History of California, Volume II, Part 35

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 826

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IGNACIO DEL CORRAL was nominally captain of the San Diego company throughout this decade, though he never came to California. His commission expired when his successor was named on July 12, 1820, but the news did not come until the next year.1 Lieuten- ant Francisco Maria Ruiz was acting commandant until temporarily relieved in favor of Lieutenant José María Estudillo, of Monterey, on October 23, 1820. The reasons for this change were somewhat compli- cated. The coming of Captain Portilla in 1819, on account of his superiority of rank, and of minor dis- agreements between the old and new soldiers, led to misunderstandings between the two officers. Ruiz was now an old man in poor health, his illness being attributed by his enemies to the free use of intoxicat- ing liquors, which he denied. He was charged with

1 Corral was promoted to be sargento mayor del batallon lijero de infan- tería provisional de Mexico. Pror. St. Pap., MS., xxii. 27.

: 330 )

341

SAN DIEGO COMPANY.

excesses during the visit of the British whaler Dis- covery in August 1820, whose captain he permitted to make a survey with soundings of the port. Portilla seems to have been the chief accuser. Ruiz was in- dignant on receipt of Sola's order of September 2d to repair to Monterey to take command of the company, and care for his health; but was appeased by the gov- ernor's later explanation that the new command was intended as an honor. It is not clear whether he act- ually reached Monterey; but he spent the last months of the year ill at San Luis Rey.2 We shall see later that the substitution of Estudillo was not productive of the desired harmony. Ruiz performed the duties of habilitado in 1801-13 and 1817-18; José de la Guerra in 1813-15; Ignacio Martinez in 1815-17; and Santiago Argüello in 1818-1820. Ignacio Mar- tinez was the company alférez until 1817, when he was promoted to be lieutenant of San Francisco, Gervasio Argüello taking his place on the rolls, and holding the position for many years; but as Don Gervasio was absent in Guadalajara as habilitado general and never returned to California, his brother Santiago, promoted at the same time to be alférez, served at San Diego, though belonging to the San Francisco company. José María Pico was company sergeant throughout the decade; but Joaquin Arce, the other sergeant, was succeeded before 1817 by Cristóbal Dominguez. Domingo Carrillo was a cadet in the company until 1817; and afterward José Gua- dalupe Moraga, who died early in 1821. He was a son of Gabriel Moraga and had been a 'soldado distinguido' at San Francisco.

The San Diego military force down to 1819 was uniformly one hundred men, including two officers, sixty-nine soldiers of the presidial company, twenty- three invalids, four artillerymen, and two mechanics.

2 Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. 46, 293-4; Id. Ben. Mil., xlvi. 15-21; St. Pap. Sac., MS., vi. 32; xiii. 7-10; Guerra, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., vi. 48-52; Ruiz's commission as captain was issued July 12, 1820, and forwarded by Sola June 21, 1821.

342

LOCAL ANNALS OF THE SOUTH.

Of this number about 20 of the invalids lived at Los Angeles or on ranchos, and twenty-five soldiers served in the mission escoltas; so that the actual force at the presidio amounted to fifty-five men as at the end of the last decade. This number was, how- ever, doubled in 1819 by the arrival of Portilla and his company of Mazatecos, about fifty-five of whom remained at San Diego. The total population de ra- zon of the district in 1820, excluding as before the guard of San Gabriel and the invalids of Los Angeles, was, as nearly as can be determined, four hundred and fifty, a gain of one hundred and thirty during the dec- ade, or of seventy-five besides Portilla's men.3 The neophyte population of the district increased in ten years from 4,300 to 5,200, the whole gain, and more, being at San Luis Rey. For this as for the previous decade there are but a few meagre items respecting the presidial live-stock; no record whatever of such limited agricultural operations as were probably car- ried on at the presidio; and nothing to indicate the existence of private ranchos, except near San Gabriel, which, it must be remembered, was still within the military jurisdiction of San Diego.4 Of presidial

