History of California, Volume II, Part 58

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 826

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1827. Alcalde, Guillermo Cota; regidores, Vicente Villa and Desiderio Ibarra; secretary, Francisco Morales. The last named official on petition of 5 persons was removed from office in September for incompetency, revealing confidential business, losing papers, etc. Leg. Rec., MS., i. 80-1; Dept. St. Pap., MS., iii. 17; Id., Ben. Mil., Ixi. i. Vicente Sanchez was elector de partido for the February election. On May 25th the ilustre ayuntamiento issued a series of resolutions on police regulations for the preservation of morality and good order. All offenders against the Roman apostolic religion were to be punished with the utmost severity. Failing to enter church, enter- ing disrespectfully, lounging at the church door, standing at the corners or remaining on horseback when processions were out, were all to be punished, first with fines, and then with imprisonment. Purchasing articles of ser- vants, idleness and vagrancy, swindling, gambling, prostitution, scandalous assemblages, obscenity, and blasphemy, also riding at speed in the streets at unusual hours or without lawful cause, were among the evils which it was proposed to exterminate. Los Angeles, Reglamento de Policia formado por el Ayuntamiento, 1827, MS.

1828. Alcalde, José Antonio Carrillo; regidor, Desiderio Ibarra; secretary, José Palomares. Manuel Domniguez was elector de partido for the Septem- ber election. March 30th, Echeandía says that for the coming year two more regidores are to be chosen. Dept. Rec., MS., vi. 197. Alcalde Carrillo accused of having opened letters of President Sanchez with a view to impli- cate him in smuggling. He was ordered by the governor to explain. Dept. Rec., MS., vi. 79-80. Five dollars per month added to the salary of the sec- retary. Id., vi. 130. Municipal receipts for the year, $859; expenditures, $703. Dept. St. Pap., MS., ii. 76. Body of Bermudes found at Sta Gertrudis. Id.,

561

MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS.

tiamen of the pueblo clung to their fuero militar, and Captain de la Guerra, with the governor's approval, appointed Sergeant Guillermo Cota to have jurisdic- tion over those persons in criminal matters only, in fact with very much the same authority as the old comisionados. The alcalde and ayuntamiento declined to recognize Cota's authority or any military authority whatever over the citizens of the free town of Angels; but a sharp reprimand from the governor would seem to have calmed for a time the alcalde's republican zeal. In 1825, however, under another alcalde, the dispute came up again, when the commandant at Santa Bar- bara reappointed Cota, or perhaps Anastasio Carrillo. Again the citizens protested against having any mili- tary authority in their midst; and Guerra defended the fuero militar. The last we hear of the matter, Argüello decided in July to leave all questions per- taining to the civil administration of the pueblo to his successor then daily expected. Perhaps the subsequent choice of Cota as alcalde was a kind of compromise.

The pueblo church was at last finished, perhaps in 1822 or 1823, but certainly not in 1821 as has been represented.4 In the autumn of 1821 work had been for some time suspended. The missions had contrib-

Prof. y Juzg., i. 45. Man fined $5 for attempt to stab a vagrant. Dept. Rec., MS., vi. 1SS. Adultery case. Id., vi. 55; Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., lxvii. 1.

1829. Alcalde, Guillermo Cota; regidor, Dominguez; síndico, Francisco Morales; secretary, José Palomares. Aug. 7th, S. Gabriel and S. Fernando again joined to Angeles for the election of a diputado. Dept. Rec., MS., vii. 213. June, José Antonio Carrillo fined $5 for returning from San Diego with- ont having his passport properly signed. Coronel, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., 7-S. Debt of ayuntamiento, Dec. 31st, $49; tax on wine and brandy retailed, $339; fines, $158; expenditures, $642. The síndico obtained three per cent on the liquor tax. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., Ixix. 27. At an election held in December, Vicente Sanchez and Regidor Sanchez called each other hard names and made threatening gestures. Sanchez was put in prison. Id., lxxii. 24-3; Dept. St. Pap., Ben., MIS., v. 46-63.

