USA > Indiana > Jay County > Historical hand-atlas, illustrated : containing twelve farm maps, and History of Jay County, Indiana > Part 47
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But the glacier did not leave Northeastern Indiana as we now see it -with a plane surface, gently inclined toward the northeast and south- west. The sheet of ice occasionally came in contact with an obdurate point or strip of rock harder than that surrounding it. Bearing in mind that glaciers possess ' some of the properties of both fluid and solid substances, it is readily understood how such obstacles produced tem- porary digressions of the principal current, cross currents, and even counter currents and eddies. Were the superincumbent " drift " removed, we would behold the bed-rock-the surface as moulded by glacial action-presenting a very irregular and fantastic aspect. We would see broad plateaus as smoothi as a floor, with occasional valleys, into which the descent, from one side, would be gentle and easy, and, on the other, would be bounded by a perpendicular or overhanging cliff. Projecting high above the general level are ragged knobs, pin- nacles, and irregular ridges.
These inequalities of the surface were partially "leveled up " with glacial debris and iceberg drift; but the work was finished during the succeeding period by the deposit of clay from the deep and quiet waters of the great inland sea. Slowly and gently it settled in the form of sediment, impalpably fine, but none the less substantial, gathering at the bottom, at first as slimy ooze, but gradually compressed, by constant accumulations of the same material, into a compact bed of clay. Year after year, ages, centuries, millennium succeeding millen- nium, the work went slowly on to perfect completion ; and when, like a deep and gentle fall of snow, all inequalities of surface were leveled, all rough and forbidding features hidden as with the mantle of charity, the waters retired to other tasks.
It is to this bed of clay, then, that the topography of Northeastern Indiana owes its chief characteristic-its plain, almost level surface.
STRUGGLE BETWEEN ENGLISH, FRENCH AND INDIANS.
After the peace between France and England, which lasted nearly thirty years, " King George's War " began in 1744, and terminated in 1748 by the treaty at Aix-la-Chapelle, which still left undecided the boundary between the American possessions of those two great nations. But, whether the parent nations were at war or peace, appeared to matter little to their colonies in this contest, which continued with varying success in the form of petty campaigns on the. frontiers, instigated on either side by those engaged in trading with the savages. The various tribes were arrayed on one side or the other. Sometimes the conflict would be among the Indians almost exclusively, at other times the Indians, in sympathy with the French, would make a raid on the frontier English settlements, and occasionally the pioneers and English traders would retaliate by advancing into the Indian territory.
The English colonies, which at first had been struggling for bare existence with the surrounding savages, and which had joined in England's campaigns against Canada, on compulsion or in self-defense, had by this time increased in population and wealth, and began to look westward, with some concern, upon the encroachments of the French. The emigration from Europe to the English colonies had greatly exceeded that to Canada ; and this population was concentrated, with the consequent advantages of education, religious culture and wealth. The French colonists were widely distributed, with a line of forts from Detroit to Vincennes and the Ohio River, and being almost exclusively devoted to commerce with the Indians, had given but little attention to popular education, had few towns, or centers of opinion, and had, in fact, been rapidly deteriorating under their peculiar sur- roundings. The very circumstances and peculiarities of character which had enabled them so readily to adapt themselves to the Indian customs, and thereby to gain their friendship and co-operation in pre- ceding wars, were now to prove of'doubtful advantage. They had lost much of their European civilization by long contact and familiar affiliation with the savages. The colonial power was concentrated at the center of the circle, while the Canadians were compelled to keep up and defend a long line of fortified posts on the circumference.
The petty warfare in the region between the Upper Ohio and Lake Erie continued-a constant succession of irresponsible massacres and murders committed almost indiscriminately by the heterogeneous, floating population, a large percentage of which was composed of desperate criminals-renegades from justice in the colonies and the European states. Many of these had joined the Indian tribes, and, by their superior intelligence, became dangerous agents of reckless, mer- cenary traders.
As the inevitable final conflict approached, every trading post, fortification or settlement started by either party, on the ground between the Alleghenies and Maumee, was soon destroyed by the other, or by Indians instigated by the opposite party. This constant turmoil and strife for possession of the disputed territory, served as a school for the hardy frontiersman, preparing them for the terrible war which soon followed. The topography of the country was well under- stood. The French laid out a road from Detroit to the Ohio River, by the way of the foot of the lower rapids of the Maumee, and the foot of the lower rapids of the Sandusky-fifty years before Anthony Wayne
MAP OF WAYNE TOWNSHIP
O
Scale 50 Cheans = 1.Inch
Town 23. N. R. 14. E.of 2nd P. M.
Corkwrot
1 .
W. R.Smith
4"
Tiller
Burerly
78 30
Richardsou KE
S. Black
E.C.Topping
J.Topping
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B.Anise
W. H.
Milligan
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80
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30
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Jordan 40
60
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MAP OF RICHLAND TOWNSHIP
T.22.N.R.12.E. of 2nd P.M.
Scale 50 Chains = 1Inch .
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Daniel Mitchell 140.48
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NORTHWESTERN INDIANA-Continued.
built his fort at the junction of the St. Joseph and St. Mary's, and exacted from the conquered Indians the right of way, over the same route, for a military road.