3 For the earlier years of the decade statistics are very scattering and unsatisfactory. For 1818 Ruiz reports a total population of 498, including San Gabriel. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xlix. 81. In 1816 the total had been 448. Id., xlvi. 30. At the end of 1819 the same officer reports the same total as 538-males 286 and females 252; of which number 12 are accredited to San Diego mission, 63 to San Juan, 41 to San Luis, and 175 to San Gabriel; the total without San Gabriel being 363, which cannot, I think, include Portilla's 55 men, because the population of the presidio proper is given as 130 males and 117 females, which, were the Mazatecos included, would leave only 7 male children, of course an absurdity. Id., 1. 52-3. No doubt Portilla's 55 men, or the same number of other soldiers, should be deducted from the number at San Gabriel, and even the 120 left seems a very large number. It is on these reports that I have based the figures in my text, allowing about the same increase in 1820 as in 1819. There is, however, a report for 1820 which makes the total 515.

For company rolls, official lists, financial accounts, statements of popula- tion, etc., for San Diego in this decade-not very complete-see Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. 46-8, 118, 287-94; Id., Ben. Mit., xlii .- li. passim, especially xlvi. and xlix .; Id., Presid., i. 41-50; Dept. St .. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., Ixxi. 47-51; lxxxvii. 65; St. Pap., Sac., MS., i. 7, 38; ii. 67; vi. 25-6, 32, 83; vii. 72; viii. 13-17; xi. 71; xiii. 7-10; Prov. Rec., MS., ix. 180, 185; xii. 88; Sta Clara, Parroquira, MS., 55-6; Vallejo, Doc. Ilist. Cal., MS., vii. 256; xxviii. 105, 108; Guerra, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., iii. 35, 143; vi. 48-52, 123.

+ Yet a report of 1818 does not include San Gabriel. Prov. Rec., MS., ix. 185.

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CONDITION OF SAN DIEGO.

finances, as the reader of preceding chapters will readily understand, there is little to be said. No soldier or officer received any pay during the decade. Two small invoices of goods arrived from the south. Tithes were collected in kind. Tobacco was served out on account of wages so long as it lasted; possibly a few dollars were collected for papal indulgences and postage; the king's cattle were largely eaten and charged to the pay account. But for the most part the missions had to support the soldiers and their families, furnishing food and coarse cloth, or produce that could be bartered for the latter with the vessels that rarely touched on the southern coasts.5

Sola in his visit of 1817 found the presidio build- ings in so "fatally ruinous" a condition that he was obliged to "adopt measures" for their removal to a better site about three hundred yards farther north.6 I have no reason to believe that the governor's measures were carried out. This was an uneventful period even for San Diego, always the dullest place in the province. As elsewhere the inhabitants had the ever-increasing destitution as a subject for thought and conversation, too often without cigarettes to clear their minds for a proper consideration of the problem. Only twice did they see upon their fine bay the sail of any

5 The only record of the annual appropriation was $19,695 in 1811; the only recorded invoice $9,046 in 1815-16. The habilitado's regular accounts are preserved from 1815 to 1818, but are not intelligible in all respects. The totals of debit and credit increase in those years from $67,000 to $102,000; inventories vary from $962 to $2,397; debts contracted with missions and private individuals increase from $43,000 to $71,000, and payments on ac- count of those debts from $32,000 to $55,000. The exact nature of which latter accumulations is not clear to me. Mission supplies are given at $5,717 in 1811; $1,000 from San Juan in 1817; and in 1820, 1,300 fan. of barley, 286 fan. of beans, and 832 arr. of tallow. Arch. Arzob., MS., iv. pt. i. 24. Aver- age net proceeds of live-stock sales from king's rancho. $635. Down to 1816 there were about 1,200 head of cattle in the rancho. Average postal revenue, $35. Tobacco sales, $1,251 in 1811, $1,273 in 1812, and $97 in 1817. Prob- ably no more tobacco was received, and the soldiers had to depend on other sources, or for the most part go without smoking. Papal bulls in IS11, $111. Gunpowder in 1816, $286; in 1817, $247. Proceeds of forge, 1818, $202. Tithes very irregular, from $76 to $924. Full accounts for 1817, duly sworn in Vallejo, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., xvi. 13. Cattle at end of 1816, 826; born in 1817, 212; lost, 40; sold, 88; product of sales, $306. 6 Sola, Observaciones, MS., 185.

