruz, Parroquia, MS., 10, 24-7, are some accounts for the years 1812-16, showing about $500 per year to have been supplied to San Francisco presidio. In 1817 the chahuistle destroyed the wheat crop. Arch. Arcob., MS., iii. pt. ii. 5.

51 In 1818 there were 11 houses and 53 inhabitants. Prov. Rec., MS., ix. 190. See also, on population, Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xlii. 2, 4-5; xlvi. 30; Vallejo, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., xxviii. 105. Of the 11 vecinos who signed the concession of Salsipuedes to the mission in 1817, only two could write. Arch. Arzob., MS., iii. pt. i. 135.

391

BRANCIFORTE.

tained, and particular precautions taken to prevent adultery, gambling, and drunkenness; that a perform- ance of religious duties must be enforced by a free use of the stocks; that no intercourse of any kind was to be permitted between the citizens and the Indians; that persons wishing to settle at Branciforte must ap- ply to the governor; that no person could leave the villa without the governor's permission; that the set- tlers must be made to work; and finally that full re- ports must be sent in of lands and crops. 52 At the beginning of the decade there was some correspond- ence about work on the Santa Clara road. There are preserved a few minor items relating to petty criminal proceedings, including one disgusting incest case in 1819,53 but beyond these items and others recorded in connection with Santa Cruz there is absolutely noth- ing to be added either in the way of events or statis- tics. San Rafael, the only establishment north of the bay, has already been disposed of as a new foun- dation.

52 Sola, Instrucciones al Comisionado de Branciforte, 1816, MS.

53 Sta Cruz, Arch., MS., 13; Sta Cruz, Peep, 47; Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., 1. 32-44.

CHAPTER XVIII.

MISSION AFFAIRS.

1811-1820.

POPULATION-MISSIONARIES-NEOPHYTES, BAPTISMS, DEATHS, AGRICULTURE, AND LIVE-STOCK-PRESIDENT-COMISARIO PREFECTO-GUARDIAN-MIS- SION DOCUMENTS-DECREE OF SECULARIZATION-DUTIES OF FRIARS- EXHORTATIONS OF SUPERVISORS-EXTRAVAGANT LUXURY -AUTOBIOG- RAPHY OF THE PADRES-MISSION MANAGEMENT-NEED OF NEW WORKERS-CESSION TO COLLEGE OF ORIZABA-PROTEST OF PAYERAS AND SOUTHERN FRIARS-SEÑAN TO WRITE A HISTORY-ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS-INQUISITION.

I HAVE now to present some general views of pro- vincial progress for the decade, partly summarized from other chapters but chiefly composed of additional matter. In population of Spanish and mixed blood, known as gente de razon, I note an increase from 2,130 in 1810 to 3,270 in 1820. This total is the sum of the figures elsewhere given for the several districts. Some of those figures are not quite exact, resting on estimates from the population a few years before or after 1820; but the total given, if not alto- gether satisfactory, is as nearly so as it can be made. General official estimates for the whole province are: 1,969 in 1811, 2,370 in 1814, and 2,674 in 1816; while in 1817 Sola states that the population was 3,000 souls. I suppose there may be an error in this last statement; but taking the figures for 1811-16 and adding the average of natural increase we have 3,242 for 1820, apparently agreeing with my total ob- tained in another way, but not really so, since besides

( 392 )

393

POPULATION.

the natural increase there had been an accession of 200 soldiers from San Blas and Mazatlan. Thus it would seem that my total of 3,270 is rather under than over the actual number; yet the reports of later years apparently call for a reduction rather than an increase.1 The foreign population, that is of other than Spanish or Indian blood, was as yet small, the number in 1820, so far as definite records show, being 13, as follows: three Americans, Thomas Doak and Daniel Call of 1816, and Joseph Chapman of 1818; two Scotchmen, John Gilroy of 1814, and John Rose of 1818; two Englishmen, Thomas Lester of 1817, and Ignacio Thomas of 1818; one Irishman, John Mulli- gan of 1814-15; one Russian, José Bolcof of 1815; one Portuguese, Antonio Rocha of 1815; and three negroes, Bob or Juan Cristóbal, of 1816, M. J. Pas- cual, and Fisher, or Norris, of 1818.2 The total of neophyte population had increased from 18,800 to 20,500 in the ten years.

