History of California, Volume II, Part 39

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 826

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2º S. José, Arch., MS., iv. 40-3; Hall's Hist. S. José, 97-101; St. Pap., Sac., MS., v. 45; vi. 27; Dept. St. Pap., S. José, MS., i. 119, 121, 229-30; Prov. Rec., MS., ix. 179-80.

21 Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. 105.

22 For map of Monterey district see chap. vii. this volume.

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LOCAL ANNALS OF THE NORTH.

115 by the addition of Navarrete's men. The total population of the presidial district with its mission guards, given as 480 at the end of the last decade, had increased probably in 1820 to about 700 souls.23 Adding the population of Santa Cruz and Branciforte we have a total of 795, with a corresponding neophyte population of 4,500 instead of 5,100 in 1810. Thus in what may be termed northern California we have 1,465 white persons and 8,900 neophytes, against 1,805 white men and 11,600 neophytes in the south- ern districts. 24

At the end of 1816 Alférez Estrada made a report on the presidio buildings. describing them somewhat in detail. In January 1817 Sola reported that he had caused the battery to be repaired with masonry; and in his report of April 1818 he stated that the southern line of the presidio square had yet to be rebuilt, and cross-beams to be made for the northern and eastern sides, only the lieutenant's house remaining to be built besides. 25 Thus it appears that under Sola's

23 The population de razon in 1816 was 602, and I have no more definite figures until 1826, when it seems to have been 790. To the 602 I add Navar- rete's 50 men, and 50 more for the natural increase in four years, which seems certainly small enough. Still it must be admitted that the figures do not rest on a very solid foundation.

2+ Amount of the Monterey pay-roll per year, $23,000. Invoice of 1815- 16, $5,109. Inventories of goods in the warehouse, $10,000 to $13.000. Fonde de retencion in 1812, $2,807. Deduction for montepio and inválidos in 1816, $635. Mission supplies 1811, $7,984; 1812, $7,551. Tobacco revenue $1,732 in 1811; $2,503 in 1812. Postal revenue $69 in 1811; $49 in 1812. Tithes, $242 in 1811; $164 in 1812, not including evidently those of San José. Sales of papal bulls in 1811, $127. For the statistics of this decade see Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xlii. lii. passim; Id., Presid., i. 13, ii. 19; St. Pap. Sac., MS., i. 59, 65; ii. 67, 125; iii. 3, 10-16, 29-31; v. 9, 12-13, 79- 80; vi. 53, 75, 78, 99; vii. 2; viii. 1-2, 52; ix. S3, 100-1; Vallejo, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., xvi. 60; xvii. 191; xviii. 105.

25 In IS11, according to Tapis, the governor was going to have a baptistry built at the presidio; and the friars were to attend to baptisms there. Arch. Arzob., MS., ii. S4. Dec. 31, 1816, Estrada's description of Monterey build- ings. St. Pap. Sac., MS., viii. 56-7. Jan. 20, 1817, Sola to viceroy. Prov. Rec., MS., ix. 168; Sola, Observaciones, MS., IS0. According to Estrada the square was 175 by 128 varas. On the north was the main entrance to the guard-house, on one side of which were a jail, barracks, and four corporals' houses; and on the other a jail, a small room for the sick, and the sergeant's house. On the south was the church, with a house of two rooms and a small gate on one side; and on the other five rooms recently re-roofed. On the cast was the main gateway for horses, 14 houses, and the smithy. On the west were the officers' houses and two warehouses. On the north, outside the walls,

381

MONTEREY.

directions a general work of reconstruction was being prosecuted. Then came the disaster of November 1818, described in a previous chapter, in which the cross-beams of the northern block were burned so that the roofs fell in, while the material collected for the lieutenant's house was badly damaged. The work of repairing the injuries caused by Bouchard's men and of completing the general work which the invasion had interrupted lasted far into 1821 if not longer, and the missions were often called upon for materials and workmen.26 It is stated that the work of recon- struction was under the superintendence of Sergeant Vallejo, who had also a favorite plan of bringing water to the presidio from the Carmelo by an aqueduct, a plan that he could not carry out for want of means, though it was approved by Sola.27 Ramirez brought from Mexico $1,477, which sum, with other small amounts lent by Ramirez and Sola, was spent in mak- ing preparations for the artillery reinforcement and the munitions brought by them. Indeed this is the only clear evidence extant that Ramirez and his men were in California at all in 1820.28

