History of California, Volume II, Part 62

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 826

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17 Cal. Land Com., No. 774, claimed to have been granted provisionally Dec. 11, 1827, and in 1827-9 Sanchez is on record as owning a rancho not named. See following note.

18 Cal. Land Com., Nos. 148-9. It was also claimed that the Llano del Abrevadero was granted to Higuera in 1822. Las Pulgas paid $103 in tithes from 1824 to 1830; and in 1823 had 350 cattle and 90 horses, producing also 160 fanegas of grain. Vallejo, Doc. Ilist. Cal., MS., i, 167; xiv. 209, xx. 278. Martincz paid $132, the rancho not being named, but in 1829 he owned Pinole. Dept. Rec., MS., vii. 78; the S. Antonio paid $53, had 60 horses and

593

MISSION DOLORES.

At San Francisco Mission Padre Blas Ordaz was succeeded in October 1821 by Tomás Esténega, who served alone after José Altimira went to New San Francisco in 1823. The registered population fell from 1,252 to 219, but after making deductions for San Rafael and Solano, the real decline was from 340 to 219; in fact there was a slight apparent gain from 1823, when the separation was effected, though caused by the return of old neophytes from Solano. Large live-stock increased slightly; but sheep decreased eighty per cent, and crops on an average were about one third of those raised in the preceding decade.19 Of the buildings nothing new is learned. Duhaut- Cilly noted that in 1827 the quadrangle had been

20 mules, and raised 280 fanegas of grain; José Sanchez had a rancho (Buri- buri), not named, paying $22; and there was a farm of S. Bernardo, whose owner is not mentioned. Vallejo, Doc., ut supra. Francisco Haro seems also to have got a grant of Salsipuedes, and wished in 1829 to give it up in cx- change for the Isla de Los Angeles. Dept. Rec., MS., vii. 78. There is much in the newspapers and in the court records respecting S. Antonio, S. Pablo, and Pulgas. In 1828 S. Francisquito creck is named as the boundary be- tween Pulgas and Mission Sta Clara; and S. Leandro Creek as that between S. Antonio and Mission S. José. Register of Brands, MS., 5, 6. Grant to Fran- cisco Castro April 15, 1823. Id., 8, 9. A report of names in 1828, with details of population, products, etc. S. Pablo, IS inhabitants, 16 1. N. of San José; S. Antonio, 12 inhabitants, 12 1. N .; S. Ignacio 3 1. N. with 9 inhabitants, 200 cattle, etc .; S. Isidro, 26 inhabitants, and Las Animas, 24 inhabitants, cach 14 1. s. Dept. St. Pap., MS., ii. 72. In a report of 1830 S. Pablo, S. Luis, and S. Antonio are mentioned as the S. Francisco ranchos. St. Pap., Miss., MS., v. 34. Mention of Pulgas and Las Animas, in Bcechey's Voyage, ii. 44-5, 48; Register of Brands, MS., 14. References to S. Isidro, or Ortega's rancho, in 1822-28. S. José, Arch., MS., i. 55, vi. 19; Dept. St. Pap., MS., i. 19-21. This rancho had over 600 head of stock and 66 inhabitants in 1823, but only 26 in 182S. In 1828 Wm. Willis tried unsuccessfully to get the Laguna de los Bolbones near S. José. Hall's Hist. S. José, 117.

19 Statistics: Decrease in population, 1,252 (590 at S. Rafael and 322 went to Solano in 1823) to 219. Baptisms, 535 (85 after 1823); largest number, 364 in 1821 (11 in 1828 the largest after 1823); smallest, 7 in 1829. Deaths, 439 (134 after 1823); largest number, 148 in 1822 (22 in 1825, largest after 1823); smallest, 8 in 1830. Gain in large stock, 4,695 to 5,132; horses and mules, 806 to 932; decline in sheep, 10,280 to 2,000. Largest crop, 6,190 bushels in 1822; smallest, 358 in 1829; average, 2,454, of which 1,605 wheat, yield 9 fold; 334 barley, 13 fold; 286 corn, 61 fold. The tax on products paid by the missions was about $300 per year. The most complete collection of mission statistics for this period is found in Vallejo, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., i. xvii .- xix. In 1821 the mission furnished the presidio $1,200 in soap. Arch. Arzob., MS., iv. pt. i. 77. According to one set of accounts the total of mission sup- plies to the presidio in 1821-30, except 1827, was $6,28S; but other accounts make the sum over $S, 000 for 1821, 1824, and 1829.