There were nineteen missions in 1820 as in 1810, that is if we regard San Rafael as a branch of San Francisco, as indeed it was at this time, just as San Antonio de Pala was a branch of San Luis Rey; yet as San Rafael later became a regular mis- sion, and as the opening of a separate set of registers shows it to have been regarded in a slightly different light from Pala, it is perhaps best to increase the total number of missions to twenty. Of the thirty- nine missionaries in the province at the end of 1810, four retired to their college before 1820; seven died at their posts; and nine was the number of new- comers, so that thirty-seven still remained at work, not two for each establishment, to say nothing of those incapacitated for active service by age or in-

1 For the general statements referred to, see Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xlii. 2, 6; xlvi. 30; Vallejo, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., xxxiii. 105; Sola, Inf. Gen., 1817, MS., 162; Id., Observaciones, MS., 1818, 191.

2 For information about these men before 1820 see chapters xi. xiii. xiv. of this volume. For a list of foreign residents ten years later see p. 680.

394

MISSION AFFAIRS.

firmity. Death had now taken Father Dumetz, the only survivor among Junipero Serra's companions, and had left Señan as the sole representative of those who came to the country before 1790. Likewise Miguel had been taken from the twelve who came before 1800. None of the departing friars require special mention, nor of the new-comers, though nearly all the latter became well known in the province which was long their home.3

Baptisms were, in round numbers, 18,000, 8,000 be- ing so-called adults and 10,000 children under eight years. The smallest number in any year was 1,254 in 1814, and the largest was 2,417 in 1811. Deaths num- bered 15,500, of which 10,000 were adults. The high- est number was 1,674 in 1815, and the lowest 1,343 in 1814. The death-rate was 86 per cent of baptisms and 42 per cent of total population. In 1815 the president stated that in many years there were three

3 The 39 serving in 1810-those who died before 1820 in italics, and those who retired, marked with a *- were as follows: Abella, #Amestoy, Amorós, Arroyo, Barona, Boscana, Cabot (J.), Cabot (P.), Calzada, Catalá, Dumetz, Duran, Fortuni, Gil, Ibañez, Jaime, * Marquinez, Martin, Martinez, Miguel, * Muñoz, Panto, Payeras, Peyri, Quintana, Rodriguez, *Saenz, Saizar, San- chez, Sancho, Sarria, Señan, Suñer, Tapis, Ulibarri, Uría, Urresti, Viader, and Zalvidea.

The nine new-comers were: Altimira, Escudé, Esténega, Martin, Nuez, Olbés, Oliva, Ordaz, and Ripoll. In the spring of 1811 six padres were destined for California, but were delayed by the insurrection at San Blas. Arch. Sta B., MS., xi. 301. They started in July for Acapulco, where they were delayed by a pestilence, and left one of their number, Oliva, sick. The others, Escude, Martin, Nuez, Olbes, and Ripoll, sailed, and arrived in Lower California April 23d, starting north in May, and reaching San Diego July 6, 1812, except Olbes, who was delayed by illness. Oliva recovered and arrived at Monterey Aug. 4, 1813. Arch. Sta B., MS., xi. 89; Autobiog. de los Padres, MS .; Sarria, Inf. del Comisario Prefecto, 1817, MS. Meanwhile, Dumetz had died in 1811; Panto, Quintana, and Urresti in 1812; and Mi- guel in 1813. In 1814 Calzada died and Amestoy left the province. In 1815 two of the padres only were of American birth. Indios, Contestacion, MS., 113. These two were Gil and Rodriguez; a third, Calzada, having died be- fore. In 1816, Saenz retired, and in 1817, Muñoz and Marquinez. In 1818, Sola reports four missions with only one padre each. Prov. Rec., MS., ix. 195-6. In Sept. 1818, the guardian wrote that only lack of vessels prevented several good friars from coming. Arch. Sta B., MS., xi. 324. This year Ibañez died. In Sept. 1819 Suñer was refused permission to retire by the governor. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xlix. 44-5. Finally in 1820, 8 friars were expected, 4 Fernandinos, and 4 from Orizaba; and the former arrived in August on the Señoriano and San Francisco. They were Altimira, Isténega, Ibarra, and Ordaz. See correspondence in Arch. Sta B., MS., xi. 323-30; xii. 397; Arch. Arzob., MS., v. pt. ii. 79-80; Prov. Rec., MS., xii. 198; St. Pap. Sac., MS., xviii. 33; Vallejo, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., xxviii. 31.