At Monterey, as at the other presidios and pue- blos, a school was established by the efforts of Sola. Much is said of this school and the manner in which it was conducted by Corporal Archuleta, the school- master, by the pupils, since prominent men in Cali- fornia history. But their recollections will be more appropriately noticed in some remarks to be made later on the general subject of education. In these days a retired soldier known as ' Tio Armenta ' had a house at some distance from the presidio walls, to which certain men were accustomed to resort at night to play at monte. This was kept secret for a time, but at

was a granary 10 by 15 varas. The presidio was built of stone and adobes, roofed with tiles.

26 Arch. Arzob., MS., iv. pt. i. 11, 44, and passim.

27 Alvarado, Hist. Cal., MS., i. 84, 172-7; Vallejo (J. J. ), Reminis., MS., 77.

28 Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. 232, 233, 264-6.

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LOCAL ANNALS OF THE NORTH.

last became known to Sola through a practical joke. Victor Arroyo, a young man, disguised himself as a bear and lay in wait on the trail to Armenta's house one night for two Spanish traders who had arrived on the Cazadora and had plenty of money to lose in gam- bling. The two were so terrified at being chased by a bear, that in their flight they fell into a ravine and were so badly hurt that a surgeon had to be sum- moned, and the adventure became known. The gam- blers said they had been chased by eight bears, but Sola having learned from the Indians that no indica- tions of any bears at all could be found, was led to follow up the matter, discovering the trick, bringing to light the gambling, and putting Tio Armenta in jail. The two victims, recovering, swore vengeance, not on Arroyo, but on Lieutenant Estudillo, whom they believed to be the real author of the trick; and a few months later they had the satisfaction of seeing the dignified lieutenant kept for an hour or two in the muddy waters of the Lagunita by two bears, while they with a party of friends looked on from their place of concealment near by. It was long before it was deemed safe to tell the commandant that the osos were Arroyo, his private secretary, and a friend in disguise.23

Visits of foreign vessels to Monterey in this dec- ade, as elsewhere recorded in full, were as follows: In 1814 the Isaac Todd brought to California John Gilroy, the first permanent foreign resident. In 1815 came the Columbia, an English vessel. In 1816 there were the English Colonel, Captain Daniels; the Sul- tan; and the American Lydia, Captain Gyzelaar. In 1817 the visitors were Wilcox in the Caminante, three tallow-seeking Spaniards from Lima and Pana-

29 Vallejo, Hist. Cal., MS., i. 159-71. The same author, Id., i. 284-5, narrates that in 1817 a quarrel between José de la Guerra and Salvador Aspiroz led to a challenge by the latter; but the padres and governor suc- ceeded in preventing a duel. During the heavy rains of the same year two soldiers, Cayetano Rios and Ignacio Castro, were drowned while attempting to ford a stream with the mails. Guerra, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., iii. 236.

383

SAN CARLOS MISSION.

má, and the Russian Padushkin. In 1818 an English craft came from the Columbia River, and the Russian American Company was represented by Hagemeister and Golovnin, to say nothing of Bouchard's insurgent fleet. And finally in 1820 Khlébnikof anchored at Monterey in a Russian vessel.30 Respecting private ranchos in the Monterey jurisdiction at this period I find only two items of record; one a mention of the ranchos of Ignacio Ortega and Mariano Castro, appar- ently in the region of San José, as inhabited places at the time of the Bouchard affair; and the other a state- ment that the Rancho de la Vega del Pájaro was granted to A. M. Castro in April, 1820.31

At San Carlos a quiet decade was passed. Beyond the building and dedication of a new chapel adjoining the church, in honor of the 'pasion del señor,' intended to excite devotion and at the same time protect the mission church from the strong south winds, 32 and the slight put upon San Carlos by the failure of Bou- chard's pirates to sack the mission, there is absolutely nothing to record, except the usual statistical summary of progress. Padre Sarria served here throughout the decade, but Amorós was succeeded in 1819 by Ramon Abella. Estévan Tapis was here as supernume- rary in 1812, and Vicente Pascual Oliva in 1813-14. The convert population continued to decline. Cattle and horses increased somewhat, but there was a fall- ing-off in sheep, and crops were less satisfactory than in the preceding period.33 In 1820 Comandante Es-