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LOCAL ANNALS OF THE SOUTH.

craft except that of their own flat-boat plying lazily to and from Point Guijarros, when Wilcox in the Trav- eller came for a load of grain in September 1817, and the whaler Discovery refitted in the port in August 1820.7 The natives in this southern frontier were for the most part quiet, though thefts and petty disturb- ances were of sufficiently frequent occurrence to re- quire an occasional raid into the mountains, and once in a while a trial at the presidio.8 There was some kind of a school at San Diego during a part of the decade; but the educational advantages offered we may only conjecture from comparison with northern institutions of the same period.9 The earthquake of 1812, so fatal in the northern part of the district, did no harm here, even if it was felt at all; but about the same time there was an arrest of several soldiers charged with a plot to revolt and seize the post.10 And finally I may allude to the terror of Bouchard's invasion already narrated. In San Diego it produced no more serious effect than to furnish a topic of popular excitement, necessitate a strengthening of defences with prepara- tions for a shower of red-hot balls upon the pirate foe, and to give the families an excursion to Pala.11

At the mission of San Diego Father Sanchez served as minister until the spring of 1820, when he was succeeded by Vicente Pascual Oliva. Panto, the

7 See chap. xiii., this volume.

8 Nov. 1811, trial of a neophyte for attempted murder of a padre, of which more elsewhere. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xlix. 2-7. 1814, murder case. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., lxxi. 47-51. Oct. 1815, captive gen- tiles and investigation. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xlvi. 5-6. Sept. 1816, horse-thieves sentenced to a novenario de azotes. Id., xlvi. 8-9. Same punishments for stabbing a wife after putting yerba in her atole. Id. April 1820, complaints of depredations and report of skirmishes. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. 287.

9 Pio Pico remembers being one of a class taught in 1813 by José Antonio Carrillo, and having covered divers quires of paper with reproductions of the name, 'Señor Don Félix Maria Callejas.' Hist. Cal., MS., 3. There was a school in 1818. Prov. Rec., MS., ix. 180.

10 Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., xliii. 7-8. Pico, Hist. Cal., MS., 3-4, says his father, Sergt. José María Pico, was arrested for complicity in this plot and that three soldiers died in prison.

11 For map of San Diego district see chap. vi.

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SAN DIEGO MISSION.

associate of Sanchez, died in 1812 and was replaced by Fernando Martin. Panto was a rigorous disci- plinarian and severe in his punishments. One evening in November 1811 his soup was poisoned, causing vomiting. His cook Nazario was arrested and ad- mitted having put the 'yerba,' powdered cuchasque- laai, in the soup with a view to escape the father's intolerable floggings, having received in succession fifty, twenty-five, twenty-four, and twenty-five lashes in the twenty-four hours preceding his attempted revenge.12 There is much reason to suppose that the friar's death on June 30th of the next year was at- tributable to the poisoning.13

The new mission church, vaguely alluded to in the annals of the preceding decade, was completed in time for the dedicatory ceremonies to take place on the day of the titular saint November 12, 1813. The blessing was pronounced by Barona of San Juan. The first sermon was by Boscana of San Luis, the second by the Dominican Ahumada of San Miguel, and Lieutenant Ruiz served as sponsor.14 The erec- tion of a chapel at Santa Isabel, some forty miles from the mission, where two hundred baptized Indians lived, was also urged by the padres in 1816-19. The governor lacked enthusiasm for this scheme and there is no record that it was carried out until after 1820.15

12 In the investigation Domingo Carrillo was prosecutor, José María Pico defender, and Joaquin Arce, clerk. Pico urged that Nazario's offence was justifiable on account of Panto's cruelty, and he asked for acquittal especially as the dose was not fatal. Carrillo admitted the friar's cruelty, but insisted on a penalty of 8 months' presidio work as a warning. The sentence is not given. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xlix. 2-7.