In 1822 the mission lands are described as extending 61. x. to s. and 31. E. to w., hilly, but sufficient with hard work to maintain half the neophytes.

596

SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT.

completed and a large church had been built since Vancouver's visit; but respecting the church he has misunderstood the English voyager, and there is no evidence that any new church had been built. Many of the buildings were in a ruinous condition; but the Indians' houses were regularly arranged in streets, and a fine stream of water flowed through the plaza. According to the Frenchman's opinion the mission ruin had been due to the want of capacity and energy on the part of the friars; and Estenega, being in ill- health, was not likely to restore prosperity. The most important event in mission history of the decade was the proposed transfer to Sonoma, which was begun in 1823, but was partially suspended; so that San Francisco Solano became a separate mission and took only half instead of all the neophytes from the old establishment.2º

San Rafael, under the care of Padre Juan Amorós, was in every respect, save in the item of sheep, pros- perous throughout the decade, though on not a very large scale .. Baptisms outnumbered deaths more than two to one; and population, notwithstanding the 92 neophytes sent to Solano, was nearly doubled, reach- ing its highest limit of 1,140 souls in 1828. It appears even that a house was built and a beginning of conver- sion made in the far north, between Petaluma and Santa Rosa perhaps.21 In 1821 Captain Argüello

No irrigation. Also a piece of land 31. N. to s. and 31. E. to w. across the bay, 'en la costa de un gran canal.' Misiones, Cuad. de Estados, MS., 313-14. In 1829 the mission claimed the rancho of Buri-buri. Dept. Rec., MS., vi. 53, 98. Description of the mission buildings in 1827. Duhaut-Cilly, Viaggio, i. 230-2. Morrell's visit in 1825. Narrative, 212.

20 On the foundation of San Francisco Solano see chap. xxii. Osio, Hist. Cal., MS., 209-16, narrates that there was a great lack of women at the mis- sion; and after doing his best to keep the domestic peace and restrain the wrath of hoodwinked husbands, Estenega was obliged to let the single take the lancha and go across the bay on a hunt for wives, furnishing also various gifts with which to win the pagan girls. The party succeeded well and started back with a boat-load of girls; but the padre of S. Rafael, on com- plaint of a pagan who had been robbed of his sweetheart, started in pursuit, overtook the San Francisco boat near Angel Island, rescued the girls, and gave the kidnappers 50 lashes each!

21 Statistics: Increase in population, 590 to 970; 1,140 in 1828. Baptisms, 1,182; highest number, 228 in 1824; lowest, 17 in 1829. Deaths, 504; highest

597

SAN RAFAEL.

arrived at this mission from his northern expedition, in which, as in those of Padre Payeras and the cano- nigo on their way to Ross in 1822, and of Altimira on his way to Solano in 1823, quite extensive explora- tions were made in the region about San Rafael. In December 1822 an oath of allegiance to the national congress, the only instance of the kind recorded in California, was taken by padre and neophytes.

In 1823, in connection with the foundation of San Francisco Solano, there was a proposal to suppress this mission, which in the end had to contribute nearly a hundred neophytes, but at the same time became an independent establishment instead of a mere asistencia of San Francisco as before; this is shown by the statistical reports, though there is no direct record of the fact.22 In 1824 Kotzebue visited the mission, misnaming it San Gabriel, "which peeped from among the foliage of its ancient oaks," and was most enthu- siastic in praise of its location and natural advantages, though silent respecting artificial improvements.23 It was this same year that the famous Indian bandit Pomponio was captured at the Cañada de Novato, 24