30 See chap. xiii .- xiv. this volume.

31 Sola, Instruccion General 1818, MS., 245; Brands and Marks, MS., 23-7. Gen. Vallejo, however, states, Hist. Cal., MS., i. 159, that four retired sol- diers, Armenta, Cayuelos, Toribio, and Boronda, early in Sola's rule built houses some three fourths of a league away from the presidio; though it does not appear that they obtained more than permission to occupy building-lots. 32 Payeras, Informe Bienal, 1817-18, MS., 302. In Arch. Arzob., MS., ii. 225, 249, 255, 270, 288; iii. 348, are given the names of alcaldes and regidores composing the 'neophyte ayuntamiento' from 1811 to 1816.

33 Estudillo, Informe sobre oficios de Capellan en Monterey, 1820, MS. De- crease in population, 513 to 381. Baptisms, 245; largest number, 41 in 1819; smallest, 18 in 1815. Deaths, 405; largest number, 52 in 1811; smallest, 22 in 1819. Large stock, 2,530 to 3,438; horses, etc., 430 to 438; sheep, etc.,

384

LOCAL ANNALS OF THE NORTH.

tudillo made a full report, showing that since 1796 the friars had faithfully attended to the spiritual interests of the presidio soldiers.

At San Luis Obispo the American smuggler Ped- ler was captured in 1814, and near by was effected the capture of Eliot de Castro in 1815. Luis Mar- tinez continued his ministry, and was involved more or less perhaps in smuggling operations. He showed great military zeal in the campaign of 1818, and was ever ready to contribute anything the mission had to the government, either as a loan or gift, for he had but slight faith in the missionary future. Father Mar- quinez was replaced in 1811 by Antonio Catarino Rodriguez. San Luis continued to lose in population, but there were in 1820 three smaller missions. 34

At San Miguel the veteran Father Juan Martin remained at his post, and so did Juan Cabot until 1819, having made a trip of exploration to the valley of the Tulares in 1814 as elsewhere narrated. Vicente Pascual Oliva served in 1819-20, and Tomás Estén- ega in 1820-1. A new church was ready for roofing in 1818.35 This mission reached its largest population with 1,076 neophytes in 1814; and it had two more at the end than at the beginning of the decade, its baptisms having exceeded its burials by five. In live- stock San Miguel showed an encouraging gain; but its agricultural progress was less satisfactory.36

6,045 to 4,032. Crop in 1810, 3,675 bushels; in 1820, 1,950; largest, 3,800 in 1818; smallest, 1,170 in 1814; average, 2,550 bushels, of which 973, wheat, yield 9.6 fold; 815, barley, 13.5 fold; beans 207, 23 fold.

84 Decrease in population, 713 to 504; baptisms, 272; largest number, 49 in 1813; smallest, 16 in 1817; deaths, 470; largest number, 59 in 1813; small- est, 38 in 1816. Gain in large stock, 7,050 to 8,971; horses, etc., 1,050 to 1,279; sheep, etc., 9,054 to 6,800. Crop in 1810, 2,910 bushels; in 1820, 3,400; largest, 6,418 in 1819; smallest, 1,360 in 1812; average, 3,487 bushels, of which 2,985 wheat, yield 17 fold; barley, 6; corn, 222, 62 fold; beans, 64, 18 fold. José de Jesus Pico Acontecimientos, MS., 15-16, says that the Ind- ians of this mission were always well dressed, better than most of the gente de razon in the country. Good blue cloth was made and woolen manta; also some home-grown cotton was woven.

35 Payeras, Informe Bienal, 1817-18, MS., 302. In subscribing for sub- sistence of troops in 1815, San Miguel could give only wine and wool. Arch. Sta B., MS., ix. 202.

36 Increase in population, 973 to 975; baptisms, 603; largest number, 135

385

SAN ANTONIO AND SOLEDAD.

