USA > Indiana > Jay County > Historical hand-atlas, illustrated : containing twelve farm maps, and History of Jay County, Indiana > Part 14
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In 1805 Mr. Jefferson was elected for a second term; but Mr. Burr, having lost the confidence of his party, engaged in a con- spiracy to seize upon the Mississippi Valley, and found a new empire, with its capital at New Orleans. He was tried for treason, but not convicted. The commerce of America was highly pros- perous, her ships enjoying much of the carrying trade of Europe; but in May, 1806, England declared a blockade from Brest to the Elbe, and Bonaparte, in November, decreed the blockade of the coasts of the United Kingdom. American vessels were captured by hoth parties, and were searched by British ships for British subjects; and those suspected of having heen born on British soil, were, in accordance with the doctrine, once a subject always a subject, impressed into the naval service. Even American men- of-war were not excepted from this process. The British frigate "Leopard" meeting the American frigate "Chesapeake," de- manded four of her men, and, on refusal, fired into her, and the surprised " Chesapeake " struck her flag. British ships were here- upon forhidden United States harbors.
Mr. Jefferson, following the example of Washington, declined a third election .; and in 1809, James Madison became President. The French decrees, prejudicial to neutral commerce, were revoked in 1810 ; hut the English continued, a source of loss and irritation,
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THE UNITED STATES.
wbile hundreds of American citizens were in forced service in British vessels. The feeling was increased by a night-encounter between the American frigate "President " and the British sloop- of-war "Little Belt," May 16, 1811, In April, 1812, an embargo was again declared hy Congress, preparatory to a declaration of war against Great Britain, July 19, for which Congress voted to raise 25,000 enlisted soldiers, 50,000 volunteers, and 100,000 militia. General IIull, with 2,000 men at Detroit, invaded Canada ; but on heing met by a small force of British and Indians, under General Brock, recrossed the river, and made a shameful surrender; and was senteneed to death for his cowardice, but pardoned hy the President. A second invasion of-Canada was made near Niagara Falls by General Van Rensselaer. One thousand American militia stormed the heights of Queenstown, and the British general, Brock, was killed ; hut reinforcements arriving opportunely, the beights were retaken, and nearly all tho Americans were killed or driven into the Niagara.
American disasters on the land were, however, compensated hy victories at sea. August 19, the United States frigate " Constitu- tion " captured the British frigate " Guerrière;" October 18, the "Wasp" took tho "Frolic;" Octoher 25, the frigate "United States" captured tho "Macedonian ;" December 29, the "Consti- tution " took the " Java." The Americans in most cases bad the larger ships and heavier ordnance; but the immense disparity in losses showed also superior seamansbip and gunnery. American privateers took 300 British vessels and 3,000 prisoners. In 1813, General Proctor crossed the Detroit river with a considerable force of British and Indians, and defeated General Winchester, with the usual results of savage warfare. In April an American army of 1,700 men captured York (now Toronto), and ahout the same time another American foree of 800 men was defeated with great loss hy the Indians under Tecumseh ; but the remainder of this campaign was wholly favorable to the Americans. The attempt of the British general, Prevost, on Sackett's Harbor was repulsed ; the squadron on Lake Erie, consisting of 6 vessels, 63 guns, was captured by Commodore Perry at the head of an American flotilla of 9 vessels, 54 guns ; and tbis latter success enahled General Harrison to invade Canada, where be defeated General Proctor in the battle of the Thames, in which the great Indian warrior-cbief Tecumseh was killed. In 1813 another inva- sion of Canada was attempted; and York (now Toronto) was taken hy General Dearhorn; and an unsuccessful attempt was made to take Montreal. Villages were burned on both sides. The British also destroyed Ameriean shipping in Delaware Bay. At the same period General Jackson defeated the Creek Indians in Alahama and Georgia, who had been excited to make war upon the frontier settlements.