1830. Alcalde, Tiburcio Tapia; regidor, Juan B. Alvarado; secretary, José Palomares. José A. Carrillo was elector de partido for the October election. Aug. 16th, Vicente Sanchez to Echeandía declares the last election void, the candidates being vagabonds, drunkards, and worse. Dept. St. Pap., MS., iii. 17-18. Record of election for diputado. Los Angeles, Ayunt. Record, MS., 6. Receipts by the treasurer for the year, $532; expenses, $429. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., Ixxii. 8-9.

+ Los Angeles Ilistory, 49.

HIST. CAL., VOL. II. 36

562

SANTA BÁRBARA DISTRICT."

uted brandy, which the citizens, besides furnishing timber, had promptly converted into money, some of them drinking immense quantities in their zeal for the spiritual welfare of the town. Now the funds were exhausted, and $2,000 were needed. In this emergency Padre Payeras made a new and most earnest appeal to the different missions to contribute cattle, laborers, anything, for the completion of the edifice as a monu- nient of missionary zeal in the cause of God and St Francis. His plan was to have work begun imme- diately and to have both church and a priest's house completed in about a year, the fiesta of Our Lady of the Angels being postponed so as to coincide with the dedication, an occasion which was to be celebrated with extraordinary ceremony. The friars seem to have responded liberally. Governor Sola contributed his mite, and even the citizens of Los Angeles seem to have taken a little interest in the matter, so that the church was completed as planned, and was formally dedicated December 8, 1822.6 It elsewhere appears that Captain Fitch in 1830 was condemned as a penance to furnish the church with a bell.

5 His appeal is dated Nov. 5th, and he proposes that Ramirez with a few neophytes begin to prepare timber, etc., 'next November,' while in the 'coming April or May' enough Indians will come to finish the work by Sep- tember. I have no doubt, however, that the 'next November' is a slip of the pen for December. The priest's house was already far advanced.

June 22, 1821, José Antonio Carrillo petitioned the comisionado fora house- lot, 'near the new temple which is being built for the benefit of our Holy Religion.' The lot, 40 x 60 varas, was granted next day. Los Angeles, Arch., MS., i. 1. Judge Hayes in a note adds that this is the only grant of a lot extant between 1781 and 1836, and that the lot was that on which the Pico House now stands.

6 Payeras, Memorial a los PP. sobre Nueva Iglesia en el Pueblo de Los Angeles, 1821, MS. S. Miguel offered 500 cattle; S. Luis Obispo, 200 cattle; Sta Bárbara, 1 bbl. brandy; S. Diego, 2 bbls. white wine; Purísima, 6 mules and 200 cattle; S. Fernando, 1 bbl. brandy; S. Gabriel, 2 bbls. brandy; S. Buenaventura would try to make up deficits, or supply church furniture, etc. I have an original record of the dedication on Dec. Sth; but have lost the reference. Guerra was chosen by the ayuntamiento as padrino. Dec. 6th, Gov. Sola offers to give something. Arch. Sta B., xi. 439. In April, 1823, which indicates that the work had been done partly on credit, the alcalde called on Guerra for aid to drive in the cattle contributed by the different missions. Guerra, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., vi. 157-8.

In the beginning of 1821 the municipal authorities sent a petition to the prefect that P. Luis Gil de Taboada be sent as pastor to Los Angeles; but Payeras replied that the ill health of Gil would render it impossible. Arch. Arzob., MS., iv. pt. i. 37-40; Prov. Rec., MS., xi. 61.

563

LOS ANGELES.

On April 30, 1815, the citizens of Los Angeles through their local authorities ratified the federal constitution of the Mexican Republic.7 It was prob- ably in the same month that occurred the great flood which turned the Los Angeles River into a new chan- nel-its present one so far as the vicinity of the city is concerned-eastward of its original course. Con- siderable damage was also done to gardens and farms, and cattle are said to have perished in large numbers.8 In the autumn of 1827 Duhaut-Cilly visited the pue- blo, which from its inland situation was but rarely seen by foreign visitors in the early times. He found eighty-two houses, with well cultivated gardens on the alluvial lands, and noted the inability of the alcalde to preserve order or protect individual rights in property. There was an earthquake on or about the 23d of September.9 It was also in 1827 that Juan