At San Antonio Pedro Cabot and Juan Sancho still toiled together, and were obliged to bury many more Indians than they baptized. The new church was still in progress in 1812, but there is no record of its completion before 1820.37

Father Antonio Jaime still remained at his post in La Soledad; but his associate, Florencio Ibañez, died in 1818,38 and left Jaime alone until Juan Cabot came

in 1813; smallest, 31 in IS18; deaths, 59S; largest number, 73 in 1811; small- est, 41 in 1812. Gain in large stock, 5,281 to 9,449; horses, etc., 581 to 1,349; sheep, etc., 11,160 to 14,160. Crops in 1810, 7,309 bushels; in 1820, 1,587; largest, 3,433 in 1815; smallest, 909 fan. in 1812; average, 2,310 bush- els, of which wheat 1,830, yield 11 fold; barley, 200, 7 fold; corn, 243, 116 fold.

37 Decline in population-1,124 to 878. Baptisms, 489; largest number, 59 in 1812; smallest, 24 in 1820. Deaths, 727; largest number, 81 in 1815; smallest, 61 in 1820. Increase in large stock, 3,700 to 6,596; horses, etc., 700 to 796; sheep, etc., 8,066 to 9,910. Crops in 1810, 3,085 bushels; in 1820, 3,270; largest, 4,790 in 1818; smallest, 2,310 in 1819. Average, 3,300 bush- els, of which 2,650 wheat, yield 11 fold; 375 corn, 228 fold; 127 barley, 6 fold. New adobe church mentioned as being built in May 1812. Arch. Sta B., MS., x. 297. Alvarado, Hist. Cal., MS., i. 58, says the flour from San An- tonio was famous throughout California, and considered by far the best made in the province.

38 Florencio Ibañez, or as he and others wrote it, Ybañez, was a man of large and varied experience, and quite famous among his associates. . He was born at Tarragona in Catalonia, Spain, on Oct. 26, 1740, and became a Fran- ciscan at the convent of Jesus at Zaragoza Feb. 8, 1757. Here he received the several orders, serving as master of the choir; and afterward served as precentor at the convent at Calatayud. He arrived at the college of San Fer- nando de Mexico in May 1770, and was attached to the choir there until 1774, when failing health induced him to obtain a transfer to a convent in Michoa- can, whence in 1781 he was transferred again to the college of Santa Cruz de Querétaro, as a member of which company he served 17 years in Sonora, chiefly at Dolores del Saric, making the journey out and back on foot. In 1800 le again joined the college of San Fernando, and was sent in 1801 to Cali- fornia. He served until 1803 at San Antonio, and from that time until his death on Nov. 26, 1818, at La Soledad, where he was buried next day by Jaime and Sarria in the mission church.

In a report of 1817 Prefeet Sarria pronounced Ibañez a missionary of mediocre ability, who could be relied on only for masses and like routine duties except in cases of urgent necessity. The criticism seems to have been directed chiefly against his lack of success as a doctrinal preacher and instruc- tor of Indians; and it was attributed by Ibañez himself to his ignorance of the native language. In matters connected with temporal management he seems to have been very active and intelligent. In person he was tall, broad-shoul- dered, and of great strength. In character he was noted for his kindness to all of low estate or whom he deemed in any way oppressed. He was fond of teaching the soldiers of the escolta to read and write; and never tired of instructing the neophytes in work and music. He seems to have had an inclina- tion, or an affectation, to show on every possible occasion his regard for the poor and lowly, and his disregard for those of higher position. Nothing in the way of food was too good for a private soldier; but to officers Ibañez rarely showed even courtesy, feeding them from the common pozolero, and declaring that. they had their pay and might live on it. It was sometimes hinted by him HIST. CAL., VOL. II. 25

386

LOCAL ANNALS OF THE NORTH.

in 1820. In population Soledad was now the smallest mission in the province except San Carlos; but there was a gain in all the different kinds of live-stock, and crops were less irregular than in the preceding decade.59

