USA > Indiana > Jay County > Historical hand-atlas, illustrated : containing twelve farm maps, and History of Jay County, Indiana > Part 10
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A direct proof of the rotation of the earth is furnished hy its compression at the poles. There are induhitable indications that the earth was originally fluid, or at least soft, and in that condi- tion it must have assumed the spherical shape. The only cause, then, that can be assigned for the fact that it has not done so, is its rotation on its axis. Calculation also shows that the amount of compression which the earth actually has, corresponds exactly to what its known velocity and mass must have produced. And
THE VATICAN LIBRARY. ROME.
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A BUDDHIST TEMPLE IN SIAM.
43
GENERAL VIEW OF THE WORLD.
anotber direct proof may he drawn from the observation that hodies dropped from a considerable heigbt deviate towards the east from the vertical line,
If the turning of the earth on its axis is the cause of the apparent daily motion of the heavens, it is an easy step to consider the annual motion of the sun through the constellations of the zodiac as also apparent, and arising simply from a revolution of the earth about the sun in the same direction of west to east, If we con- sider that the mass of the sun is about 359,000 times greater than that of tho earth, and that by the laws of mechanics two bodies that revolve round cach other must revolve about their common center of gravity, the idea of the sun revolving about the earth is seen to be simply impossible. The common center of gravity of the two bodies, being distant from the center of each inversely as their respective masses, is calculated to be only 267 miles from the center of the sun, and therefore far witbin his hody, which has a diameter of 882,000 miles. This demonstrates the revolu- tion of the earth round the sun; and the motions of the planets also, that appear so complicated and irregular as seen hy us, can only be satisfactorily explained by assuming that they too revolve round the sun in the same direction as the earth.
The Earth's Temperature .- As we go below the surface we reach a depth beyond which the interior of the earth seems to have no sympathy with the external causes of heat or cold, and its heat appears to be its own. The average rate of ohserved increase is Ideg. F. for a descent of between forty and fifty fcet. If this law were universal, which we do not know it to be, at a depth of less than thirty miles tbe heat would be such as to hold in fusion all known substances, and the earth would have to be regarded as a very thin crust or sbell full of molten liquid and vapor.
This theory of great central heat, and a comparatively sligbt solid crust at the surface, has been practically endorsed by Humboldt and the French and German astronomers generally, and has obtained almost universal currency ; but Mr. Hopkins, the English astronomer, has lately subjected the theory to a series of very careful and elaborate tests, and his conclusion (accepted apparently by Sir Charles Lyell in the eleventh edition of his "Principles of Geology," page 205) is that "Upon the whole we may venture to assert that the minimum thickness of the crust of the globe which can be deemed consistent with the observed amount of procession, cannot be less than one-fourth or one-fifth of the earth's radius ;" that is, from 800 to 1,000 miles.
Land and Water .- The waters of the various oceans, seas, and lakes cover tbree-fourths of the surface of the earth, hut they are very unequally distributed. The quantity of land in the northern hemisphere, for instance, is three times greater than in tbe southern. In the latter it occupies only + 1's of the space between the antarctic circle and the thirteenth parallel of south latitude. Between tho corresponding parallels in the northern hemisphere, the extent of land and water is nearly equal, The Eastern Continent, emhracing Europe, Asia, Africa and Oceanica, has a land area of about 24,000,000 square miles, and America 11,000,000. The dry land of the world occupies an area of 38,000,000 square miles.
The great basin occupied by the Ocean is, like the dry land, diversified hy plains, mountains, tahle-lands, and valleys, some- times barren and sometimes covered with marine vegetation. Springs of fresh water rise from the bottom, and volcanoes eject their lava and scorie. The sea is supposed to have acquired its saline properties wben the globe was in the act of suhsiding from a gaseous state; for the water, as well as the saline matter it contains, are volatile and gaseous at high temperatures.
The Surface of the Earth,-The most prominent and striking feature of the earth's surface are the Mountains. These gener- ally appear in groups, intersected hy valleys in every direction. More frequently in extensive chains symmetrically arranged in a series of parallel ridges, separated by narrow longitudinal valleys, tbe highest and most rugged of which occupy tho center. Wben the chain is broad, and of the first order in point of magnitude, peak after peak rises in endless succession. The lateral ridges and valleys are of less elevation, and are less hold in proportion to their distance from the central mass, until at last the remotest ridge sinks into gentle undulations. Extensive and high hranches diverge from the main chains at various angles, and stretch away into the plains. They are often as high as the chains from which they spring, and it often happens that these branches are united hy transverse ridges. At the point wbere these offsets diverge there is frequently a knot of mountains extending over hundreds of square miles.
One side of a mountain range is usually more precipitous than the other. Nothing deceives the traveler more than the steepness of a declivity. The declivity of Mont Blanc, "the Monarch of Mountains," towards the Allée Blanche, precipitous as it appears
to be, does not amount to 45deg. The mean inclination of the Peak of Teneriffe is only 12deg. 30min.
Table-lands form a prominent feature in the Asiatic and American continents, and are met with -in various other parts of the world. These perpetual storehouses of the waters send their streams to refresh the plains, and to afford a highway between nations. Table-lands of less elevation, sinking in terraces of lower and lower level, constitute the links between the high ground and the low, the mountains and the plains, and thus main- tain the continuity of the land.
The Plains embrace all that portion of the Earth's surface not included in preceding divisions, and are hy far the most extensive area of the dry land.
Geology,-The substances which constitute our Earth are divided into four classes, distinguished by the manner in which they have been formed; plutonic and volcanic rocks, hoth of igneous origin, though produced under different circumstances ; aqueous or stratified rocks, formed by the action of water, as we may conclude from the name; and metamorphic rocks, deposited hy water, according to some, and therefore stratified, hut after- wards altered and crystallized by heat. The aqueous and volcanio rocks are formed near the surface of the earth, and tbe plutonic and metamorphic rocks at great deptbs.
