USA > Indiana > Jay County > Historical hand-atlas, illustrated : containing twelve farm maps, and History of Jay County, Indiana > Part 15
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The popularity of General Jackson caused bis re-election by an overwhelming majority against Henry Clay, tbe leador of the Bank, Protection, and Internal Improvement party ; and he entered upon his second term, with Martin Van Buren, of New York, as Vice- President. The removal of the Government deposits from the United States Bank to certain State hanks, led to the failure of
60
Map of Rhode Island.
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SCALE OF STATUTE MILES.
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Hockauuh South Manches
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63
THE UNITED STATES.
the hank, and after some years to the adoption of Mr. Van Buren's plan of an independent treasury. The Cherokee Indians in Georgia, who had attained to a certain degree of civilization, appealed to tbe President for protection against the seizure of their lands hy the State ; hut they were told that he "had no power to oppose the exercise of the sovereignty of any State over all who may he within its limits; " and the Indians were obliged to remove to tho territory set apart for them west of tho Mississippi. In 1835 the Seminole war broke out in Florida; and a trihe of Indians, insig- nificant in numbers, under the crafty leadership of Osceola, kept up hostilities for years, at a cost to the United States of several thousands of men, and some fifty millions of dollars.
In 1837 Martin Van Buren succeeded General Jackson in the Presidency. His term of four years was a stormy one, from the great financial crisis of 1837, which followed a period of currency- expansion and wild speculation. All the hanks suspended payment, and the great commercial cities threatened insurrection, Mr. Van Buren was firm in adhering to his principle of collecting tbe revenues of the government, in specie, and separating the govern- ment from all connection with the hanks. His firmness in acting against the strong sympathies of the Northern and Western States with the Canadian insurrection of 1837-1838, also damaged his popularity.
În 1840 tbe election of General Harrison, with John Tyler for Vice-President, was one of unexampled excitement, characterized hy immense popular gatherings, political songs, the use of symbols, and the participation of hoth sexes, to a degree hitherto unknown in America. The Whigs triumphed in nearly every State ; General Harrison was inaugurated March 4, 1841; and the rush to Wash- ington for offices was as great as the election had heen exciting and remarkable. Worn down with the campaign and the office- seekers, General Harrison died in a month after his inauguration, and was succeeded hy John Tyler, who, having heen a Democrat, was no sooner in power than he seems to have reverted to his former politieal principles. He vetoed a bill for the establishment of a national hank and other measures of the party hy which he had heen elected, His cabinet resigned, with the exception of Daniel Webster, Secretary of State, and others, Democratic or neutral, were appointed in their place. During Mr. Tyler's admin- istration the northeastern boundary question, which nearly occa- sioned a war with England, was settled hy Mr. Wehster and Lord Ashburton ; a difficulty, amounting almost to a rebellion, was settled in Rhode Island ; hut the most important question agitated was that of the annexation of Texas. This annexation was advo- cated hy the South, as a large addition to Southern and slave territory; and, for the same reason, opposed by the Whig and anti-slavery parties of the North. Besides, the independence of Texas, though acknowledged hy the United States, England, and Franee, had not heen acknowledged hy Mexico, and its annexation would he a casus belli with that power. The recent admission of Iowa and Florida into the Union had kept the balance of power even between the North and South, hut Texas would he an advan- tage to the South, But the gain of territory, and a contempt for Mexico, overcame tbese objections, and in 1845 Texas was formally annexed, and James K. Polk, of Tennessee, succeeded Mr. Tyler in the Presidency.
