History of California, Volume II, Part 37

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 826

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Argüello's wife was Doña Ignacia Moraga, of Altar, a niece of Lient. José Joaquin Moraga, the founder of San Francisco, who came to California with her husband. Both were of pure Spanish blood, or believed to be so by the friars. Arch. Sta. B., MS., xii. 392-3. Their nine children were all born in California. The oldest was José Ignacio Máximo, baptized at San Gabriel on June 8, 1782, who was sent to Mexico to be educated for the priesthood. He came to California on a visit in 1809, and assisted at the dedication of the San Buenaventura church on Sept. 9th, also saying mass at San Gabriel.

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LOCAL ANNALS OF THE SOUTH.

cellent accountant, and withal a very popular man. If we consider his rise step by step from the ranks, his education was remarkably good. Both he and his wife took great pains with the home education of their sons, and the captain was very successful in pushing the three boys forward in the presidial com-

According to the will of Arrillaga, by which it appears that Padre Argüello owed the estate $500 borrowed on the aforesaid visit, he was at that time curate of Torin, on the Yaqui River, Sonora; and a report was current later that he had been killed in a rising of the Yaquis. S. Gabriel, Lib. Mision, MS., 16; S. Buenaventura, Lib. Mision, MS., 15, 18; Arrillaga, Testamento, MS., 14; Romero, Memorias, MS., 9. Of Luis Antonio, Santiago, and Gervasio, men more or less prominent in California history, I have more to say else- where, as also of Doña María de la Concepcion Marcela, the heroine of the Rezánof romance. The other four children were Francisco Rafael, Toribio de Jesus, Ana Paula, and Gertrudis Rudesinda, of whom I know nothing, save that Paula married a man named Obregon in Guadalajara, and that none of them seem to have remained in California. In consideration of his large family Argüello had apparently obtained in 1797 the Pilar tract of land near San Francisco for stock-raising. St. Pap., Miss., MS., i. 5, 83-4; Prov. Rec., MS., v. 103.

In Lower California the governor was far from being content, since in 1816 he complained bitterly in a letter to his old friend Guerra of his position as 'a veritable deception,' besides other sorrows not specified, which troubled him and his wife. Guerra, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., vi. 131. In 1819 he had an idea of applying for the cross of the Order of San Hermenegildo, to which his services entitled him, but was dissuaded by Sola on account of the expense involved. Prov. Rec., MS., x. 46. He got not a cent of his pay, and though governor, was forced to live and support his family on small sums borrowed from friends. Old age and ill-health were added to the troubles of poverty. He was anxious but unable to go to Mexico or California to spend the rest of his life. He formally resigned his office on June 26, 1821, intending to start the next month for Guaymas; but suddenly changed his mind and resolved to await the viceroy's action, though sickness obliged him to give up the duties of his office until October. In the spring of 1822 his house at Loreto was sacked and stripped of everything worth stealing by Cochrane's insur- gents. Finally in July or August he was relieved of his office by the imperial commissioner Canónigo Fernandez and sailed from Loreto Oct. 27, 1822, en route to join his son Gervasio at Guadalajara, though the state of his health made it uncertain if he would reach his destination alive. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. 290; Guerra, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., iv. 124, 128, 130-1; v. 216-19; vii. 73; Lassepas, B. Cal., 107. See also my Hist. North Mex. States, vol. i.

Not much is known of the venerable captain's last years, spent in poverty and sickness at Guadalajara. His complaints to Capt. Guerra were very bitter toward the Mexican government, which owed him $15,000, and would

not pay him anything to buy a uniform of the new style, paying no attention to his demands for a retiro. Some of his troubles were perhaps imaginary and the results of dotage, since for a part of the time at least he got $120 per month from some source. Guerra, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., vi. 96-7, 133-4, etc. He died at Guadalajara late in 1827 or early in 1828, at the age of 75 years. The widow wished to return to California with Guerra in 1828, but was decmed unable to attempt the journey. She died on April 12, 1829. In a letter of Jan. 30, 1829, the daughter María Concepcion alluded to some reports in California derogatory to her father's good name, begging Guerra to contra- dict such calumnies. She returned later to California.