7 See Hist. Cal., chap. i. vol. iii. this series.

8 'In 1825 the rivers of this county were so'swollen that their beds, their banks, and the adjoining lands were greatly changed. At the date of the settlement of Los Angeles city, a large portion of the country, from the cen- tral part of the city to the tide-water of the sea, through and over which the Los Angeles River now finds its way to the ocean, was largely covered with a forest, interspersed with tracts of marsh. From that time till 1825 it was seldom, if in any year, that the river discharged its waters into the sea, even during the rainy season. Instead of having a river-way to the sea, the waters spread over the country, forming lakes, ponds, and marshes. No channel existed till the flood of 1825, which by cutting a river-way to tide-water drained the marsh land and caused the forest to disappear. From 1825 to January 1867 the San Gabriel and Los Angeles River united at a point north- erly from the dwelling-house on the Cerritos rancho, and flowing past the house on the west, emptied into the S. Pedro estuary south-west of that house.' The flood of 1832 changed the drainage in the S. Pedro region, caus- ing some lakes to disappear; and the S. Gabriel River cut a new channel in 1867. Los Angeles History, 10. Luis Vignes told Hayes in 1850 that he by the use of brush-wood, etc., had turned the river still farther east than the flood of 1825 had left it, and thus reclaimed the land on which his willow grove stood. Hayes' Emig. Notes, MS., 46. See Los Angeles Express, March 8, 1872. José del Cármen Lugo, Vida de Ranchero, MS., 9-12, describes the flood of 1825, which came in the night, and forced all the people in town to take refuge on the hill. He says the river cut its way through his father's rancho of S. Antonio, carrying away house, vineyard, corral, and spoiling all the fields. He tells us also that the flood introduced mustard which had not been troublesome in that region before.

9 'It was 8 o'clock in the evening, when we were taking tea with Don José Carrillo, our host, and his family, the earth suddenly shook. Their first movement was to rush into the court, and I with them. But all at once it occurred to me that the son of Carrillo, S years old, was asleep in the room and I ran to get him. I had carried him to his parents before they had thought of their neglect.' 'The chief crops are corn and grapes. Vines flour-

564

SANTA BÁRBARA DISTRICT.

Bandini introduced in the diputacion his proposition to make the pueblo a city and capital of Alta Califor- nia under the name of Villa Victoria de la Reina de los Angeles. He seems even to have obtained the approval of the legislators and governor, for the propo- sition is said to have been submitted to the national government; but that was the end of the scheme for a long time.10

San Pedro was the port of Los Angeles in early as in later times, though the commercial connection was more important with San Gabriel. This port was considered as of more importance than the other minor embarcaderos, and was kept open to foreign trade when they were closed.11 Few trading vessels came to the coast without touching at San Pedro. There were no buildings at the landing, or at least nobody lived nearer than the Dominguez rancho, several leagues on . the way to the pueblo.12 The smuggling adventures of Briones and other citizens of the town with an American schooner in 1821 are elsewhere noticed, as also the charges against Padre Sanchez of smuggling operations in connection with Captain Lawlor in 1828. In 1830 the Danube was wrecked at San Pedro.

ish very well, but the wine and brandy are very inferior to the exquisite flavor of the grape, and I am of the opinion that this inferiority is to be attributed rather to the manner of making the wine than to the quality of the soil.' He mentions an almost continuous forest of mustard higher than the horses' heads on the way from S. Pedro. Duhaut-Cilly, Viaggio, ii. 96-107. Pattie's statement about Angeles should by no means be omitted. 'The houses have flat roofs covered with bituminous pitch, brought from a place within 4 miles of the town, where this article boils up from the earth. As the liquid rises, hollow bubbles like a shell of a large size are formed. When they burst the noise is heard distinctly in the town. The large pieces thus separated are laid on the roof, previously covered with earth through which the pitch can not penetrate when it is rendered liquid again by the heat of the sun'! Narra- tive, 214-15.

10 See Hist. Cal., chap. ii. vol. iii. this series; Leg. Rec., MS., i. 54-5; Dept. St. Pap., MS., ii. 44. In 1823 a school-master was to be appointed by the ayuntamiento at a suitable salary. Dept. St. Pap., S. José, MS., iv. 5-6. Luciano Valdés held the position in 1828; and had Joaquin Botiller as an as- sociate in 1830. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., Ixvii. 3; Ixxii. 10.