number, 70 in 1825; lowest, 29 in 1830. Increase in large stock, 504 to 1,548; horses and mules, 104 to 448; decrease in sheep, 2,000 to 1,852. Largest crop, 4,713 bushels in 1822; smallest, 333 in 1829; average, 2,434; of which 1,165 wheat, yield 7 fold; 837 barley, 8 fold; 219 corn, 37 fold. Supplies to pre- sidio, 1826-30, 81,311. Crop of 1829 a very light one, and spoiled besides by rats, locusts, etc. Arch. Sta B., MS., xii. 181. Description of lands in 1822. Misiones, Cuad., Estados, MS., 316-19; in 1828. Register of Brands, MS., 3-5. I give the substance of the latter for the sake of the names. In the west beyond the range of hills is an estero from the port of Bodega, called Tamales. The range extends N. 9 leagues, then the plains of Livantonome, where the gentiles are being reduced, a house having been built and lands marked out (Sta Rosa to Petaluma region). Mission lands from the rancheria of Annamus, called San Pedro Alcántara, in the Corte de Madera, and the Rinconada del Tiburon. The grain lands de temporal begin in the cañada of Arangues or San Pedro Regalado. Live-stock feeds northward to the rancheria of Olompali, or Santísimo Rosario, the chief being a Christian and farmer. Cattle graze in the cañadas of Las Gallinas, Arroyo de San José, Novato, Colomache, Echatamal, and Olompali; the horses go farther to Olemochoe, or San Antonio, the stream, dry in summer, rising in the laguna of Ocolom, or San Antonio, the lands of which join those of Novato, Colomache, and Echa- camal, ' going round the hill.' Laguna of Ocolom seems to belong to the mis- sion, but the natives are warlike.

22 Chap. xx. xxi. xxii. this vol .; Arch. Sta B., MIS., xii. 361-2.

23 Kotzebue's New Voyage, ii. 111-14.

24 Chap. xxiii.

598

SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT.

and taken to Monterey to be tried and shot. About the same time occurred certain hostilities with Marin and Quintin, two gentile chieftains who were destined to give their names to the county and one of its best known points. I have been unable to find any con- temporary evidence of these events, or of the existence of any such chieftains. There is no special reason for doubt respecting the names, though little reliance can be placed on the circumstances under which the chief- tains were captured.25 San Rafael was excepted from the operation of Echeandía's secularizing experiments of 1826-30. Duhaut-Cilly in 1827 did not deem this poor establishment worth stopping at for purposes of trade, as he passed in sight of it on his way to Sonoma. Finally in 1827-8 orders were issued in Mexico for the founding of a frontier fort in this region, issued but not carried out.26

Padre Buenaventura Fortuni left Mission San José

25 Vallejo, Hist. Cal., MS., i. 146-9, says that in 1824 the chief Marin, hard pressed by Martinez and Sanchez, took refuge on the little island which took his name, and successfully resisted the Spaniards, who then went to attack Quintin, a sub-chief, at another point. Quintin was captured at this time and kept a prisoner for two years, afterward becoming a boatman in the service of the padres and of Vallejo. Marin was taken later and liberated after a year, dying in 1834. The same version in substance is given on the authority of Gov. Alvarado in Gift's Marin Co., S-a work which is full of errors in all that is said of the 'first settlement and early history'-where an attack on S. Rafael is mentioned, and the bravery of Rafael García the cabo de escolta, who sent his wife and children to S. Francisco on a balsa with Padre Amorós. Some versions have it that the island of Marin was his habitual resort for years, during which he continued his depredations, and not the site of any particular battle. Some say that Marin was several times captured. He died all the way from 1834 to 1848, and he was chief of the Lacatiut, Cainamero, or Tamaleño tribes. Marin Co. Ilist., passim. Cronise's Nat. Wealth of Cal., 163-4; Taylor in Cal. Farmer, March 2 (or 20,) 1860; Alta California, March 30, 1865; Hayes" Scrap-book, Cal. Notes, iii. 25; S. Rafael Tocsin, Jan. 17, 1879.

The Californians are disposed to ridicule the Americans for 'sanctifying ' the name of an Indian chief by adding the 'San' to the name of the point. The error, however, was a very natural one, and not be classed with 'Santa Sonoma,' ' San Branciforte,' or . San Diablo,' because Quintin, though applied to a chief by the Californians, was a Spanish name, and that of a well known saint, whose name was often applied to localities-instance, San Quintin Bay below S. Diego, and San Quintin Point in S. Francisco Bay according to Beechey's chart of 1826. The name, however, should be written either San Quintin or St Quentin, Quentin being the English form of the word. The Tamales Indians doubtless furnished the origin of the name Tomales Bay, and of the mountain Tamal-pais.