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panies; but none of them ever equalled the father, except Don Luis in rank and perhaps in popularity. Don José was a pious man even for his time and country. Arrillaga used to refer to him familiarly as 'el santo;' and the padres regretted the departure of a man "who seemed like one of us." Old residents remember him as a tall stout man, very dark in complexion. Some of his descendants show the true Spanish type of face.

Argüello was succeeded in the command by Lieu- tenant José de la Guerra y Noriega who held it for twenty-four years. When the latter was promoted to be captain in 1818, Gabriel Moraga became lieu- tenant of the company instead of Ignacio Martinez, to whom the place belonged. By a strange error in Spain the companies of these two officers were trans- posed in their promotion, Martinez going to San Francisco.58 The office of habilitado was held some years by the commandant and others by the alférez, who was José Joaquin Maitorena throughout the dec- ade. Moraga was acting commandant during Guerra's absence in 1819-20. The company sergeants were three in number, Guillermo Cota, Carlos Carrillo, Juan Ortega until 1818, and Anastasio Carrillo after 1818. Santiago Argüello was cadet until 1817.

The presidial company numbered sixty-six men besides officers, with from thirty-one to twenty-seven invalids. Of the soldiers at least twenty-five were absent on escolta duty; but it is impossible to learn what part of the invalids lived at the presidio. The total white population of the district, including its own five missions and also San Gabriel, increased from four hundred and sixty to seven hundred and forty, a part of the increase being the forty-five men of Portilla's company, who under Lieutenant Fabregat and Alférez Delgado were added to the garrison in 1819.54 Add-

53 Yet the names and companies are correct in the announcement of pro- motion from Guadalajara, Dec. 11, 1817. Prov. St. Pap., xx. 194.

54 There were some complaints by Fabregat of slights from the officers of the presidial company. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xlvi. 13-18.

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LOCAL ANNALS OF THE SOUTH.

ing the population of Los Angeles, which was subject to the Santa Bárbara comandancia, we have a total of 1,355. The neophyte population of the same dis- trict had decreased from 6,500 to 6,400. Adding the figures for the San Diego jurisdiction and we have for what may be termed Southern California in 1820 a population of 1,800 gente de razon, and 11,600 neo- phytes.55 Financial statistics are naturally meagre, while those relating to agriculture and stock-raising are all together lacking. It appears, however, that in 1817 or 1818 the company established the rancho of San Julian as a source of meat supply for the soldiers. The padres granted the land provisionally, to be re- turned when the supplies should begin to come regu- larly; and it was stocked with the tithe cattle, about six hundred and fifty in number at the beginning. The undertaking was altogether successful.56

Some items of local interest at Santa Bárbara have been recorded in other chapters. Such were the few Indian expeditions made by the company; the capture of Ayres and the Mercury, and the presence of the otter-hunters at the Islands in 1813; the investiga- tion of the Pedler affair in 1814; some vague state- ments about the fate of the native islanders; the arrival of the Atala in 1815; the exciting episode of the Lydia and Albatross with the capture of Gyzelaar and Smith in the same year; the coming of Wilcox and the Traveler in 1817; the return of Gyzelaar the

55 July 6, 1816, Guerra to Sola, says there are 100 vecinos and 35 invalids in the district, including Los Angeles, capable of bearing arms. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. 112-13. List of 108 such persons in 1819. Id., Presid., i. 25. Finan- cial statistics: Pay-roll of the company from $18,000 to $20,000 per year, not paid of course. This presidio's share of the invoice of 1815-16, $12,222; that of 1820 not given. Invoices of goods on hand, except in 1814, from $1,000 to $2,000. Totals of habilitado's accounts $50,000 to $120,000. Supplies from missions, from $10,000 to $18,000 per year (doubtful). Postal revenue about $40; tobacco revenue in 1811-12, $1,724; tithes, $200 to $1,700; total of tithes 1786-1815, 89,827; papal bulls $108 to $150. For company rosters, official lists, and financial accounts for the decade see Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xlii .- lii. passim; St. Pap. Sac., MS., iii .- ix .; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. 362, 371; xx. 112-13, 227; Id., Presid., i. 25, 28-9; Prov. Rec., MS., x. 42-5; xi. 57; Guerra, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., ii. 149-50, 158, 190; v. 78.