13 José Pedro Panto was a native of Valverde del Fresno, Estremadura, Spain, and took the habit in the religious province of San Miguel. He came to California apparently soon after joining the college of San Fernando, arriving at San Diego July 28, 1810. He served at this mission from Sept. 1810 until his death June 30, 1812. He was buried in the mission church by Boscana and Ahumada on July 2d. S. Diego, Lib. Mision, MS., 93; Arch. Sta B., MS., x. 434; xi. 88; Guerra, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., 249.

14 May 25, 1812, church not finished. Arch. Sta B., MS., x. 297. Dec. 31, 1812, church will be ready next year. Neither old nor new one injured by the earthquake. St. Pap. Miss., MS., iv. 23, 25. Dedication, San Diego, . Lib. Mision, MS., 14.

15 Oct. 12th, Dec. 19, 1816, Sanchez to Sola. Arch. Arzob., MS., iii. pt. i. 67-8. Feb. 2, 1819, P. Sarria to President Payeras. Arch. Sta. B., MS., iii. 113-14.

346

LOCAL ANNALS OF THE SOUTH.

San Diego lost about three per cent of her neo- phyte population in the whole decade, but was gaining rapidly in the last years, the death-rate being seventy- seven per cent of baptisms and thirty-five per cent of population. This mission now stood fourth in the list,16 and was one of the six that had not yet passed the highest limit of population. In the matter of live-stock this mission's percentage of gain was greater than any other, and in its total number of sheep it stood at the head of the list. Agricultural progress was also much more satisfactory than in the past, perhaps on account of the irrigation works already described; yet the remark of Sola on his visit of 1817, that the padres "had now begun to bring water through conduits," may indicate that I have placed the completion of these works at too early a date.17

At San Luis Rey Father Antonio Peyri still toiled, but with frequent changes of associate, Estévan Tapis serving in 1811, Gerónimo Boscana in 1812-13, Fran- cisco Suñer in 1814-16, Ramon Olbés in 1816-18, and Jaime Escudé from 1818, none of whom died or left California during this period. This mission was now by far the most populous in the province, with a death-rate of only forty-four per cent of baptisms and twenty-four per cent of total population. In agricul-

The padres had a person de razon in charge, and were allowed by the prefecto to go there to say mass with a portable altar.

16 Statistics of the decade: Decrease of population 1,611 to 1,567; 1,430 in 1817; 1,616 in 1812. Baptisms, 1,347; largest number, 227 in 1820; smallest, 49 in 1813. Deaths, 1,039; largest number, 118 in 1813; smallest, 61 in 1819. Increase in large live-stock, 3,720 to 9,162; horses and mules, 720 to 1,042; sheep, etc., 9,740 to 14,908. Crops in 1810, 1,545 bushels; in 1820, 5,472; largest crop, 13,215 in 1818; smallest, 1, 740 in 1813; average, 17,500 bushels. Dec. 23, 1814, the padres report deaths exceeding births and baptisms for four years. Arch., Sta. B., MS., iii. 32. 1819, neophytes dress in coarse woollen cloths made by themselves. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., 1. 53. Mission wine raised from $20 and $25 to $30 per barrel in 1818. Guerra, Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., vii. 37.

17 Sola, Observaciones, MS., 185. He mentions also the use of wells to irrigate vegetables, vines, fruit trees, and olives. In the proceedings in a criminal suit of 1830 reference is made to the murder of the majordomo Pedro Miguel Alvarez by three neophytes at San Diego in 1814; but I find no con- temporaneous record of this crime. There is no doubt, however, of the occur- rence. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., Ixxi. 47-51.

347

SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO.

ture, but not in live-stock 18 except horses, San Luis stood at the head.19 The mission church though com- paratively new, did not come up to Peyri's ideal, and he asked the governor in 1811 for permission to build a new edifice of adobes and bricks; but there is no further record on the matter during the decade.20 In 1816, however, the missionary founded a branch es- tablishment under the name of San Antonio at Pala, six or seven leagues from San Luis. Here a chapel was built, one of the padres was generally stationed, and within a year or two about a thousand converts were gathered to till the soil and recite the doctrine.21

At San Juan Capistrano the leading event of the preceding decade had been the completion and dedica- tion of the new stone church, and the most important and almost the only recorded event of this decade was the destruction of that church by an earthquake on the morning of December 8, 1812. It was at early mass on a Sunday when about fifty persons were in the church, and only five or six besides the officiating padre escaped with their lives. The edifice was of the usual cruciform shape, about ninety by one hundred and eighty feet on the ground, with very thick walls and arched dome-like roof, all constructed of stones imbedded in mortar or cement. The stones were not hewn but of irregular size and shape, a kind of struc- ture evidently requiring great skill to ensure solidity.