26 Ilist. Cal., chap. iv. of vol. iii. this series; Duhaut-Cilly, Viaggio, ii. 79.

509

MISSION SAN JOSÉ.

in the autumn of 1825, and from that time Narciso Duran served alone, being also president of all the missions in 1825-7. In population this mission still stood second in the list, excelled by San Luis Rey alone, declining but very slightly in these ten years, and showing its maximum of 1806 souls in 1824. Its number of baptisms and deaths greatly exceeded that of any other mission, a result due perhaps to Duran's zeal in forcible conversions. There was a large gain in cattle and sheep, San José standing fourth on the list in this respect; and in its average crop of grain this mission was surpassed by four only of the south- ern establishments.27 In 1821 a neophyte attempted to chastise his wife, who, with the aid of a neighbor, succeeded in killing him. In 1823 a woman was mur- dered, and another in 1824. The sentence in these cases is not recorded.28

In 1826 Beechey visited San José, but he gives no

27 Statistics: Decrease in population, 1,754 to 1,745; highest number, 1,806 in 1824 (or 1,SS6 (?) in 1831). Baptisms, 1,922; largest number, 332 in 1824; smallest, 65 in 1829. Deaths, 1,864; largest number, 254 in 1828; smalles's, 116 in 1830. Gain in large stock, 6,859 to 13,300; horses, 859 to 1,300; shecr, 12.000 to 13,030; 15,000 from 1822-S. Largest crop, 11,206 bushels in 1821; smallest, 777 in 1829; average, 5,409; of which 4,069 wheat, yield 13 fold; 411 barley, 11 fold; 567 corn, 49 fold. Complete statistics in Vallejo, Doc. Ilist. C'al., MS., i. xvii .- xix. xxix .- xxx. this scries. Supplies to S. Francisco pre- sidio in 1821-30, except 1827, $15,125. Tithes and taxes in 1824, $1,846; in 1828, $1,167. The only item about buildings is that three adobe rooms were erected in 1827, for soap-making, tanning, and storing hides. Id., i. 113. In April 1829, Virmond ordered a bell of 1,000 lbs. bearing the name of S. José mission. Fitch, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., 11. Robinson, Life in Cal., 75-6, mentions a large reservoir in the rear, pipes carrying the water to buildings and gardens, fountain with conveniences for bathing and washing in front. Buildings were inferior in beauty to those in the south, but durable and con- venient. In 1822 the lands extend 9 1. with a width of 1-3 1. Toward the N. the mission claims to the rivers 15 1. Misiones, Cuad. de Estados, MS., 311- 12. In 1828, separated from Sta Clara and S. José pueblo lands by the punta del Estero about 2 1. from the mission; N. w. boundary, S. Leandro Creek. The centre of the 9 1. of extent is the rancho and stream of San Lorenzo, 5 1. N. W. 51. N. of the mission is the Valle de S. José, with the Cañada del Ingenio stretching 5 1. N. Here is the stock rancho of El Valle; and in winter the cattle and sheep go to the Roblar de los Chupcanes 4 1. from the mission, and adjoining Monte del Diablo. Register of Brands, MS., 6-7. This is the earliest use of the name, in writing, of Mt Diablo that I have scen. Salvio Pacheco was corporal of the guard in 1824; Bernal was majordomo in 1823, and José María Amador later.

28 Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., lii. 4-5; liv. 12; lvii. 39-42. In 1825 Duran and a neophyte performed the cesarean operation. The child was baptized though giving no signs of life. San Jose, Lib. Mision, MS., 26-7.