56 Guerra, Doc. ITist. Cal., MS., iii. 96-7, 52-3; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx.

224. Gonzalez, Experiencias, MS., 13, calls the rancho Las Cañadas.

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SANTA BÁRBARA.

next year with a friendly warning; and the subse- quent stirring events of the Bouchard invasion in 1818, involving the destruction of the Ortegas' rancho and smuggling depot at El Refugio; and finally the hard times, chronic at Santa Bárbara as elsewhere throughout the decade.57 So I have spoken elsewhere of the earthquake shocks of December 1812 and the following months; but I append here correspondence and references on the subject.58 Additional items are few and of minor interest. A presidio chapel of wood with tile roof was finished in March 1813. In conse- quence of the damage by earthquake it was proposed to rebuild the presidio on a better site nearer the mission; but the records do not show that even a be- ginning was made. I have in my collection of origi- nal manuscripts, under date of 1814, a defence of two Indians accused of murder addressed to the royal au- diencia by Carlos Antonio Carrillo, the sargento dis- tinguido of the Santa Barbara Company. In 1816 Guerra reports that the presidio had no hospital, though a lady at the mission "applied some medicines for charity's sake." At the beginning of 1817 a pri- mary school for girls was opened under a female.

57 See chap. xi. xiii., this volume.

58 Dec. 31, 1812, Argüello to Arrillaga, almost daily shocks this month. Several buildings ruined and damaged at presidio and mission. Earth opened in several places, with sulphur volcanoes. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xliv. 12. Jan. 14, 1813, commandant to governor, speaks of shocks of Dec. 21st, still in operation. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. 361. March 6, 1813, Maitorena to Gov., the temblor has left him half in convulsions; sleeping in a tent; will start in April if fear will permit. Id., xix. 341. March 19th, Com. to Gov., all in huts and suffering from fear. The last shock was on March Sth. Several chapapote (asphaltum) springs formed in the mountains and tulares; gaps in the sierra; the shore volcano has more openings, and another is reported be- hind the Sierra de los Pinos. Sanchez said he fled in fright to San Luis. Id., xix. 339-40. Juan Lugo fled to Monterey frightened out of his wits. Vallejo, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., xxxvi. 287. Weather on the first day very fine; two heavy shocks at the beginning. Gonzalez, Exper., MS., 2-3. P. Gil said there was a huge earthquake wave at sea; the people all ran to the mission to chant litanies; a stick with a pendent ball was set up, and the ball vibrated continually for S days, and later at intervals for 15 days. Ord, Ocurrencias, MS., 56-7. Jan. 18, 1815, five shocks. Jan. 30th, more temblores. July Sth, 9th, six shocks. Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., iv. 264, 268-70. Announcement by Argüello with autograph. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. 110. Correspondence in 1813, about rebuilding the presidio on a higher site nearer the mission. Nothing seems to have been done, for in 1816 the bad condition of the build- ings is noted. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. 342, 361; Prov. Rec., MS., ix. 183; xi. 19.

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LOCAL ANNALS OF THE SOUTH.

In 1818 the custom of burying in the presidio ceme- tery had been abandoned, and the governor refused permission to inter there a child of Alférez Maitorena. In February 1819 Padre Sarria refers to a quarrel between mission and presidio about the possession of a piece of land; but he gives no details.59

At the mission of Santa Barbara Padre Gil y Ta- boada was succeeded by Ramon Olbés in 1813, and the latter by Francisco Suñer in 1816. Gil's associ- ate Marcos Amestoy retired in 1814,60 and after an apparent vacancy of nearly a year Antonio Ripoll took his place in July 1815. Under the ministers named this mission continued to decline in neophyte population, as also in cattle and horses; though in agriculture its success was somewhat greater than in the preceding decade.61 A new church was begun in 1815, notwithstanding the extensive repairs that had been made on the old building after the earth-