At San Juan Bautista Arroyo de la Cuesta was still senior minister; but his associate, Ulibarri, was succeeded in January 1815 by Estévan Tapis. Saenz de Lucío was also here for a time in 1816. The new mission church was at last finished, and was dedi- cated on June 23, 1812, the padres of Santa Clara and San José aiding in the ceremonies, and Don Manuel Gutierrez of Los Angeles standing as sponsor. In 1818 a new altar was completed. For its decoration the painter Chavez demanded six reals per day, more than the mission could pay, and accordingly the Yankee Felipe Santiago, or Thomas Doak, undertook the job. Let us hope with the padres that "the Anglo-American, by the aid of God and of some muchachos," succeeded in the enterprise, and that the altar was consecrated in November as intended.4 This

that he had left Sonora on account of a personal quarrel with an officer, which may account for his strange prejudice. Yet Arrillaga and Ibañez were always firm friends, having known cach other in the south. On Arrillaga's second com- ing to California he was welcomed by the friar at Soledad with vocal and instru- mental music, and with verses composed by the reverend poet himself. The verses, if correctly preserved by Inocente García, were more creditable to the author's friendship for Arrillaga than to his poctical skill. A quatrain com- posed on hearing of Sola's arrival ran as follows:

' De Sola el nuevo gobierno Echando á la bigornia Convertiri en un infierno A toda la California.'

In his last illness the friar refused to excuse himself from any of the duties imposed by his church or order. Sarria, who was serving as chaplain at the camp on the Salinas, hastened to Soledad to perform the last sad offices for the old missionary, and to leave in the mission record a narrative of his life and virtues. Soledad, Lib. Mision, MS., 22. Sec also Sarria's report of Nov. 5, 1817, in Arch. Sta B., MS., iii. 60-1; García, Hechos, MS., 31-4; and Autobiog. Autog., MS. In fragments of the old mission books of Pimería, are the signatures of Ibañez as Conministro of Caborca in April 1796; and as min- ister of Saric in 1783, officiating often at San Francisco del Ati down to 1790. 39 Decline in population, 600 to 435. Baptisms, 349; largest number, 59 in 1817; smallest, 13 in 1819. Deaths, 403; largest number, 48 in 1715; smallest, 32 in 1817. Large stock, 2,987 to 6,030; liorses, etc., 286 to 1,030; sheep, etc., 8,03S to 9,040. Crop in 1810, 3,085 bushels; in 1820, 2,653; largest, 4,273 in 1817; smallest, 1,575 in 1815; average, 2,883 bushels, of which 1,537 wheat, yield 11 fold; 415 barley, 21 fold; 421 corn, SS fold.

40 Church not done in May 1812. Arch. Sta. B., MS., x. 207. Dedication.

387

SANTA CRUZ.

mission was still gaining in neophytes, though it had shown a decrease during the first six years of the decade. In cattle it was far in advance of any other establishment in the north.41

There were frequent changes in the ministers of Santa Cruz. Quintana served till 1812, Rodriguez till 1811, Tapis for a time in 1812, Marquinez in 1811-17, Escudé in 1812-18, Olbés from 1818, and Gil from the end of 1820. Of the number Quintana died in 1812, and Marquinez left the country in 1817.42 The former was found dead in his bed on the morning of October 12, 1812, and was buried by Viader and Duran, who chanced to be at Santa Cruz, on the 13th. The suddenness of the death caused an investigation, which at Arrillaga's order was conducted by Lieu- tenant Estudillo during the following week; but the conclusion was that there were no signs of violence,

S. Juan B., Lib. Mision, MS., 17. According to a serap in Hayes' Mission Book, i. 147, the church was 160x60 feet, paved with brick, and the ceiling supported by brick arches. Altar and its decorations. Payeras, Informe Bienal, 1817-18, MS., 302. Tapis to Sola, Oct. 12, 1818. Arch. Arzob., MS., iii. pt. ii. 45. Justo Larios, Convulsiones, 2-3, relates that his father, José Maria Larios, was killed by a bear in November 1818 at Las Aromas rancho.

'1 Increase in population, 702 to 843; 575 in 1816. Baptisms, 710; largest number, 213 in 1820; smallest, 23 in 1814. Deaths, 543; largest number, 69 in 1819; smallest, 33 in 1817. Large stock, 6,175 to 11,700; horses, etc., 575 to 700; sheep, 9,720 to 9,530. Crops in 1810, 7,173 bushels; in 1820, and largest, 6,708; smallest, 894 in 1815. Average, 3,333 bushels, of which 2,200 wheat, yield 22 fold; 132 barley, 20 fold; 735 corn, 128 fold.