11 See Hist. Cal., chap. v. of vol. iii. this series.

12 Duhaut-Cilly, Viaggio, i. 288-90; ii. 18.

565

RANCHOS.

I have found no definite contemporary record of any increase in the number of private ranchos in this district during the decade, but it appears that a grant of La Brea was made in 1828 to José Antonio Rocha,13 and also that of San Antonio to Antonio María Lugo.14 There is also a record that Las Ciénegas was granted to Francisco Avila in 1823.15

A report of 1830 names the following five as within the jurisdiction of Los Angeles: San Pedro, Santa Gertrudis, Santa Ana, San Rafael, and San José do Gracia y Simí;16 and we have seen that these ranchos had a population de razon of two hundred and forty souls. San Pedro was in 1822 declared by Sola to belong to Sergeant Cristóbal Dominguez as heir of the original grantee, and Dolores Sepúlveda was obliged to remove his cattle.17 Santa Gertrudis, or Los Nietos, was the residence of several men who with their families and servants formed quite a little settlement ruled by an alcalde auxiliar. There was some trouble with intruders in 1828, which caused tes- timony to be taken respecting the grant and its limits. A part of the rancho was occupied at this time by the mission with the consent of the owners.18 An- tonio Yorba was alcalde of his own rancho of Santa Ana. It was on the river of the same name, and the adjoining land farther down the stream was occupied

13 Jan. 6, 1828, according to Cal. Land Com., No. 477; April Sth, ac- cording to Briefs, Rocha vs. Hancock (no. 5331). By the table in Hoffman's Rept :. , the claim was rejected by the commission and by the district court; but according to U. S. Sup. Court Repts., 9 Wall. 639, it was finally con- firmed.

14 Register of Brands, MS., 43; Lugo, Vida, MS., 9-12, 79; Cal. Land Com., No. 308. It was claimed that the grant was made in 1810 by José Argüello and confirmed April 1, 1823 by Luis Arguello.

15 Cal. Land Com., No. 372. As Micheltorena's name is mentioned with that of Guerra y Noriega, there may be a misprint of 1823 for 1843.

16 St. Pap., Miss., MS., v. 39.

17 Register of Brands, MS., 35. S. Pedro is described as 6 1. from S. Ga- briel. Id., 43. The grant to Dominguez in 1822 in Cal. Land Com., No. 396, 480.

18 Dept. St. Pap., Pref. y Juzg., MS., vi. 24-8, 54; Guerra, Doc. Ilist. Cal., MS., iii. 27; Dept. Rec., MS., vii. 113; Register of Brands, MS., 43. José Nieto. Bernardo Higuera, and Juan Perez are named in connection with Sta Gertrudis.

566

SANTA BÁRBARA DISTRICT.

by the mission San Juan Capistrano.19 San Rafael, or the Verdugo rancho, is merely mentioned as being a league and a half from San Gabriel and a boundary of San Fernando.20 In 1821 Sola seems in a manner to have confirmed the grant of Simi to Patricio, Javier, and Miguel Pico; but in 1829 other persons desired to occupy a part of the lands which it was claimed Rafael Pico could not make use of, and Echeandía ordered Pico to appear and make a report. In 1828 the rancho had 250 cattle, 80 horses, 24 goats, a house, and 1,500 vines.21

According to a mission report of 1828 there were two ranchos down the river between San Gabriel and San Pedro; one occupied by the widow Sotelo, and the other that of Antonio Maria Lugo already men- tioned. The tract called Sauzal Redondo was tem- porarily granted by the commandant of Santa Bárbara in 1822 to Antonio Ignacio Avila, the land apparently belonging to the pueblo.22 In 1821-2 Guerra tried to obtain for himself the ranchos of Piru and Sespe, but unsuccessfully, by reason of protests from the padres of San Fernando and San Buenaventura.23 Accordingly the captain in October 1822 asked for and obtained that part of the Conejo rancho, now dignified with the name Nuestra Señora de Altagra- cia, which had been granted in Arrillaga's time to José Polanco, but which had been abandoned. The rest of the rancho belonged to the heirs of Ignacio Rodriguez.24

