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534
EVENTS OF ARGÜELLO'S RULE-1824.
9th and 11th at Buenavista Lake, and at or near San Emigdio. Sergeant Carlos Carrillo commanded at the latter fight, killing four Indians, recovering thirteen horses, and having three civilians of his force wounded. In the other battle of five hours Fabregat lost not a man killed or wounded; but the army retreated to Santa Bárbara. The governor thanked the troops for their bravery, though he could not quite comprehend the retreat; but it seems that a storm of wind and dust had prevented more effective operations.43
Argüello immediately set about the organization of a new expedition to the Tulares, the preparations for which were completed by the end of May.50 The com- mand was given to Captain Portilla, some slight blame being imputed to Guerra for his past management. The subordinate commanders were Lieutenant Valle, of the forces sent from Monterey, fifty in number, and Lieutenant Ibarra of the southern troops. The whole force was about 130. Padre Ripoll was asked to serve as chaplain, but at first declined, declaring that he would rather die than be present at the hor- rors that were to be committed. This padre carried
49 Record of the fights. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., liv. 3; Guerra, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., iv. 153, 157-8. The wind and dust are mentioned by Ripoll, Levantamiento de Indios, MS., and by Gonzalez, Experiencias, MS., 23. Ripoll was asked to goas chaplain but refused. He says that an Indian taken at S. Emigdio was killed to save the trouble of guarding him; also that two men, one of them an American, were killed at the same place by gentiles, aided by only one Christian. Mrs Ord, Ocurrencias, MS., 13-14, says the American's Christian name was Daniel. Lugo, Vida, MS., 6-8, tells us that the brothers Dominguez were struck by arrows while the force was marching through the Cajon de Uvas; he also notes a song composed by a San Diego soldier for the occasion, beginning:
' El Sargento Don Cárlos Por la Trinidad Se vistió de guerra Con mucha crueldad.'
and so on, a verse for each soldier.
5v April 15th, Arguello to Guerra and Portilla. Guerra, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., iv. 153-5; Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., liv. 3. Orders of various dates to Portilla and Valle. Dept. Rec., MS., i. 143-52. June 11th, Argüello to minister of war before the result of Portilla's campaign was known. Id., i. 221. June Ist, several Indians who had been in the Tulares were examined as to what they saw there, and testified that the refugees had plenty of cattle but had drank all their liquor; that the married and unmarried were living together; and that they spent their time in gambling without prayer. Guerra, Doc. Ilist. Cal., MS., vii. 142-50.
535
END OF THE REVOLT.
his humanity in the affair to the verge of childish weakness. The Indians had not harmed the friars, and had committed no sacrilege in the church, and Ripoll's head had room for no other ideas. Sarria at last determined to go in person, and Ripoll went also. He also deplored the martial and destructive ideas that were prevalent, begged that pacific measures might be used so far as possible, and finally induced Argüello to grant an indulto, or general pardon, for all past rebellion, which he forwarded in advance to the Tulares, with a letter of his own the 16th of May.51
Portilla marched the 2d of June from Santa Bar- bara and Valle from San Miguel, the two divisions uniting the 8th far out in the plain of the Tulares, at San Emigdio.52 The fugitives were encamped near this place, heartily repentant, as they said, and will- ing to return to mission life, but timid and apprehen- sive of punishment if they should give up their weapons. All was thought to be settled on June 11th, but unfavorable rumors circulated by gentiles and distrustful neophytes caused additional delays; and it was not until the 16th that the army started to return, the rebel chief Andres being left behind to collect and bring in some forty refugees who had not yet been found. The pardon seems to have been
51 May 7th, Ripoll to Sarria; April 30th, May 10th, 14th, 18th, 27th, June 3d, Sarria to Arguello. Arch. Arzob., MS., iv. pt. ii. 112-17, 133-4. Domingo Carrillo commanded 24 of the presidial troops under Portilla.