18 We are told that in 1817 so many sheep died that the padres had to go north as far as San Juan Bautista for wool to clothe their neophytes. Arch. Arzob., MS., iii. pt. i. 139.

19 Increase in population 1,517 to 2,603. Baptisms, 1,898; largest number, 473 in 1819; smallest, 54 in 1816. Deaths, 847; largest number, 134 in 1819; smallest, 50 in 1811. Increase of large stock, 10,576 to 11,852; 7,862 in 1811; horses and mules, 776 to 1,352; sheep, etc., 9,710 to 13,641. Crops in 1810, 4,225 bushels; in 1820, 13,335; largest, 20,390 in 1817; smallest, 6,600 in 1816; average, 12,470 bushels.

20 Arch. Arzob., MS., ii. 84. Mar. 11, 1811, Peyri to governor.

21 Nov. 5, 1817, Sarria in Arch. Sta. B., MS., iii. 41-2; Sola, Observa- ciones, MS., ix. 185-6. San Luis had a hospital where the padre made every effort to stay the ravages of syphilis and dysentery among the neophytes; and in the hospital was a special chapel and altar. Payeras, Informe Bienal, 1817- 18, MS., 303.

34S

LOCAL ANNALS OF THE SOUTH.

There is not much doubt that the disaster was due rather to faulty construction than to the violence of the temblor. A lofty tower at the church front fell upon the dome at the second movement of the earth, and in a moment the immense mass of stone and mortar came crushing down upon the poor neophyte worship- pers. Thirty-nine bodies were recovered and buried during the next two days, and apparently several others later. In the search for bodies much of the débris was removed from the interior; but otherwise the ruin of the finest mission structure in California still stands as left in 1812, an apartment in an adjoining adobe building having been used ever since for religious ser- vice. In my visit in 1874 I noticed that at some time long past a feeble attempt had been made to rebuild a part of the walls with adobes. 22

Beyond the earthquake disaster and the landing of Bouchard's insurgents in December 1818 as already recorded, there is nothing to be said of events at San Juan;23 and it only remains to present the usual sta- tistics. Father Barona continued his ministrations throughout the period; but at the end of 1813 or early in 1814 Suñer exchanged places with Boscana of San Luis Rey. In population San Juan reached its high- est figure, 1,361, in 1812; but for the whole decade it lost six per cent, deaths exceeding baptisms. There

22 Barona's entry of burials in S. Juan Cap., Lib. Mision, MS., 3. Dec. 3, 1812, report of the padres, who say that 6 besides the padre escaped as by a miracle. St. Pap., Mis., MS., iv. 22-3. Dec. 31st, Ruiz to Arrillaga. Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xliii. 7. April 9, 1813, report of president, who says the padre was in the offertory and escaped by the sacristy door. Arch. Sta B., MS., xii. 91. A temporary apartment serving as church in 1818. Prov. Rec., ix. 186. Trask, Earthquakes in Cal., 133, on the stated authority of 'old in- habitants' tells us the day was clear and unusually warm. Half an hour after service a loud distant rushing sound was heard in the east and also out on the ocean, approaching without any breeze. Several were warned by this noise and left the church. Then came the first and heaviest shock which threw down the church. See also Los Angeles, Hist., 9-10; Bandini, Hist. Cal., MS., 22; Hayes' Mission Book, i. 122. The number of killed has been stated all the way from 30 to 100 in newspaper articles, etc. It is also stated that many were injured besides the killed, of which there is no original evidence.