305

STATISTICS.

deaths to two births. The gain in neophytes was 1,700, from 18,800 in 1810 to 20,500 in 1820, or nine per cent, as against 39 per cent for the last decade; but as we have seen the total had been about as large in 1805 as it was in 1820. From 1805 to 1825 the variation is hardly noticeable. The difference between baptisms and deaths in this decade was 2,500, exceed- ing the registered gain in population by 1,300, which may be regarded as representing not very accurately the apostates. Marriages ranged from 729 in 1811 . to 322 in 1814, averaging 535 per year for the decade. Among the gente de razon, as registered in the mis- sion books, there were 1,375 baptisms, 535 deaths, and 250 marriages.

In this period of ten years the mission cattle in- creased from 121,400 to 140,000; horses from 17,400 to 18,000; mules from 1,565 to 1,882; and sheep from 157,000 to 190,000. Agricultural products averaged 113,625 bushels per year, or 5,970 bushels for each mission. The largest crop was 139,500 bush- els in 1817; and the smallest, 93,000 in 1814; yet not a single mission raised its smallest crop in 1814, and only four their largest in 1817. Five was the largest number of missions that raised their largest crop in any one year, 1818; while only 1816 was not the best year for any mission. On the other hand three missions produced their smallest crop in 1812, three others in 1820, and only 1814 was unrepre- sented among the worst years. These figures show that there were no years of general drought, and that local drought was more or less under control by means of irrigating works. Of the average crop above noted, 67,380 bushels were wheat; 16,230, barley; 22,920, corn; 2,655, beans, and 4,440 pease and miscellaneous grains. Wheat yielded 15.6 for one; barley, 14.6; corn, 180 for one, nearly double the previous yield; beans, 24; and minor grains, 34. The lowest and highest crops of each kind were: wheat, 49,500 bushels in 1814, 82,500 in 1818; barley, 7,500 in 1820, and

396

MISSION AFFAIRS.

24,000 in 1818; corn, 5,000 in 1815, and 33,000 in 1817; beans, 1,950 in 1813, and 3,600 in 1818; minor grains, 3,300 in 1812, and 5,850 in 1818. A compari- son of all these statistics with those of the preceding decade shows a notable improvement in stock-raising and agricultural industry, and this despite certain ob- stacles with which the reader is familiar, albeit with certain encouragements also in the increased demand for products.4

The presidency of the missions was held by Estévan Tapis until 1812. On July 13th of that year the discretory of the college in Mexico elected José Señan, " religioso de ciencia, prudencia, y experiencia," to succeed Tapis. The appointment was announced in California in November, and Señan assumed the duties of the office in December, receiving also the appointment of vicar from the bishop, continuing to reside at San Buenaventura, and holding the office till 1815.5 The president's powers were, however, abridged at this time by the creation of a new and superior office. On the same day that Señan was elected presi- dent there was also an election of a comisario prefecto, at which Señan received twenty-three votes, and Sarría was elected by twenty-seven votes. This was announced July 15th by Juan Bautista Ceballos, who signed himself visitador and president of the college of San Fernando, and who by special commission of the comisario general of the Indies had presided at the election. It was a year later, in July 1813, that

4 For mission statistics see Señan, Informes Bienales 1811-14, MS., and Payeras, Informes Bienales 1815-20, MS. Also the annual and biennial re- ports of each mission, most of which are preserved in one archive or another, many of them at Sta Bárbara. See Misiones, Informes Anuales y Bienales, Indice y Notas, MS. See also general tables for 1811 and 1814 in Vallejo, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., xxviii. 105; Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xlii. 3-5, 78. I deem it unprofitable to refer in detail to the hundreds of sources from which much of my statistical information is derived. Few documents in the archives do not contain some information in this direction.