52 Portilla, Diario de una Expedicion al Tular, 1824, MS. The diary of the northern division is not extant, if any was written. The route of Por- tilla's march was as follows: To S. Buenaventura, where he remained until June 5th. Up the Sta Clara River 15 leagues to Camulos rancho, where the S. Fernando sheep were kept. Up the river 3 1. to S. Javier rancho; N. E., over a summit named by Sarria S. Norberto, to the spot named Espíritu Santo from the day, 5 1. Over the hills, past an arroyo called Tinoco to Alamos, 8 1 .; over the plain, past the Salinas de Cortés, into the Cañada de Uvas, to Sta Teresa de Jesus, a fine site, 6 1. Three Icagues more through the Cajon to the plain, whence the Lake Misjamin was seen 6 1. toward the N .; over the plain, leaving the lake to the right, to S. Emigdio, which was 9 1. from the mouth of the Cajon de Uvas and 5 or 6 1. from the lake. The camp of the rebels was at Mitocha. The rancheria of Tulali is mentioned on or near the lake. The return was by Malapica; Camup, Cuyam, Casitec named S. Pablo; Seguaya, or S. Gervasio Creek; down the creek to Sta Ines River, down the river 3 1. to Cienegas rancho or Trinidad; to S. Roque and half a league to Sta Bárbara Mission.
536
EVENTS OF ARGÜELLO'S RULE-1824.
complete, and the repentant rebels were even al- lowed to retain their arms on the march in order to be ready for an attack from the gentiles. All reached Santa Bárbara the 21st, and the revolt of 1824 was at an end.53
As a reward for bravery at Purísima, Mariano Es- trada was made by the Mexican government full lieu- tenant; the artisan Francisco Pacheco was made brevet alférez; and to the troops was awarded double pay for a month-a graceful compliment which cost nothing, as the soldiers never received their original pay, not to mention the double allowance.5 After the revolt all the neophytes' weapons were by the governor's orders removed to the presidios as a precautionary measure.55 In October the junta named Captain de la Guerra, with diputados Aruz and José Antonio Carrillo, to investigate the causes of the revolt; but we have no record of results.56 In July 1825 a crim- inal prosecution was carried on by Alférez Maitorena
53 June 28th, Sarria to Arguello, announcing the success of the expedition, and praising the conduct of Portilla, Valle, and Ibarra. Dec. 31st, Capt. Ruiz mentions Cadet Domingo Carrillo's exploration of the lake during this expedition. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., Ivii. 4-5; Arch. Arzob., MS., iv. pt. ii. 118-20. Rafael Gonzalez was a soldier in this expedition. He says that Ibarra lost his patience and threatened an attack if the Indians did not yield next day. He also mentions the celebration of the Corpus in an enra- mada on the plain. Gonzalez, Experiencias, MS., 23-4. In the middle of April there had been rumors of a disposition to revolt on the part of the neo- phytes at San Luis Obispo, and Sergt. Ignacio Vallejo was sent by the governor to investigate, and if necessary punish. The rumors proved un- founded, but Vallejo could not lose the opportunity of making a speech to the Indians on the terrible punishment that had been in store for them had they been less faithful. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., lv. 1-3; Dept. Rec., MS., i. 96, 104-5. Padre Cabot of S. Miguel in a letter to the governor, Arch. Arzob., MS., iv. pt. ii. 132, says that the rebels of Purísima sent beads, etc., to varions gentile rancherías with an invitation to join them. Tache and Telame refused to receive the gifts; the Notontos took the beads, but did not go! Bubal and Santache started but do not seem to have joined the rebels. Mrs Ord, Ocurrencias, MS., 15, deems it fortunate that the revolted Ind- ians were on bad terms with those of San Buenaventura, else the latter would have risen and been followed by those of S. Fernando and S. Gabriel. By a letter of Argüello to Guerra on July 23d, it would appear that there was some further trouble with the Indians, or perhaps that the refugees left in the Tulares did not come in as had been promised. Dept. St. Pap., Ben, Mil., MS., liv. 4-5.
5+ Communieations from war department of July 31st and Ang. 11th. St. Pap. Sac., MS., xi. 18-19; Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., lxxxvii. 69.