59 Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. 340; Carrillo, Pedimento de los Reos, 1814, MS .; Guerra, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., iii. 76, 103; iv. 11; Prov. Rec., MS., xi. 46; Arch. Sta B., MS., iii. 115-16; Prov. St. Pap. Ben. Mil,, MS., xlix. 15. 60 Marcos Amestoy left Guadalajara for California April 23, 1804, and ar- rived at San Francisco Aug. 14th. His only service was at Santa Bárbara from November 1804 to Sept. 22, 1814, when he sailed from Mexico, disabled by a paralyzed arm. Nov. 16th of the same year he was at Tepic greatly im- proved in health. He came to California under suspicion by reason of some indiscretion; but no subsequent complaint is recorded.

61 Decrease in population, 1,355 to 1,132. Baptisms, 947; largest number, 124, in 1816; smallest, 48, in 1811. Deaths, 918; largest number, 97, in 1816; smallest, 72, in 1820. Large stock, 5,670 to 4,620; horses, etc., 1,390 to 1,120; sheep, etc., 8,190 to 8,300. Crops in 1810, 3,900 bushels; in 1820, and small- est, 2,500; largest, 10,265 in 1817; average, 6,350 bushels. Among the mis- sion majordomos were Francisco García and José Dolores Ortega. Arch. Sta B., MS., ix. 490. Correspondence about cloth manufactured here, in which P. Ripoll was very successful in 1816, producing a better article than the Querétaro cloth. Arch. Arzob., MS., iii. pt. i., passim; Prov. Rec., MS., xi. 34-5; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. 109. In 1817 José Ortega made a report to Sola on the extent of the Santa Barbara mission lands in substance as fol- lows: Eastward to Refugio 9 or 10 leagues; froni N. to s. 1 to 3 leagues from the sierra to the sea, being narrowest at Las Llagas near Refugio. Five flow- ing streams: El Capitan, Las Llagas, Dos Pueblos, Tecolote, and Las Armas; with swamps at Mescaltitlan, etc. At first the sheep rancho was at El Capi- tan. Later P. Amestoy founded the rancho de San Marcos on the bank of the Calaguasa stream, extending up the stream from Teguepe. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. 177-8. 1818, many runaways, who, however, returned before an expedition was ready to go after them. Chap. xv. of this vol. 1819, very heavy rains. Guerra, Doc. Ilist. Cal., MS., v. 249.

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quake. In 1816 the stone-work was nearly completed. In 1817 Captain Wilcox in the Traveller made a trip to Santa Cruz Island for timber. In 1818 the edifice still lacked certain beams; but on the 10th of Septem- ber 1820 it was finally consecrated, the ministers be- ing aided by three companions from abroad who brought large bands of neophytes, Sola standing as sponsor, the commandant assisting with all the sol- diers and citizens, and the day being closed with mili- tary evolutions, Indian dances, and a banquet.62

The earthquake at San Buenaventura in 1812-13 drove the occupants away to San Joaquin y Santa Ana for three months. A jacal church was improvised and several baptisms and burials are recorded in the mission registers as having taken place here. When the people came back in March or April 1813 it was found that in addition to some serious cracks in the mission buildings the new church was so badly dam- aged that a part of the facade and all the tower would have to be torn down and rebuilt. In 1814 all damages save those of the church had been repaired; and in 1818 not only was all restored to a condition better than the original, but a chapel in honor of San Miguel had been added.63 The most exciting local event of the decade, not even excepting the earthquake, nor perhaps the temporary flight to Purísima Nueva to escape death at the hands of the pirates in 1818, was

62 Arch. Sta B., MS., v. 164, 181; vii. 19-23; x. 302, 516-17; xii. 113; St. Pap. Miss., MS., iv. 20; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. 166-8; Prov. Rec., MS., ix. 183; Gonzalez, Exper., MS., 3; Vischer's Missions of Cal., 36. The dedi- cation is described in the mission books by P. Suñer; and in the mission report of 1820 the church is described as 'of hewn stone and mortar, walls very strongly built with good buttresses, a tower of two stories holding six bells,a plaster ceiling frescoed, marbled columns, altar tables in Roman style, one of them with a pulpit. Image of Santa Bárbara in front in a niche sup- ported by six columns; and at the extremities of the triangle the three virtues, all four of the figures being of cut stone painted in oil. The floor of burnished bitumen. Various decorations in church and sacristy. All agreeable, strong, and neat.'