19 Register of Brands, MS., 41-2; Dept. St. Pap., Pref. y Juzg., MS. vi. 54.

20 Register of Brands, 29, 43. San Vicente and Maligó are named as bounds of S. Fernando mission lands.

21 Dept. Rec., MS., vii. 159; Dept. St. Pap., Pref. y. Juzg., MS., i. 1; Reg- ister of Brands, MS., 33.

22 Register of Brands, MS., 35.

23 Arch. Arzob., MS., iv. pt. i. 61-2; Prov. Rec., MS., xi. 70-I. He also tried to get Secpe.

2ª Register of Brands, MS., 30-1; Dept. St. Pap., MS., ii. 49, with a description in 1827. It extended from Agua Amarga on the east to the Cuesta de la Mojonera on the west; and from Simi Pass on the south to Maligo Hill on the north. Sta Mónica is mentioned as a rancho adjoining Conejo. In Register of Brands, MS., 31-2, is a description of Antonio Maria Ortega's

567

SAN GABRIEL.

At San Gabriel Padre José María Zalvidea served till March 1826, when, very much against his wishes, he was transferred to San Juan Capistrano and Gero- nimo Boscana came to take his place. Joaquin Pas- cual Nuez, Zalvidea's associate, died on December 30, 1821,25 and was succeeded by José Sanchez, who be- came president of the California missions in 1827, but who continued to reside here. The mission reache.l its largest population since 1817 with 1,644 neo- phytes in 1824, but for the whole decade there was a falling-off of about 300, and a change to fourth rank in the list of missions. In large live-stock San Ga- briel stood second in the list, having reached the max- imum of over 28,000 in 1829; in sheep it stood third, but had gained largely in both classes. Its average of agricultural products was exceeded by that of San Luis Rey and was considerably less than for the pre- ceding decade; but its crop of 1821 was the largest ever raised by any mission. 26

rancho of Refugio. It extended . and s. from Cañada del Cojo 6 1. to Cerro de la Vigía, between the summit of the sierra and the sca.

25 Joaquin Pascual Nuez was born Feb. 20, 1785 at Luco, Vale of Daroca, Spain; took the habit of St Francis in the convent at Calatayud, Sept. 2.1, 1800; sailed from Cádiz March 20, 1810; arrived at the college of San Fer- nando June 20th; and was ordered to California July 1, IS11. His journey was impeded by the insurrection and he was detained several months at Acapulco by a pestilence; but arrived in Lower California in April, and at his destina- tion in July 1812. He served at San Fernando from August of that year until March 1814, and at San Gabriel during the rest of his life. In person Nuez was tall, slender, and fair-skinned. He was a good man, loved by all; and though young he was regarded by his prelate as a missionary of more than ordinary ability and promise. His activity was notable in his frequent pastoral visits to the pueblo and ranchos. In his last years his piety verged upon asceticism, and he expressed a strong desire to pass the rest of his days as a recluse. His illness lasted 24 days; he received all the sacraments; and was buried in the mission church on Dec. 31, 1821. Certificate of Oliva, in S. Gabriel, Lib. Mision, MS., 37-8; Sarria, Informe, 1817, sobre Frailes, MS., 44-5, 125; St. Pap., Sac., MS., xviii. i; Arch. Misiones, MIS., i. 404, 486; Arch. Sta B., MS., x. 431; Guerra, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., i. 242-3; Perez, Recuerdos, MIS., 26; autograph in S. Antonio, Papeles Sueltos, MIS., 58, 62, 66-7. Senan in one record gives the date of his death as Dec. 26th.

26 Statistics of S. Gabriel 1821-30: Decrease in population, 1,636 to 1,352; highest number, 1,644 in 1824. Baptisms, 800; largest number, 162 in 1823; smallest, 38 in 1827. Deaths, 1,027; largest number, 165 in 1827; smallest, 51 in 1830. Increase in large stock, 15,981 to 25,725; horses and mules, 981 to 2,225; sheep, 12,448 to 14,650. Largest crop, 29,400 bushels in 1821; smallest, 2,250 in 1829; average, 8,125, of which 4,252 wheat, yichd 9 fold; barley, 39, 8 fold; corn, 3.168, 200 fold; and beans, 567, 66 fold. The white population has been set down in my general estimate as 140, as derived from

568

SANTA BÁRBARA DISTRICT.