55 July 22d, Sarria to Padres. Arch. Arzob., MS., iv. pt. ii. 120.
56 Guerra, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., vii. 151-2.
53
CAPTURE OF POMPONIO.
against the ex-rebels of Purísima, not for insurrection, but for the theft of certain articles which had never been returned.57 In January 1826 Benito and Ber- nabé, two of the rebel leaders condemned to the chain- gang, made their escape; and a report to the minister of war in October indicates that not all the refugees had yet been reduced to submission.58
Besides the great revolt there is nothing in the Indian affairs of 1824 that calls for special notice, except the capture and execution of Pomponio. He was a refugee neophyte of San Francisco, and a native of the San Rafael region; and for several years had been notorious as an outlaw and criminal, whose cap- ture had often been attempted without success. Of his depredations, extending from San Rafael to Santa Cruz and probably farther south, consisting of rob- beries, outrages, and murders, chiefly of Indians, but including the killing of one soldier named Manuel Varela, we have no contemporary record save general allusions in connection with his capture. From the vague recollections of old inhabitants some startling and romantic tales of his adventures, wholly unrelia- ble in detail, have found their way into the newspapers of later days. Lieutenant Martinez with a corporal and two men captured Pomponio in the Cañada de Novato above San Rafael. He was tried by a court martial at Monterey February 6th and shot, appar- ently the 6th of September.59 It was also in or about
57 Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., Ivi. 10-11.
58 Dept. St. Pap., MS., i. 180; Id., Ben. Mil., liv. 10. The mission report for 1827-8 also implies that some were yet absent. Bandini, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., 6. General mention of the revolt in Dept. Rec., MS., i. 51, 172; Sta Clara, Arch. Parroquia, MS., 58-63; Taylor in Cal. Farmer, March 21, 1862. Morineau, Notice sur la Nouvelle Californie, 148-9, gives an inaccurate ac- count, dating the revolt in June 1827, or rather representing the affair as an attack by the gentiles, or Toles. Duhaut-Cilly, Viaggio, ii. 143-5, inaccu- rately describes the revolt and dates it in 1820.
59 Hoja de servicios of Martinez in Vallejo, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., xix. 141. Statement of Martinez in Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., lxvi. 93; St. Pap. Sac., MS., xi. 66-7; xiv. 3. The court-martial consisted of Guerra, Ramirez, Santiago Argüello, Ignacio Vallejo, Carlos A. Carrillo, Torre, and José R. Estrada, who with Gov. Argüello sign the sentence on Feb. 6th. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., lii. 7. Execution on Sept. 6th. Estrada, in Guerra,
538
EVENTS OF ARGÜELLO'S RULE-1824.
1824, apparently, that Martinez and Sanchez had some encounters with the chieftains of northern contra costa tribes, Marin and Quintin, who left their names one to a county and the other to a point in that region.60
Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., v. 190. Torre, Reminiscencias, MS., 46, and Galindo, Apuntes, MS., 65-6, gives some account of his depredations, stating that it was his favorite associate who at one time cut off his own heel to escape from the mission stocks. See also narrative in Sacramento Record, Nov. 18, 1869, from Sta Clara News. I have also noticed a newspaper item to the effect that Salva- dor, hanged for murder at San Rafael in 1879, was a grandson of Pomponio. A stream in San Mateo County bears Pomponio's name.
60 Vallejo, Hist. Cal., MS., i. 146-9. In St. Pap. Sac., MS., xi. 6. A northern campaign which lasted 45 days is mentioned, and may be the one referred to by Vallejo. Mention of miscellaneous minor hostilities during the year, chiefly on the Lower California frontier. Dept. Rec., MS., i. 163-4, 197, 223; Guerra, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., vi. 124.
CHAPTER XXIV. LOCAL ANNALS-SAN DIEGO DISTRICT. 1821-1830.