ENGLISH AND FRENCH CLAIMS.
The Ohio Company, composed of influential men of London and Virginia, obtained a charter from the English Government, with a grant of 6,000 acres of land on the Ohio River, to carry on the fur trade with the Indians. By virtue of the discoveries of the Cabots, the English Government claimed all the land between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, limited only by the parallels of latitude bounding their colonies on the Atlantic coast. France claimed all west of the Allegheny Mountains-all the region drained by the Mississippi, which stream they had first explored, and all the territory drained by the upper lakes, for the same reason.
When the Ohio Company began its preliminary surveys, the Governor of Canada protested, and commenced the construction of a line of military posts from the south shore of Lake Erie to the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers-beginning at Erie and ter- minating at Pittsburglı. The names of these forts were Presque Isle, Le Bœuf, Venango, Kittaning, and Du Quesne. The last named had been commenced by the Ohio Company, but before it was finished a party of French and Indians took possession, completed and occu- pied it.
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR.
The French, now in possession of the entire territory north and west of the Ohio River, and all negotiations failing, the French and Indian war began late in the year 1753 Until May, 1756, it was confined to America, and although assisted by their respective home governments, it was conducted mainly by and between the French and English colonies. During the first four years of the war the French were generally successful; but when, in 1758, the elder Pitt was placed at the head of the English administration, under his wise and vigorous management of the war, the tide of success immediately turned, the English achieving one victory after another, until the whole of Canada fell into their possession. The war closed in 1763, when, by the treaty of peace, made at Paris, France ceded to England all lier American possessions east of the Mississippi. By this treaty the beautiful Maumee, which had been so profitable to her subjects in time of peace, and such a source of strength in war, passed forever from her dominion. Thus ended French jurisdiction in Western Ohio.
During the French and Indian war the Maumee River, in connection with the Wabash, was an important military route for the French. These rivers, with the lower Ohio, formed a short, safe, and easy passage from the Mississippi to Lake Erie. The route by the upper Ohio River and the Allegheny to Presque Isle (Erie) was longer, more difficult, and too near the frontier settlements of Pennsylvania and Virginia to be safe at all times. The land route between the two important forts, Detroit and Du Quesne (Pittsburgh), was in almost constant use. That crossed the Maumee at the foot of the lower rapids, thence through the swamp, on the dryest land, to the Portage at several convenient points below Woodville, thence to the ford at the foot of the lower rapids of the Sandusky, whence the trail led on the high land near the headwaters of the small streams to the headwaters of the Muskingum. Another route followed the Portage or the San- dusky River to the rocky point of the peninsula north of Sandusky Bay, crossed the narrow strait between the bay and Lake Erie, and followed the lake shore to the Cuyahoga. There is a tradition that the entrance to Sandusky Bay was formerly fordable. The Maumee and Western Reserve Road is therefore a natural highway around the head of Lake Erie, between the north and the south, the east and the west, and before the age of canals and railroads, and especially before the streams were bridged and the roads improved, it was of great import- ance as a military and commercial route. That this was the best, and almost the only practicable military and commercial route at that time, is seen by a glance at the map. The head of Lake Erie extends so far southward as to compel a detour from the general course; but the closer the road hugs the lake shore the less deflection from a straight line. Between the Maumee and Sandusky, however, the ground near the lake is low and wet, and the numerous small streams, as they near the lake, expand into wide marshy estuaries. The object, therefore, was to find a route far enough from the lake to avoid the marshes, and yet to cross the Maumee and Sandusky at their lowest fordable points. Both these advantages were gained by the Maumee and Western Reserve Road. General Wayne, it is readily perceived, does not deserve all the credit usually accorded him for locating the military posts and connecting rights of way within the Indian territory. They had already been located by the French and Indians, or during the border raids of the Revolution.
INDIAN PARADISE. . .
During the latter half of the eighteenth century, and even until the successful defence of Fort Meigs, "Maumee" and Wabash were dreadful words to our frontiersmen. Especially was this true during the English occupation of Detroit, and after the beginning of the Revolution. The Maumee River, and the Wabash with its tributaries, was a delightful home and a secure retreat for our savage enemies.
Their hanks were studded with villages, the rich bottom lands were covered with their corn, while their light canoes glided over a beautiful current, which was at once a convenient highway and an exhaustless reservoir of food. Forest, stream, and prairie produced, spontaneously and in superabundance, game, fish, fruit, nuts-all things necessary to supply their simple wants. Here their wise men, without fear of molestation, gravely convened about their council fires, and deliberated on the means of checking and rolling back the tide of white immigra- tion-a tide which they dimly foresaw would ultimately sweep their race from the face of the earth. From here their young warriors crept forth, and stealthily approaching the homes of their natural enemies, the pale-faces, spread ruin and desolation far and wide. Here their booty and savage trophies were exhibited with the exultations and boasts of the returned " braves." Behind an impenetrable swamp, their women, children, and property were safe during the absence of
their men Exempt from attack or pursuit, the savage here enjoyed perfect freedom, and lived in accordance with his rude instincts and the habits and customs of his tribe. Amid the scenes of his childhood, in the presence of his ancestors' graves, the red warrior, with his squaw and pappoose, surrounded by all the essentials to the enjoyment of his simple wants, here lived out the character which nature had given him. In war, this valley was his base line of attack, his source of supplies, and his secure refuge-in peace, his home.