600

SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT.

descriptive matter respecting the mission, confining his attention to an expedition against the Indians, as elsewhere related.29 It was in May 1827 that Jede- diah Smith appeared in the vicinity and wrote his famous letter to Duran. Four hundred Indians ran away about the same time, and Duran unjustly sus- pected the American hunters of having enticed the fugitives. 30 In 1829 eight neophytes, absent with leave, were killed by the Ochejamnes; and the Indian alcalde of the mission was condemned to a year of work at Monterey. The same year the padre refused to furnish supplies for Solis and his rebels, though everywhere else in the north their authority was acknowledged.31 In July 1830 Ewing Young, the New Mexican trapper, came to the mission; and later in the year a grand paseo maritimo on the San Joa- quin and its branches was planned to explore the country and inspire respect among the Indians. 32

At Santa Clara Padre José Viader served through- out the decade; but Magin Catala, one of the oldest of the California friars, died in November 1830 after a ministry of thirty-seven years at this mission. 33

29 Chap. iv. of vol. iii. this history. June 29th, Duran sends interpreters for the use of the ayuntamiento, hoping they will be kindly treated. S. José, Arch., MS., vi. 22. April 25, 1827, Duran to Hartnell, asking him to thank Beechey for his gift of fireworks. Vallejo, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., xxix. 130.

30 Chap. vi. of vol. iii. this history. Arch. Arzob., MS., v. pt. i. 27-9.

31 Chap. iii. of vol. iii. this history. S. José, Lib. Mision, MS., 27; Dept. Rec., vii. 80.

32 Chap. vi. of vol. iii. this history. S. José Arch., MS., i. 38-9.

33 Magin Catalá was born about 1761 at Monthblanch, Catalonia, Spain, becoming a Franciscan at Barcelona in 1777. He sailed from Cádiz for San Fernando college in October 1786. He went to Nootka in one of the king's vessels and served there as chaplain for more than a year, subsequently re- turning to the college. Being assigned to California he came up as chaplain on the Aranzazu, and having landed at Monterey in July 1794, refused to go on to Nootka as was desired. He was sent immediately to Santa Clara, where he served continuously as long as he lived, attending also to the spiritual care of San José pueblo. In 1800 and 1804 Catalá asked and obtained license to retire on account of ill-health. Arch. Sta B., MS., xi. 62-3; Arch. Arzob., MS., ii. 40. At different times his zeal, gentleness, experience, and all the desirable qualities of a missionary save that of robust health, were attested by his superiors. He suffered from inflammatory rheumatism, and for years before his death could not mount his horse. Among the common people Padre Magin was believed to be gifted with prophetic powers; and there are cur-

601

SANTA CLARA.

Under the care of these missionaries Santa Clara showed a decline for the decade in all respects save that of cattle. The crops, notwithstanding the broad and fertile lands, were considerably less than those of 1811-20. In population the maximum of 1,464 souls was reached in 1827, after which date the decline was rapid, deaths exceeding baptisms for the whole period.3ª

We have seen that a new mission church had been contemplated in 1818. Hall, who knew nothing of that fact, tells us that the old church was so badly injured by an carthquake in 1822 that it was thought best to take it down rather than attempt repairs; and a new church, the one still standing, was built in 1825-6. As Hall gives no exact date for the earth- quake, and therefore apparently obtained his infor- mation from no definite document; as he does not imply that a new church was taken down; as I find no contemporary record whatever of either destruc- tion or rebuilding; and as visitors of the period would

rent traditions, traceable to no definite source, that he foretold the discovery of gold in immense quantities in California. On one occasion he paused in his sermon and called upon the congregation to pray for the soul of a man who had died; ere the prayer was ended news arrived that a soldier had been thrown from his horse and killed. He died Nov. 22, 1830, and was buried in the mission church by Viader and Duran, the former of whom testifies to the exemplary, laborious, and edifying life which had made his associate beloved of all and his loss deeply deplored by the community. Sta Clara, Lib. Mision, MIS .; Autobiog. Autog. de los PP., MS., 397; Sarria, Informe sobre frailes, MIS., 67-8, 138; Arch. Sta B., MS., xi. 62-3, 221; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xii. 160, 164-5; Vallejo, Hist. Cal., MIS., i. 257-9.