SAN DIEGO PRESIDIO-RUIZ AND ESTUDILLO-BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES- OFFICERS, MILITARY FORCE, AND POPULATION-PRESIDIAL FINANCE- THE PORT-RANCHO DEL REY, OR RANCHO NACIONAL-TOWN AND ITS BUILDINGS-PRIVATE RANCHOS-VISITS OF MORRELL, DUHAUT-CILLY, AND PATTIE-A SCHOOL-CRIMINAL RECORD-INDIAN AFFAIRS-RESI- DENCE OF THE GOVERNOR-CHRONOLOGIC RECORD OF LOCAL HAPPEN- INGS-FLOODS, POLITICS, AND FOREIGN VISITORS-MISSION SAN DIEGO- MINISTERS-STATISTICS-CHAPEL AT SANTA ISABEL-NAMES OF RANCHE- RÍAS AND MISSION RANCHOS-SAN LUIS REY-EVENTS AND STATISTICS- BRANCH AT PALA-LANDS-SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO-A PERIOD OF DE- CLINE.
IT has not been found practicable, without too great sacrifice of convenience in other respects, to make an exact chronological division of all volumes after the first. Thus, having given the regular history of the province down to the end of 1824, I now proceed with local and institutionary annals not only to that year but to 1830. This plan, though involving a slight apparent lack of symmetrical arrangement, will not, I believe, be regarded as a real defect, and is in every way preferable to breaking the record of a decade.
Lieutenant José María Estudillo, of the Monterey company, remained in temporary command at San Diego nearly a year,1 when, not having been more successful than his predecessor in maintaining harmony
1 See chap. xvi. of this volume for local annals of the south in 1810-20. See chap. vi. for map of S. Diego district.
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540
LOCAL ANNALS-SAN DIEGO DISTRICT.
between the officers of the presidial and Mazatlan com- panies, he returned to Monterey, while Francisco María Ruiz, promoted to be captain and somewhat restored in health, resumed the command in September 1821, and Captain Portilla was apparently sent for a short time to Santa Barbara.2 Ruiz retained com- mand of the company, and so far as the records show, of the post as well, until 1827, when he was retired at the age of seventy-three. He had owned a rancho for several years, and he built one of the first houses at what is now old San Diego, outside the presidio walls. Though the old captain lived until 1839, he had little or nothing more to do with public life, and a biographical notice may be presented appropriately here.3
2 For some not very complete details of the troubles among the officers see Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. 293-4; Id., Ben. Mil., xlvi. 13, 15-18, 24-5; Guerra, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., v. 195-9; vi. 60. Guerra was sent by Sola to investigate the troubles at S. Diego in October 1821. Id., iv. 93-5. It seems that one Capt. Patricio Anje had sought the command, understanding that there was to be a vacancy; but Sola tells him on March 27, 1821, that Ruiz will retain the place. St. Pap. Sac., MS., vi. 35.
3 Francisco María Ruiz was born at Loreto about 1754, his parents, accord- ing to the statement of his grandniece, Burton's Biog. Sketch of Ruiz, MS., being Juan Maria Ruiz and Isabel Carrillo, both descendants from families somewhat distinguished in Spain. His father was killed by a lion while Francisco was being educated by a Jesuit missionary. Francisco's brother José Manuel became governor of Lower California; and descendants of his three sisters were connected with several leading families of California. He enlisted at Loreto in 1780, Ruiz, Hoja de Servicios, 1817, MS .; soon came to California, where in 1795 he became sergeant of the Santa Barbara company. Not a month after his appointment he was arrested for offensive language to a private. In 1801 he was made alférez of the same company. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xviii. 90-1. At the end of 1805 he was promoted to lieutenant, and in 1806 became acting comandante of San Diego, where he soon had a serious quarrel with his relative Guerra y Noriega, whom he knocked down. See chap. vii. of this volume. In 1809 he indulged in certain bickerings with Alf. Ignacio Martinez. Guerra, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., iii. 209. In 1813 he served as padrino at the consecration of the new mission church. S. Diego, Lib. Mision, MS., 14. In 1816 Ruiz was recommended to Gov. Sola by Pedro Negrete of S. Blas as follows: 'This is an old American, one of the few true men met with in America or the world. He may have some faults as all men have, but all are outweighed in the balance by his natural honesty; by the justice that in the midst of his great popularity with his soldiers he deals out so as to make himself respected by all; and by his unbounded love for Fer- nando VII. our monarch, in whose honor he often assembles his soldiers, order- ing them to play, dance, drink, and shout Viva Spain! Viva Fernando VII .! Long live the Governor! Viva! Viva! Viva-a-a-a!' Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. 128. And he was in later years as enthusiastically loyal, in words at least, to the empire and republic in succession. In 1817, with a report of his 36 years, 10 months, and 20 days of service, noting that he had been in several
541
CAPTAINS RUIZ AND ESTUDILLO.