23 1811, an American ship anchored near the mission. Taylor in Cal. Farmer, March 21, 1862. 1816, Nieto complains to governor of the padres' encroachments on his cattle. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., lxiv. 4-5. 1818, a chapel has been built at the hospital. Payeras, Informe Bienal, MS., 303.

349

LOS ANGELES.

was a gain in live-stock, and also in agriculture; though in the matter of crops this mission was surpassed by many.2ª

The pueblo of Los Angeles with the ranchos of the surrounding region had a white population of about six hundred and fifty in 1820, or together with its neighboring missions San Gabriel and San Fernando, of about seven hundred and fifty, though as we have seen there are some difficulties about the gente de ra- zon at San Gabriel. There is extant a document which purports to be a list of all pobladores, ninety- one in number, six of them deceased, down to Febru- ary 1816, a list which I have deemed sufficiently important to be reproduced in substance, though it is not altogether satisfactory.25

24 Decrease of pop., 1,138 to 1,064. Baptisms 735; largest number 240 in 1812: smallest, 41 in 1819. Deaths 755; largest number 177 in 1812; small- est, 51 in 1820. Increase in large stock, 10,213 to 11,480; 14,000 in 1817; horses, etc., 693 to 980; 866 in 1819; sheep, etc., 11,500 to 14,198. Crops in 1810, 5,300 bushels; in 1820, 1,840, the smallest; largest, 13,700 in 1811. Average, 6,530 bushels. Aug. 30, 1817, the padres ask the governor for lands at Las Bajios de Santa Ana and Las Bolsas on which to pasture mission cat- tle. Arch. Arzob., MS., iii. pt. ii. 140.

25 Los Angeles, Lista que manifiesta los pobladores, Inválidos, y Vecinos, con noticia de su entrada en este pueblo, tierras conque se les ha gratificado, y el tiempo que las poseen por repartimiento, y lo que cada uno acostumbra á tra- bajar, MS. Signed by Guillermo Cota, on Feb. 4, 1816. Names of persons deceased are in italics. For convenience and to economize space I have classified the names. Fourteen had received lands in the pueblo, which had passed into the hands of their children or of other persons: Manuel Camoro, 1781; José María Navarro, 1787; Francisco Reyes, 1787; Casimiro Varelas, 1790; Juan Olivas, 1800; Antonio Ignacio Ávila, 1799; Anastasio Ávila, 1799; Basilio Rosas, 1781; Joaquin Higuera, 1791; Mateo Rubio, 1794; Pedro Álvarez, 1799; Manuel Valenzuela, 1800; Manuel Machado; 1800; and Guil- lermo Soto, 1789. Six still cultivated the lands given them-that is the regular pueblo suertes apparently: Eugenio Valdés, 1800; José Polanco, 1804; Jacinto Reyes, 1804; Fructuoso Ruiz, 1799; Tomás Oribes, 1798; José Pal- omares, 1810. Fourteen had received no lands but had cultivated the pueblo (common?) lands, and some had gardens: Felipe Talamantes, 1794; Ramon Buelna, 1793; Segundo Valenzuela, 1800; Juan Lopez, 1799; José María Aguilar, 1814; Jose Ruiz, 1815; Ignacio Varelas, 1815; Juan de Dios Balles- teros, 1796; Pedro Lizalde, 1808; Francisco Ávila, 1804; Javier Alvarado, 1810; José Bermudes, 1815; Francisco Sepúlveda, 1815; José Manuel Cota, 1815. Ten had no lands, but cultivated each a garden: Pedro Perez, 1805; Ignacio Valencia, 1808; Vicente Sanchez, 1814; Ignacio Rendon, 1810; Desiderio Ibarra, 1814: Cayetano Varelas, 1809; José Félix, 1813; Encarnacion Ur- guides, 1812; Claudio Lopez, 1811; Mariano Alanis, 1800. Five had no lands of their own but lived and worked with relatives and others: Dolores Sepúlveda, Juan Nepomuceno Alvarado, 1812; José María Soto, 1815; Bruno

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History of California, Volume II, Part 35

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe Publication date: 1885 Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers Number of Pages: 826

Author: Bancroft, Hubert Howe
Publication date: 1885
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : The History Company, publishers
Number of Pages: 826