3+ Statistics : Decrease in population, 1,357 to 1,256; highest number, 1464 in 1827. Baptisms, 1,107; largest number, 153 in 1822; smallest, 30 in 1830. Deaths, 1,173; largest number, 189 in 1828; smallest, 68 in 1830. Increase in cattle, 5,024 to 9,788; horses and mules, 722 to 788; sheep, 12,060 to 8,033. Largest crop, 7,755 bushels in 1,821; smallest, 1,359, in 1829; average, 4,SSS; of which 2,932 wheat, yield 12 fold; 906 barley, 31 fold; 738 corn, 74 fold. Taxes on mission products in 1824, 8721; in 1828; $1,561. Monthly supplies to escolta in 1829-30, from $40 to $125 per month; generally about 870. Sergt. Berreyesa commanded the escolta in 1829-30. At times the pueblo had to furnish citizens to fill up the guard. Many statistics in Arch. Mini- ones, MS., i. passim. Vallejo, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., xvii .- xx. xxx. Supplics to presidio, 1821-30, 814,068. Description of the mission lands in 1822, 1827-8, in Misiones, C'uad. de Estados, MIS., 234, 308-9; St. Pap. Miss, and Colon., MS., ii. 22; Register of Brands, MS., 4-5. The lands extended x. to s. 6 1., and E. to w. 31. in the widest part. Soil good but pasturage limited, especially after the loss of Las Pulgas. Irrigation sufficient for 25 fan. The limits were the Rio Guadalupe, the sierra, and S. Francisquito creek in the N. W.

602

SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT.

be very likely to notice such events, I suppose that nothing of the kind occurred. As a mere conjecture, however, it may be that after the church was com- pleted, or nearly so, in 1818, it was damaged by an earthquake, and not fully repaired until 1822.35

The pueblo of San José, connected with Santa Clara by the alameda, or tree-shaded promenade, which is noticed by nearly all the visitors of this period, in- creased in white population during the years 1821-30 from 240 to 540, including five or six foreigners.36 Kotzebue says of San José in 1824: " This pueblo lies in a beautiful spot. The houses are pleasant, built of stone, and stand in the midst of orchards and hedges of vines bearing luxuriant clusters of the richest grapes. The inhabitants came out to meet us, and with much courteousness, blended with the ceremonious polite- ness of the Spaniards, invited us to enter their simple but cleanly dwellings. All their countenances bespoke health and contentment, and they have good cause to rejoice in their lot. Unburdened by taxes of any

35 Hall's Hist. S. José, 114, 423-4. A scrap in Levett's Scrap Book says the church was destroyed by an earthquake in 1818 (see also chapter xviii. ) and the new one completed in 1822, being dedicated on Aug. 11th. Kotzebne in 1824 says 'the buildings of Santa Clara, overshadowed by thick groves of oaks, and surrounded by gardens, etc., are in the same style as at all the other missions. They consist of a large stone church, a spacious dwelling- house for the monks, a large magazine for the preservation of corn, and the rancherías, or barracks, for the Indians, divided into long rows of houses, or rather stalls, where each family is allowed a space scarcely large enough to enable them to lie down.' New Voyage, ii. 94. Beechey in 1826 found the buildings to 'consist of a church, the dwelling-house of the priests, and five rows of buildings for the accommodation of 1,400 Indians, comparatively com- fortable dwellings.' Voyage, ii. 46. Duhaut-Cilly says in 1827: 'Gli edifizj di Santa Clara non sono splendidi come quei di San Luis-Rey.' Viaggio, ii. 69. Le Netrel. Voyage, 158, says: 'L'église de la mission est assez bien tenue. . . Rien de plus misérable que la demeure des Indiens de la mission.' Hepworth Dixon, White Conquest, i. 112-16, expatiates on the past glories of Sta Clara.

36 Population in 1822, about 300. Misiones, Cuad. de Estados, MS., 235. In 1823, 391, and 66 at S. Isidro rancho; total, 457, but doubtless including Indians. Dept. St. Pap., MS., i. 19-20. In 1827, 577. Bandini, Doc. Ilist. Cal., MS., 6. In 1828, 524. Wilkes' Narrative, v. 555. According to reports in St. Pap., Miss., MS., ii. v., four hundred and seventeen in 1828; 545 in 1830. According to Dept. St. Pap., MS., ii. 72, 506, including the ranchos, in 1828. About 500 inhabitants in 1826, according to Beechey. Voyage, ii. 47-8. About 650 in 1827. Duhaut-Cilly, Viaggio, ii. 72. Foreigners: John Burton, Thomas Lester, and William Willis.

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History of California, Volume II, Part 62

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe Publication date: 1885 Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers Number of Pages: 826

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 826