The lieutenancy of the company had remained vacant from 1821 to 1825, when Estudillo was trans- ferred permanently to the San Diego company, of which he became comandante on the retirement of Ruiz in 1827. At the end of that year Estudillo was made captain, Santiago Argüello becoming lieutenant at the same time. For a time in 1828-9 Estudillo was noted on the company rolls as 'retired' or 'absent,' being doubtless under temporary suspension, like Guerra, in consequence of the Mexican laws requiring the expulsion of Spaniards. It is not quite clear that he ever resumed the active command before his death, which occurred at San Diego the 8th of April 1830. He was buried next day in the presidio chapel. Don José María's character requires but brief notice, eulo- gistic or otherwise. He was not an able man, but was an honest and faithful officer so far as routine duties were concerned; a skilful penman and a fair accountant. His greatest fault was an overweening vanity which made him unpopular, especially with other officers, who failed to recognize in him any ex-
campaigns, including one to the Colorado River, Gov. Sola recommended Ruiz, in the third place, for promotion to a captaincy. In 1818 he was rec- ommended again, Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xlvi. 10, and his commis- sion was issued in Mexico on July 12, 1820, and received by him in January, 1821. Id., 21. The charges of drunkenness and other irregularities made against him in 1820, and his consequent temporary suspension from command have been noticed in chapter xvi. this volume. Ruiz earnestly denied the charges, which he attributed to the personal enmity of Portilla; and Gov. Sola, while satisfied that his conduct had been imprudent, evidently felt much esteem for the old man and was glad to restore his command. June 16, 1822, Ruiz writes that he has entirely regained his health. Guerra, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., vi. 60. It was in 1823 that he obtained from Gov. Argüello the rancho of Penasquitos against the protest of the padres. Arch. Arzob., MS., iv. pt. ii. 75; Hayes' Emig. Notes, 492; Cal. Land. Com., No. 452. It has been stated by old Californians to Hayes and others that Capt. Ruiz came down from Presidio Hill and built his house in 1824, or even earlier, and this is possibly true; still it seems unlikely that it was before his retirement from the command. This was early in 1827, when his name was dropped from the company rolls, though Echeandia's formal and final document seems to have been sent him on Jan. 11, 1828. Dept. Rec., MS., vi. 168; v. 2-3. In June 1834 Capt. Ruiz had received no pay as an invalid for a long time, and asked for $200. He was told there were no funds; but if he would prove his claim he would be remembered. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Com. and Treas., MS., iii. 34-5. Aug., 22, 1839, Alf. Salazar announces to Gen. Vallejo the death of Capt. Ruiz on Aug. 14th. Vallejo, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., viii. 52. He had never been married.
542
LOCAL ANNALS-SAN DIEGO DISTRICT.