As a sample of statistics that have been enrrent I may note the statement by Cronise that San Juan had in 1820, 43,870 cattle, 6,230 horses, and 69,- 870 sheep! In January 1820 President Tapis reported that many Indians of the Tulares had come to San Juan asking for baptism. Taylor, in Cal. Farmer, March 21, 1862. July 30, 1817, P. Arroyo informs the governor that he is about to dye wool. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. 145.

42 Marcelino Marquinez was a native of Treviño, Vizcaya, Spain, born in May 1779, took the habit at Vitoria in November 1798, and came to the col- lege of San Fernando in 1804. He arrived in California in July 1810, served at San Luis Obispo from September of that year to November ISI1, and then at Santa Cruz until May 1817. As late as 1821 he was still living at the col- lege, and occasionally corresponded with Gov. Sola on the condition of public affairs. This friar was possessed of much ability in the management of temporal affairs, and had some skill in medicine; and he was, moreover, a sensible man, and witty in his methods of expression as shown in his letters to Sola. He was subject to attacks of colic, having on one occasion in 1816 taken the sacraments in expectation of death, and his ill-health was doubtless the cause of his retirement. Sarria, Informe del ex-Prefecto 1817, MS., 65-6; Marquinez, Cartas al Gobr. Sola, MS .; Autobiog. Autog., MS.

388

LOCAL ANNALS OF THE NORTH.

and that the friar, who for some time had been in poor health, unable to dress himself unaided, had died a natural death.43 About two years later suspicions were aroused; a new investigation was made, and it was ascertained that Quintana had been called from his room at night to visit a man said to be dying, and that while on his way he had been murdered in a diabolical way and replaced in his bed, the door of his room being carefully locked. Nine or ten neophytes were tried for the crime, and the case was sent to Mexico for final sentence. Respecting the discovery of the crime and the details of the trial there are no original records extant. 44

In the spring of 1816 the sentence came from Mexico, by which five of the culprits were condemned to receive two hundred lashes each and to work in chains from two to ten years. Two others of the accused had meanwhile died in prison, and one of the five, Lino, supposed to have been the leader, died in 1817 at Santa Bárbara where the convicts had been sent to serve out their time. Galindo states that only one survived the punishment.45 In the sentence it

43 Certificate of burial by P. Marquinez, who arrived from Monterey just after the ceremony, with a brief biographical sketch, in Sta Cruz, Lib. Mi- sion, MS .. 36-7; Vallejo, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., xxviii. 102. Oct. 13, 1812, comandante of S. Francisco to governor. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. 323. Oct 15th, Arrillaga to Estudillo, and to Argiiello. Prov. Rec., MS., xi. 221-2; xii. 223. Oct. 23d, Estudillo's report. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xliv. 21.

44 Vallejo, Hist. Cal., MS., ii. 12-14, says that a dying Indian at San Luis Obispo confessed that he was one of the murderers. Galindo, Apuntes, MS., 63-4, states that the revelation resulted from a quarrel between two women. Alvarado, Hist. Cal .. MS., i. 98-100, tells us that the majordomo Carlos Castro overheard some Indians talking about serving another padre in the same way. Amador, Memorias, MS., 77-8, says 16 Indians were accused, and taken to San Francisco by himself. The authors mentioned give many absurdly inaccurate details which it is unnecessary to reproduce; but Simp- son's Narr., 364-5, may be noticed as equally unfounded. He says that in 1823 Quintanes, priest at Sta Cruz, was brutally and fatally mutilated by an Indian whose wife the padre had seduced. The man according to the popu- lar rumor was carried off by the devil for his impiety, and it was long before the truth was known through the woman's confessions. The general facts about the murder are briefly stated, however, in a marginal note attached to the record in the mission-book already noticed, in a statement of the presi- dent on May 13, 1815. Arch. Sta B., MS., xii. 93-4, and in the Arch. Obis- pado, MS., 86.

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History of California, Volume II, Part 39

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe Publication date: 1885 Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers Number of Pages: 826

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 826