5 July 15, 1812, guardian to Señan, announcing his election, and enjoining upon him the santa obediencia, in Arch. Obispado, MS., 11, and elsewhere, since the document was copied into the Libro de Patentes of each mission. Nov. 1812, Señan to Tapis. Dec. 8th, Señan to padres, in Arch. Sta B., MS., xi. 320-1; xii. 355.

397

COMISARIO PREFECTO.

Sarría announced his assumption of the office.6 The duties of his position were not specified in the an- nouncement of his election but were made clear, not only by the prefect's subsequent acts, but by an expo- sition of the matter by Sarria in later years.7 The prefect was the president's superior, or prelate, and delegate, or representative, of the Franciscan comi- sario general of Indies in Madrid. He was likewise comisario of the inquisition, and had full control of all matters pertaining to the temporal management of the missions. The president, on the other hand, while charged with debida obediencia to the prefect in business matters, was responsible as a missionary offi- cial only to the guardian of San Fernando College, and was the bishop's vicar, or representative, in eccle- siastical affairs. As to their authority over the friars in respect to missionary duties not connected with the temporalities I am unable to make a satisfactory dis- tinction between prefect and president; but there was never any clashing between the two, nor any apparent jealousy. Prefect Sarria's headquarters was at San Cárlos, but he travelled much from place to place, and one of the friars at the mission where he chanced to be served as his secretary.

In 1815 President Señan resigned, and Mariano Payeras was chosen to take his place. The election was announced from Mexico by Guardian Calzada, the 24th of July, and by the new president in Cali- fornia the 22d of November. In December he asked the bishop for the usual appointment as vicario foraneo, which he obtained a year later. He resigned in 1818, but his resignation was not accepted, as he was in- formed by Guardian Lopez the 12th of September,

6 July 15, 1812, Ceballos to Sarria. July 7, 13, 1813, Sarria to the padres. S. José, Patentes, MS., 54-7; Arch. Sta. B., MS., xi. 304-7. Certified by Viader on July 11th, in Sta Clara, Parroquia, MS., 24. Certificate of elec- tion by the secretary of the discretory on July 28, 1813. Sarria, 27 votes; Señan, 23; and Garijo, 13. Arch. Sta B., MS., xii. 435.

7 Sept. 17, 1823, Sarria to governor. Arch. Arzob., MS., iv. pt. ii. 72-3. He cites as authorities statements of the guardian.

3GS

MISSION AFFAIRS.

and as he notified the padres the 31st of December.8 For a time Payeras had all the old authority of presi- dent, as the guardian notified him that in the absence of orders from Spain no election for prefect had been held, and the office no longer existed.9 No official information on the subject reached Sarria; but he announced in a circular that on the expiration of his term of six years, with the six months in addition required by the rules of his order, he would no longer hold the position; repeating his determination in an- other circular the day before the whole term expired. President Payeras also issued two circulars, accepting "with great sorrow" the full responsibilities of the presidency as it existed in former years.10

In October 1819, however, a new election was held, and Payeras was raised to the position of prefect, while Senan was again made president. The two officials assumed their respective positions April 1, 1820, and on the 4th Señan was also appointed by his prelate as vice-prefect. Señan was likewise vicar, and Payeras commissary of the holy inquisition.11

There are extant several important documents bear- ing on mission affairs and dated in the different years

8 July 24, 1815, guardian to Payeras, announcing election, and imposing subjection to his prelate the prefect. Arch. Sta B., MS., xii. 353-4; S. José, Patentes, MS., 128-9; Arch. Obispado, MS., 16; Sta Clara, Parroquia, MS , 24. Nov. 22d, announcement in Cal. Arch. Arzob .. MS., ii. 103. Appoint- ment as vicar in 1816. Id., iii. pt. i. 40; Prov. Rec., MS., xii. 124. Reappoint- ment in 1818. Original circular of Paycras, Dec. 31st, in Doc. Hist. C'al., MS., iv. 409-16; Arch. Obispado, MS., 18; Arch. Sta B., MS., xi. 164.