traordinary qualities, and one after another became, with few exceptions, the objects of his serious dis- pleasure. His descendants have been in later years among the most respected of the native Californian families; and several of the name have reached hon- orable prominence in public life.4
Lieutenant Santiago Argüello took the command at Estudillo's death, having been indeed acting co-
4 José María Estudillo was born in Spain, I think in Andalucía, in 1772, his father being an officer, and came to America at the age of fifteen years in 1787. Coming to Lower California in 1795, he enlisted July 23, 1796, at Lo- reto, where he served as soldado distinguido until August 1799, and then as cadet till March 1806. He was now made alférez and transferred to Monterey, where, on the recommendation of Gov. Arrillaga, he was promoted to be lieu- tenant before the end of the year. He kept the lieutenancy of the Monterey company for more than 20 years, being much of the time comandante of that presidio, and was promoted to be captain of San Diego in December 1827. To his 33 years of actual military service were added Il years of extra time duing the war of independence in accordance with the Mexican decree of March 1822. Estudillo, Hojas de Servicio, 1817, 1828, 1830, MS. In 1810 Estudillo was complimented for the ability with which he had defended three Indians accused of murder, by the auditor de guerra in Mexico. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xl. 10. In 1817 he was recommended by Gov. Sola for promotion, and accredited with having commanded a party of 13 men who prevented seven Russian fishing canoes from effecting a landing at Monterey, killing one of the occupants, capturing one, wounding several, and driving the rest away. In 1819 he commanded an expedition against the Indians of the Tulares, which ac- complished nothing, see chap. xv .; and in 1823 he was at the head of a company which was sent to escort Capt. Romero from S. Gabriel to the Colorado, but which lost its way and had to return. chap. xxii. Estudillo was accused by Santiago Argüello of neglect and cruelty toward the presidial company while at S. Diego. In June 1822 he was ordered to take command at Sta Bárbara, and may have done so for a short time. On April 9, 1822, he swore to the national independence. April 22, 1827, the governor sent the Mexican ratifi- cation of Estudillo's appointment as commandant, and Dec. 31st notified him of his promotion to be captain. Dept. Rec., MS., v. 39, 121-2. In 1828 the governor reported to the supreme government that, though a Spaniard, Estu- dillo, by his activity, intelligence, and services, was entitled to be considered useful to the republic, being a friend to the system which he had sworn to support. Id., vi. 34, 38-9. His death and burial on April Sth and 9th, 1830, are recorded in S. Diego, Lib. Mision, MS., 97; Carrillo (J.), Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., 21; Dept. Rec., MS., viii. 94.
Capt. Estudillo's wife was Gertrudis Horcasitas, a lady of Mexican birth, with whom he did not always live harmoniously. By her he had 6 children; and in 1828 12 of his grandchildren were living. He left no estate, though his son and daughter, Doña María Magdalena, a famous beauty and noted also for her charms of character, as Alvarado tells us, Hist. Cal., MS., i. 176, received each a land-grant of one league at Otay in 1829. His son, Don José Antonio, was a prominent man at San Diego, and the founder of the southern branch of the family, a member of which, Don José Guadalupe, son of José Antonio, once held the office of state treasurer. Another of the cap- tain's sons, Don José Joaquin, also figured somewhat prominently in public affairs before 1848, and was the founder of the northern, or Alameda county branch of the family.
543
OFFICERS.
mandante for some time before. He obtained his captain's commission at the end of the year or early in 1831. This officer had served as alférez of the company, though belonging to that of San Francisco, till his promotion to a lieutenancy in 1827, his brother Gervasio, the regular alférez, being still absent in Guadalajara. Don Santiago had also acted as habili- tado until 1825; and Domingo Carrillo held the place from 1825 to 1829, as cadet in 1825-7, and as alférez of the Santa Barbara company in 1827-9. Juan Salazar seems to have acted as habilitado in 1830, though not commissioned as alférez until the next year. José María Pico and Cristóbal Dominguez were retired sometime before 1825, and succeeded as company sergeants by José Góngora and Pedro Lobo. In 1828 José Antonio Pico was the sergeant, the other place being vacant.5
There were several other officials at San Diego during this decade who require mention here. José María Echeandía, gefe político and comandante gen- eral of the Californias, made this presidio his residence from 1825, accompanied by his secretary, Alférez Agustin V. Zamorano. Captain Pablo de Portilla of the 'Mazatecos,' and Lieutenant Juan M. Ibarra of the same company were stationed here. Domingo Carrillo as habilitado was comisario subalterno, or revenue collector, in 1825-8, when Juan Bandini was appointed to fill the position by the governor. José Antonio Estudillo was a kind of associate collector with Bandini, and at the same time treasurer of municipal funds. Ignacio Lopez was the first partido elector for the San Diego district in 1822; but when the electors chose themselves as members of the provincial diputacion, the name of Carlos Castro was
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