63 St. Pap. Miss., MS. iv. 24, 26; S. Buenaventura, Lib. Mision, MS., 16, 17, 19; Arch. Obispado, MS., 34-5; Arch. Sta B., MS., x. 302-3; xii. 90. All the work of rebuilding had been done by the neophytes under direction of the padres.

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LOCAL ANNALS OF THE SOUTH.

the fight with the Amajavas of the Colorado in May 1819, when two soldiers were killed and ten of the foe inside the mission enclosure; but these occurrences are elsewhere recorded.64

San Buenaventura reached its highest figure of population in 1816 with 1,328 neophytes, subsequently losing 200 of the number; deaths having exceeded baptisms by over 170. Though losing several thou- sand head of cattle, this mission still stood first, show- ing a gain in sheep, and making a somewhat favorable showing in agriculture.65 The government owed San Buenaventura in June 1820, $27,385 for supplies, $6,200 in stipends, and $1,585 for a cargo of hemp, or a total of $35,170, which there was not the slightest chance of ever receiving. 66 The ministers were José Francisco de Paula Señan, president in 1812-15, and Marcos Antonio de Vitoria, though the latter was absent in 1818-19.

At Purísima, Father Mariano Payeras, president from 1815, served throughout the decade; but in the associates there were frequent changes. Boscana left the mission at the end of 1811; Estevan Tapis, presi- dent until 1812, served in 1811-13; Antonio Ripoll in 1812-15; Luis Gil in 1815-17; Roman Ullibarri in 1818-19; and José Sanchez in 1820-1. The popula- tion dwindled rapidly, the death-rate being fifty-three per cent of population and baptisms; but in live-stock Purísima was among the most prosperous of missions.67

64 See chap. xi. xv. this vol. There was an Indian murder case in 1817. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., 1. 445-8.

63 Deerease in population, 1,297 to 1,127. Baptisms, 713; largest number, 223 in 1816; smallest, 33 in 1819. Deaths, 880; largest number, 121 in 1818; smallest, 70 in 1819. Large stock, 21,221 to 18,741; horses, etc., 3,276 to 3,451; sheep, etc., 8,543 to 10,730. Crop of 1810, 7,275 bushels; of 1820, 7,437; largest, 12,135, in 1818; smallest, 6,660, in 1819; average, 9,340 bushels.

66 S. Buenaventura, Suministraciones al Presidio hasta 1820, MS. Signed by Señan and Vitoria.

67 Decrease in population, 1,022 to 840. Baptisms, 551; largest number, 115 in 1815; smallest, 23 in 1820. Deaths, 743; largest number, 93 in 1815; smallest, 41 in 1812. Gain in large stock, 10,015 to 11,061; horses, etc., 1,215 to 1,543; sheep, etc., 10,042 to 12,716. Crops in 1810, 5,970 bushels; in 1820,

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PURÍSIMA CONCEPCION.

The earthquake of December 21, 1812, destroyed the church, many of the mission buildings, and 100 neophytes' houses of adobe; and subsequent floods, caused by the rains and the bursting of a fountain, completed the devastation, so that very few buildings were worth repairing even for temporary use.63 Huts of wood and grass were hastily erected for shelter and religious service; and in March 1813 the padres peti- tioned the president for permission to rebuild the mis- sion, not at the old site, but at another across the river at Los Berros, or Amun, the advantages of which were apparent, and were fully enumerated. The request was granted, and the transfer effected; but of progress in erecting the new buildings little or nothing is known,e9 though church, houses, and an