9 Sept. 12, 1818. Arch. Obispado, MS., 17-18; S. José, Patentes, MS., 343; Arch. Sta B., MS., xi. 324: xii. 316-18. The meeting of the chapter at which the matter came up seems to have been held on Aug. Sth. Id., xi. 164.

10 Dec. 18, 1818, Jan. 12, 1819, Sarria's circulars. Arch. Sta B., MS., xi. 163-8; xii. 116-18. Dec. 31st, Jan. 19th, Payeras' circulars. Id., xii. 541-5; x. 296; Arch. Arzob., MS., iii. pt. ii. 48.

11 Communications of Oct. 11, 1819, April 1st and April 4, 1820, in Arch. Obispado, MS., 20, 78; Sta Clara, Parroquia, MS., 25; S. José, Patentes, MS., 353-9; Prov. Rec., MS., xii. 192, 194; Arch. Sta B., MS., x. 294; xii. 455-6. Payeras elected by 18 votes. Vallejo, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., xxviii. 27, 29. Aug. 21, 1820, bishop grants powers of vicario foraneo. Arch. Sta B., MS., xi. 103. The guardians of San Fernando college so far as the records show during this decade were, Agustin Garijo in 1811, Miguel Lull in 1812, Juan Calzada in 1815, Baldomero Lopez, formerly of California, in 1818 and 1819. The procurador at Mexico was Pedro Martinez in 1812, and Juan Cortes from 1818. The síndico at Tepic was Eustacio de la Cuesta until 1819 and subse- quently Juan Martiarena. Ignacio Estrada was sindico at Guadalajara in 1820.

309

SECULARIZATION IN THE DISTANCE.

of this decade, by the mention and grouping of which I may best place before the reader what remains to be said upon the general topic. And first I may no- tice the subject of secularization, in later years the ground of bitter controversy, but not yet agitated in California. In theory it was the duty of the mission- arics to convert and instruct the natives, fit them for citizenship, and finally turn them over to the care of the regular clergy. The missions were never intended to be permanent institutions. Practically, however, the friars were never ready for the change; always de- clared that the neophytes were not yet fit to become citizens, and never gave up a mission of any value without a struggle. These contests with episcopal authorities had been bitter and not infrequent in vari- ous parts of America for more than two centuries, and many missions had been secularized in spite of the friars' arguments and protests. But, as I have said, the Californian establishments were as yet undis- turbed, not even threatened, because the bishop, if he desired to get possession, which is doubtful, had no curates at his disposal who could be put in charge. The missionaries in California knew this, and had no fear of ecclesiastical interference. Elsewhere however, in the missions of Guiana, South America, the bishop did interfere, and with such success that on Septem- ber 13, 1813, the cortes of Spain passed a decree to the effect that all missions in America that had been founded ten years should at once be given up to the bishop "without excuse or pretext whatever, in ac- cordance with the laws." It was provided that friars might be appointed if necessary as temporary curates, and that one or two might remain in each district where they had convents and had been serving as curates; but with these few and temporary exceptions they must move on to new conversions, and must at once yield the management of temporalities, the mis- sion lands having to be reduced to private ownership, and the ncophytes to be governed by their ayunta-

400

MISSION AFFAIRS.

mientos and the civil authorities.12 This decree, per- fectly in accord with Spanish law and policy, applied to the missions of California and of all America as directly as to those of Guiana, and it certainly was something more than "an opinion that the missions ought to be secularized" as some of the land-lawyers have regarded it,13 but there was no attempt to enforce it in California, where it was not officially published as a law, and perhaps not even known, for eight years. So safe did the friars deem themselves that in 1819, and perhaps also in 1818, President Payeras by direc- tion of his college informed the bishop that he might put clergymen in charge of the southern missions if he thought them 'ripe' for the change.14

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History of California, Volume II, Part 40

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe Publication date: 1885 Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers Number of Pages: 826

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 826