M. Almonte, the Mexican Minister at Washington, protested against the annexation of Texas, as an act of warlike aggression ; and to guard against a threatened invasion of Texas, General Zachary Taylor was ordered, with the troops of his military district, to its southern frontier. The Mexicans crossed the Rio Grande, and commenced hostilities April 26, 1845. General Taylor moved promptly forward, and won the victories of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, Saltillo, and finally, against great odds-20,000 against 4,759 -the hard-fought hattle of Buena Vista-a victory that excited great enthusiasm. In the meantime General Wool had heen sent on an expedition to Chihuahua, in Northern Mexico; General Kearney to New Mexico ; and Captain Fremont and Commander Stockton took possession of California. March 9, 1847, General Seott landed at Vera Cruz, which he took on the 29tb, after a siege and bomhardment hy land and water. Marching into the interior with a force of about 9,000 men, he found General Santa Anna intrenched on the heights of Cerro Gordo with 15,000 men. On April 18 every position was taken by storin, with 3,000 prisoners, 43 eannon, 5,000 stand of arms, etc. Waiting at Puehla for reinforcements until August, General Scott advanced with 11,000 men towards Mexico, near which General Santa Anna awaited him with large forees and in strong positions. On the 19th and 20th of August were fought the hattles of Con- treras and Churubusco, in which 9,000 Americans vanquished an army of over 30,000 Mexicans in strongly fortified positions, After a brief armistice hostilities recommeuced on the 7th September, and after a series of sanguinary actions the American army, reduced to ahout 8,000, entered the city of Mexico, which ended the
war. By the treaty of Guadalupe the United States obtained the cession of New Mexico and Upper California, hy paying Mexico $15,000,000, and assuming the payment of the claims of American citizens against Mexico.
The opposition to the annexation of Texas, and to the war and the acquisition of the newly-acquired territory, hecame now com- plicated and intensified hy sectional feelings and the opposition to slavery. The Northern party demanded that slavery should never he introduced into territories where it had not existed; the South claimed the right of her people to emigrate into the new territories, carrying with them their domestic institutions. During the dchates on the acquisition of the Mexican territories, Mr. Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, introduced an amendment, called the " Wilmot Pro- viso," providing that there should he neither slavery nor involun- tary servitude in the acquired territory. This was voted down, hut hecame a party principle.
In 1849 General Taylor, the "Rough and Ready" victor of Buena Vista, hecame President, with Millard Fillmore as Vice- President. The Free-Soil party had nominated Martin Van Buren, with Charles Francis Adams as Vice-President; the Democratio candidate heing General Lewis Cass. The Liberal party in 1840 had cast 7,609 votes; in 1844 it had 62,300; Mr. Van Buren, in 1848, received 291,263-so rapid was tho growth of a party soon destined to control the policy of the government. September 1, 1849, California, rapidly peopled hy the discovery of gold, adopted a constitution wbich prohibited slavery. Violent struggles and dehates in Congress followed, with threats of secession, and protests against interference with slavery. The more zealous aholitionists of the North denounced the Constitution for its support of slavery, and its requirement of the return of fugitive slaves to their owners, and threatened separation. The South denounced the violation of tbe Constitution hy interference with slavery -a domestic institu- tion of tho States-the carrying off of negroes secretly hy organ- ized societies, and the passage of personal liherty hills in several States, which virtually defeated the requirements and guarantees of the Fugitive Slave Law. Mr. Clay introduced a compromise into Congress, admitting California as a free State, and introduc- ing a new and more stringent law for the rendition of fugitive slaves. President Taylor, more used to the rough life of a fron- tier soldier than the cares of state, died July 9, 1850, and was suc- ceeded hy Mr. Fillmore.
The election of Franklin Pierce in 1852, against General Scott, was a triumph of tho Democratic, States' Rights, and Southern party. Jefferson Davis, a Senator from Mississippi, a son-in-law of General Taylor, and who had served under him in Mexico, was appointed Secrotary of War. New elements were ded to the sectional controversies which agitated the country, hy the repeal of the Missouri Compromise and the passage of the Kansas- Nebraska hill of Senator Douglas, which left the people of every Territory, on becoming a State, free to adopt or exclude the insti- tution of slavery, The struggles of Kansas, approaching a civil war hotween the Free-Soil and Pro-Slavery par- ties in that rapidly growing Territory, resulted in the exclu- sion of slavery. A brutal assault upon Mr. Sumner, Senator from Massachusetts, hy a Southerner, named Preston Brooks, in consequence of a severe speech on Southern men and institutions, increased the excitement of hotb sections. The formation of an Anti-Foreign and No-Popery party, called the "Know-Nothing" party, acting chiefly through secret societies, was a siugular hut not very important episode in American politics, though it douht- less influenced the succeeding election.
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