Aqueous rocks are all stratified, being the sedimentary deposits of water. They have their origin in the wear of the land by rain, streams, or the ocean. Running water carries tbe debris of the land to the bottom of the seas and lakes, where it solidities, and is then raised up by subterranean forces to undergo the same process in tbe lapse of time. The primary fossiliferous or palæ- ozoic strata, the oldest of the sedimentary rocks, consist of lime- stone, sandstone, and shales. They are entirely of marine origin, and have heen formed far from land, at the bottom of a deep ocean.
This series of rocks is subdivided hy geologists into the Cam. brian, and the upper and lower Silurian, and Carboniferous systems. They are distinguished by the difference in their fossil remains. The Silurian rocks abound in organic remains, which, in the Cambrian, are rarely found. The lower Silurian group contains the remains of shell-fish, etc. The upper Silurian group contains marine shells of every description, also quantities of coral, and some sea-weeds. The remains of several land plants have been found in the Silurian rocks of North America. An ocean covered the northern hemisphere during the Silurian period.
The secondary fossibferous strata was deposited at the hottom of an ocean, like the primary, and still show traces of their marine origin, Calcareous rocks are more abundant in these strata than in the crystalline. The Devonian, or Old Red Sand- stone group, consists of strata of dark red and other sandstones, marls, coralline, limestones, conglomerates, etc. It has some very singular and interesting fossils.
The Carboniferous group consists of numberless layers of various substances, filled with the remains of fossil land plants mixed with heds of coal. This is a remarkable group, and forms a very interesting study. In this country (North America) tbe footprints of a huge reptile, of the frog tribe, have been found on some of the carboniferous strata. The coal strata have been broken and deranged hy earthquakes and various kinds of igneous eruptions.
The magnesian limestone, or Permian formation, comes imme- diately above the coal measures, and consists of hreccias or conglomerates, gypsum, sandstone, marl, etc. The Permian formation bas a fossil flora and fauna peculiarly its own, mixed with those of tbo coal strata. A series of red marls, rock-salt, and sandstones, wbich have arisen from the disintegration of metamorphic slates and porphyritic trap, containing oxide of iron, and known as the Trias, or New Red Sandstone system, lies above magnesian limestone.
The Oolite or Jurassic group consists of sands, sandstone, marls, clays, and limestone. Fossil fishes are numerous in the Oolite strata. The Cretaceous strata which follow the Oolite in the ascending order, consist of clays, green and iron sands, blue limestone and chalk.
The series of rocks from the granite to the end of the secondary fossiliferous strata, taken as a whole, constitute the solid crust of the globe, and in that sense are universally diffused over the surface of the earth.
The Tertiary strata for the most part occupy tbe hollows formed in this crust, and are found in irregular tracts, often of great thickness and extent. Under the vegetable mould of every country there is a mass of loose sand, gravel, and mnd, called alluvium, lying upon tbe subjacent rocks. It is often of great thickness, and in the high latitudes of North America and Europe is mixed with immense fragments of rocks, varying in shape hy
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ER
I C
+ Fort Mickey
Great Depto
Fort Howis
River
For Peck
Great PI
WINNAPIGOOS
44
Map of the United States.
45
130
128
126
12
122
120
118
116
114
11
108
108
100
94
02
90
8
82
80
78
7
72
70
68
86
82
Longitudd West from Greenwich
Family Lakt
Mort Albany .
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48
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36
36
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lover Valley a
dependence
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Kingston Spr.
La Junta
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34
Rock Spring
Fort Vohave
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laball
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sksonville
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daleburgh
28
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26
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+ Fort Haluinger
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100 150
300 1 250 , 300
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or Caldatend
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22
ISLAND
43
39
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31
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annack
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Fort Ruby
Stockton
SHUNTAHMTS.
38
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32
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Fort Quitman
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28
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o Guadalupe Banalachte
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IF
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Fort Delany Fort Shookigor +
24
itnalou
SCADE OF STATUTE MILES
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FLORIDA
STRAIT
22
110
104
102
98
96
WINNAPIGOOS
LAKE
LAKE
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A
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oft Hice
Wadona
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I
·Grayonhurst (
& Cobank
elstbare
Portsmouth
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Cheyenne + Fort Sully &Fo &Platre
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Sthelion D
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72
TALES
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Chemial
8
Gutkris
Pleies City
Popisr Muy'd
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o Feraytk
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ouimington
32
La Paz
Fort Moron
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Delena
Sam
Socorra
R
+Fort Sumner
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Atalla
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-
Gen.MeKenzie's
Blontice lo a
Silver City o
Fort Thorn
STAKED PLAIN
Dentopo
Zinden
S
+ Fort Buchauph
Ris Penasco
Fort Griffin º
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Mineold
Saldo
Sito-epore
ERICKSON
Brunswic
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Jackson V
Pecos
Colduano Hamill n
Echitoches
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T
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Houston
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Columbus
Fort Sabine
Morgan CAy.
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Brookalla
Or
O Pleasanton
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O Bon Fernando
Saucillo
San chi
Santa Roso
Corpus Christing
o Soledad
Monterey ap Laredo
0
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Monclova of Palma
Cerro Gordo o
Rio Grand
San Antonio
Fidalgo
San Salvador
Fort Polosett
KEY&
FLORIDA
ANDROS
CS SALTILLO
L O ASan Ignacio
INUEVOK VITOY
Ppadre Island
Fort Harrel
ALI FORNIA
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