and smallest, 3,790; largest, 12,000 in 1813; average, 6,530 bushels. Dec. 1816, Jan. 1817, no rains; prospect of a drought; sheep dying by hundreds. But a little later it rained and snowed abundantly. Guerra, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., v. 24-6. Feb. 16, 1819, P. Ripoll asks governor that some Kodiaks be allowed to join the neophytes of Purísima as they desired. Arch. Arzob., MS., iii. pt. ii. 61-2. Purísima produced in 1819 500 botas of tallow of seven or eight arrobas (200 Ibs.) each. Arch. Sta B., MS., iii. 163-4, In Jan .- Feb). 1516, some measurements were made by the padres showing the distance from Purísima to Sta Ines to be 62 leagues and 619 varas; and to San Luis Obispo by way of La Graciosa, 18 leagues less 250 varas, and by way of San Antonio rancho, 19 leagues and 550 varas; to San Antonio rancho by way of the garden of Mateo, 3 lcagues and 3,400 varas. Arch. Obispado, MS., 75.

68 Dec. 22, 1812, Payeras to President. There were several light shocks on Dec. Sth, doing little damage. On Dec. 21st, at 10:30 A. M., a severe shaking for four minutes, doing much harm, with a light shock while the padres were making an examination. Just before 11 another furious temblor of five or seven minutes, and the church fell. Five or six light shocks in the evening and others next morning. The earth opened in several places, emit- ting water and black sand. Several wounded, but none killed. Arch. Sta B., MS., vi. 184-5. Dec. 31, 1812, report of Payeras and Ripoll, stating extent of damages. St. Pap. Miss., MS., iv. 18-19; Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xliv. 12. Trask, Earthquakes in Cal., 132-3, erroneously states that a num- ber of lives were lost.

69 Purísima, Peticion de los Padres sobre Traslado de la Mision, con otros Papeles, 1813, MS. The old site is called Lalsacupi, and the distance 1} leagues, 'and the same distance back again'! Lasuen had been informed of the inconvenience of the old site, but had insisted. The name of the new site may be Amúu. Purísima, Lib. Mission, MS., 3; Salsacupi, Arch. Arzob., MS., ii. 89. Governor's consent to the change March 16th-30th. Prov. Rec., MS., xii. 104-5. Aid sent from Sta Bárbara, April. Proc. St. Pap., MS., xix. 343. Old site Alsacupi, on south side of Rio de Sta Rosa, or San Ve- rardo; new site Los Berros Cañada, or Amun, & 1. away, on north side of the river, 2,300 varas further east than old site, on the road from Sta Ines to San Luis, 1 1. nearer Sta Ines, and 12 1. nearer S. Luis. St. Pap. Miss., MS., iv. 27-8. Change effected in two years. Prov. Rer., MS., ix. 183. Romero, Memorias, MS., 1, calls the old site Lompoc, and the new Las Flores.

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LOCAL ANNALS OF THE SOUTH.

irrigating canal are said to have been completed in two years. The church was a provisional affair, and a new one of adobes and tiles was finished in November 1818. That same year, the 29th of September, nearly all the neophytes' houses were destroyed by fire, and it required a year to repair the damages.70

The earthquake of December 21, 1812, two shocks fifteen minutes apart, brought down a corner of the church at Santa Inés, destroyed one fourth of the new houses near the church, ruined all the mission roofs, and cracked many walls; but the friars did not deem the damage irreparable.71 In 1813 the ministers' house was completed, and a granary was built which served temporarily for worship; but in 1815 a new church was begun, of adobes lined with bricks, which was dedicated on July 4, 1817.72 The neophyte pop- ulation reached its highest limit of 768 souls in 1816, from which time it steadily declined. The mission flocks and herds doubled in the decade, while agri- culture flourished in the new fields.73 Father Uría was in charge of Santa Inés continuously ; but his associate, Calzada, one of the founders, died in 1814,7

70 Payeras, Informe Bienal, 1817-18, MS., 302; Arch. Arzob., MS., iii. pt. ii. 22; Guerra, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., vii. 44-7.

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History of California, Volume II, Part 37

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe Publication date: 1885 Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers Number of Pages: 826

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 826