FORT MIAMI,
Fort Miami was described as a "regular military work of great strength, the front covered by a wide river, with five guns mounted. The rear, which is most susceptible of approach, has two regular bastions, furnished with eight pieces of artillery, the whole surrounded by a deep ditch, with horizontal pickets projecting from the parapet over the ditch. From the bottom of the ditch to the top of the parapet is about twenty-five feet perpendicular. The works are surrounded by an abatis, and furnished with a numerous garrison."
It was erected by the British at the most commanding point within the Indians' great stronghold, and was designed as an encouragement to the savages in their warfare on the Americans, and, if a convenient pretext offered, to be used in their assistance. Wayne was instructed to capture the fort, if he should consider it necessary to secure peace with the Indians, and it is supposed that had that bold commander been furnished with the necessary artillery, he would have made the attempt. In their retreat the Indians fled toward the fort, near which their battle-field had been selected, as if they expected assistance from the garrison, but Major Campbell, the British commander, prudently closed his gates, and, from the parapet, with apparent composure, viewed their rout.
M'KEE AND ELLIOTT.
Colonel McKee, the British Indian agent, and Captain Elliott, his assistant, were Pennsylvanians. Being tories, that State became too warm for them during the Revolutionary war, and they fled to the Indians. Joining the Shawnee tribe, and marrying Indian wives, they soon obtained so much influence with the savages, that they were appointed agents for Indian affairs by the British Government, and continued as such until their death. McKee's residence and official post was, for a time, at the foot of the rapids, and that point was often designated " McKee's," or " McKee's Station." It has been established beyond dispute, that while the Indians were gathering on the Maumee River, and awaiting the onslaught of Wayne's army, they were regularly supplied with ammunition and subsistence from the English fort, and by McKee, from the government stores in his charge. McKee's resi- dence and store houses were destroyed by Wayne in the general devastation which he made along the river after the battle of the Fallen Timber.
FORT WAYNE,
A few days after the battle Wayne leisurely marched back to Grand Glaise (Fort Defiance), "laying waste on his route the villages and cornfields of the enemy for about fifty miles, on both sides of the river." The crops in the immediate vicinity of the post were pre- served. Fort Defiance was strengthened, after which the army pro- ceeded to the upper fork, and on the site of the old Miami villages, erected another fort, which was named "Fort Wayne." In November the army arrived at Camp Greenville, and went into winter quarters.
. INDIAN BOUNDARY LINE.
The old Indian boundary line has always been a prominent land- mark in the history of Indiana and Ohio, and may yet be traced on the map of the States, forming a part of the southern boundary of the counties of Stark, Ashland, Richland, and Marion, and part of the northern boundary of Tuscarawas and Knox, Fort Recovery was in Mercer County, near the Indiana Line. Loromie's store was within the present limits of Shelby County, Ohio. Within the Indian terri- tory, which included all north and west of the boundary above described, the United States, by this treaty, obtained sixteen distinct cessions of small tracts of land for military posts, with the necessary rights-of-way through the Indian country to reach the posts. Of these cessions, two lie within the present limits of Lucas and Wood Counties, Ohio, namely : "One piece, twelve miles square, at the British fort on
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NORTHWESTERN INDIANA-Continued.
the Miami of the lake, at the foot of the rapids," and " one piece, six miles square, at the mouth of said river, where it empties into the lake." The tract twelve miles square has ever since been an important subject in the histories of Lucas and Wood Counties, and until the organization of Lucas, was wholly within the limits of Wood County.
SURRENDER OF MILITARY POSTS.
Early in 1796, Jay's treaty having been ratified by our government, England surrendered to the United States certain military posts within our territory, of which she had to that time unjustly retained possession. Among them were Fort Mackinaw, on the strait connecting Lakes Michigan and Huron; Fort Miami, on Maumee River, and the fortified town of Detroit. The posts were delivered to General Wayne, as the authorized representative of the United States.
A LARGE COUNTY.
Wayne County, as organized in 1796, under the first form of our territorial government, may be briefly described as including about twenty-six of the present counties in the northwest quarter of Ohio (about one-fourtli of the State), the northern part of Indiana, and all of the southern peninsula of Michigan. What is now this county, was then comparatively a very small part of Wayne County, and Detroit was our first county seat.
DETROIT.
Detroit was a garrisoned town, completely enclosed by strong pickets, and defended by a fort on the north, and by batteries on the bank of the river. The " citadel," for the accommodation of the commandant and his suite, was "a spacious edifice within the pickets, with an esplanade in front of sufficient dimensions to manœuvre a regiment of troops." The town was compactly built, on very narrow streets, most of them not exceeding one rod in width. It was entirely destroyed by fire in 1805, and is rebuilt on a more convenient plan. Detroit is the oldest town on the lakes above Niagara Falls, and, until 1796, was the capital of Upper Canada.
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