Respecting the mission buildings we have nothing definite for this period but the statement of a French visitor in 1827, that the edifices were much inferior to those of San Luis Rey; that ."the church had been ruined two years before by an earthquake, and they were at work building another." Very strangely there is no other record either of the earthquake of 1825, or of a new church at this mission; we have seen, however, that some damage had been done to the building in 1812.27 Events at San Gabriel, recorded in other chapters, are the arrival and arrest of one hundred and fifty Indians who came under an Opata chief in 1822 and were sent back to the Colorado, the arrival of Captain Romero from Sonora in 1823 and

different official reports. In 1822 there were 64 white persons connected with the mission, besides the troops and their families, or 111 in all. Misi- ones, Cuaderno de Estados, 1822, MS., 236. Bandini, Hist. Cal., MS., 77, talks of 80,000 cattle; Robinson, Statement, MS., 7, of 120,000. It has been the custom in current newspaper articles to grossly exaggerate the wealth and prosperity of this mission, though doubtless under the care of Zalvidea it was most prosperous and most systematically managed. Claudio Lopez is named as majordomo, and Zalvidea's most effective and famous assistant. Taylor, in Cal. Farmer, Feb. 1, 1861. In 1824 the crop of grain was spoiled in the fields after harvest by rains. Arch. Arzob., MS., iv. pt. ii. 122.

For local names of rancherías, etc., see Sanchez' expedition of 1821. Some 10 or 12 1. east of S. Bernardino were the Capullas Indians, then the Topa- muña, then the Artidanes near the Colorado. The mission lands extend, 1822, south, 3 1. to Sta Gertrudis; south-west, 6 1. to S. Pedro; west, 1.5 1., including Los Coyotes and Cañada Verde granted in 1819; north, 2 1. to Sierra de San Gabriel de Verdugo separating it from S. Fernando; eastward, 7 to 9 1. to Guapa or indefinitely into the mountains and toward the Colorado, including the pagan settlement of S. Bernardino, 15 1. N. E. Misiones, Cua- derno de Estados, 1822, MS., 235, 267-70, 1823. Complaints that Argüello had granted mission lands to individuals. Dept. Rec., MS., i. 36-8. In a report of 1828 there are named as mission ranchos, La Puente, Sta Ana (?), Jurupa, S. Bernardino, S. Timoteo, S. Gorgonio, 4 sitios on the Rio S. Gabriel, and also lands between the pueblo and S. Rafael. Prov. St. Pap., Presid., MS., i. 97. In the report of 1828 in Register of Brands, MS., 42-3, the padre complains that Lugo's rancho had been granted without consulting the mis- sion, and states that all the banks of the Rio S. Gabriel, Cañada Verde, and Los Coyotes was granted to the mission in 1815. It says further that the mission occupies by permission of the owner Los Cerritos and Las Bolsas of the Rancho Sta Gertrudis, and that the lands extend some 20 leagues by the canon towards the Colorado, past La Puente 4 1., Sta Ana, 10 1., Jorupet (Jurupa), 15 1., S. Bernardino, 20 1., and S. Gorgonio, 27 1. Locality of S. Gabriel called Guachana by the Indians. Hayes' Miscellany, MS., 133.

27 Duhaut-Cilly, Viaggio, ii. 204. Sept. 25, 1821, governor orders that the 'pilot prisoner' (José Chapman) be sent to build a mill at S. Gabriel like that he had built at Sta Ines. Prov. Rec., MS., xi. 67. The same year there was a proposition to build a wall round the mission as a defence against Indians. Id., xi. 61.

569

SAN FERNANDO.

his efforts during several years to return, Jedediah Smith's visit, with his trappers in 1826-7, an accusa- tion of smuggling made against Father Sanchez in 1828, and the interesting imprisonment and ecclesias- tical trial of Captain Fitch and wife in 1830.28

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History of California, Volume II, Part 58

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe Publication date: 1885 Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers Number of Pages: 826

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 826