In 1814, Generals Scott and Ripley crossed the Niagara, and sharp actions, with no decisive results, were fought at Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, close hy tbe great Cataract. General Wilkin- son also invaded Canada on the Sorel River, but was easily repulsed. A British invasion by Lake Champlain, hy General Sir George Prevost, with 14,000 men and a flotilla on the lake, was no more successful. On the 6th of September the flotilla was defeated and captured in tbe harhor of Plattsburg, while the army was repulsed on shore, and retreated with beavy loss. In August, a British fleet ascended Chesapeake Bay, took Washington witlı but slight resistance, and burned the government buildings. A subse- quent attack on Baltimore was unsuccessful. New York, New London, and Boston were blockaded, and a large expedition was sent against Mobile and New Orleans. On the 8th of January, 1815, General Packenham advanced with 12,000 men against the latter city, which was defended hy General Jackson, at the head of 6,000 militia, chiefly from Tennessee and Kentucky, aided hy a small force of artillery, recruited from the Barataria pirates. The Americans were sheltered hy a hreastwork of cotton-bales, and the British assault was met with so deadly a fire of riflemen, that it was repulsed with the loss of General Packenham and several officers, with 700 killed and 1,000 wounded; while the entire American loss is stated to have only amounted to 71. This ill- planned action was fought more than a month after peace had been concluded between England and America, and was followed by two naval actions in February and March. Though during tbis contest fortune at first favored the Americans on tho high seas, she changed sides completely from June, 1813. June 1, the " Chesapeake" was taken by the " Shannon ;" June 3, tbe " Grow- ler" and " Eagle" were captured hy British gunhoats ; the "Argus" was taken by the " Pelican," August 14; the "Essex," by the " Phohe" and " Cheruh," March 29, 1814; tho "President " hy the "Endymion," January 15, 1815; the only counterbalancing success heing the sinking of the British sloop " Avon " hy the " Wasp," September 8, 1814. In December, 1814, the Federalists of New England beld a convention at Hartford in opposition to the war and the administration, and threatened a secession of tbe
New England States. In 1815, Commodore Deeatur, who had taken a distinguished part in tbe reeent war, commanded an expedition against the Algerians-whose corsairs had preyed on American commerce in the Mediterranean -and dietated terms to Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli.
The Democratic-Republican party baving brought the war to a satisfactory conclusion, the Federalists disappeared ; and in 1817, James Monroe was elected President almost witbout opposition. A rapid emigration from Europe and from the Atlantio States to the richer lands of the West, had in ten years added six new States to the Union. Difficulties arose with the warlike southern Indian trihes, whose bunting-grounds were invaded ; and General Jackson sent against the Seminoles, summoned to bis aid the Tennessee volunteers who bad served under him against tbo Creeks and at Now Orleans, defeated them, pursued them into Florida, took Pensacola, and banished the Spanish authorities and troops. He was, bowever, supported in these higb-handed measures hy the President ; and in 1819, Florida was ceded by Spain to the United States.
From the beginning of the government the question of slavery had been a source of continual difficulty hetween the free and slave States. In 1819-20, Alabama and Maine, a slave and a free State, were added to the Union ; and the question of the admission of Missouri arose in Congress - tbe question of its admission with or without slavery. At the period of the Revolution, slavery existed in all the States except Massachusetts ; but it had gradually been aholisbed in the Northern and Middle States exeept Delaware, and excluded from the new States between the Ohio and tbe Mississippi hy the terms on which the territory had been surren- dered by Virginia to the Union. Under the Constitution, slaves were not counted in full as a represented population ; but by a compromise, tbree-fifths of their number were added to the whites. The slave States were almost exclusively agricultural, with free- trade interests. The free States were encouraging manufactures by protection. The two sections had already entered upon a struggle to maintain the balance of power against each other. After an excited contest, Missouri was admitted, with a eompro- mise resolution, that in future no slave State should he erected nortb of the parallel of 36deg. 30min. north latitude, tbe nortbern hound- ary of Arkansas.
During the second term of Mr. Monroe, in 1824, General Lafay- ette visited America, and was everywhere received with great enthusiasm. In the Presidential election of 1824 there were four candidates - John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, and William H. Crawford. There heing no choice by the people, the House of Representatives chose Mr. Adams ; John C. Calhoun being elected Vice-President. Party and sectional feeling hecame stronger. Mr. Adams and Mr. Clay, who had heretofore acted with theparty of Jefferson and Madison, were henceforth identified with what was called the National Republican, and later, tho Whig, and finally, in union with the Anti-Slavery party, the Republican party. In 1826, two of the founders of the republie, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, died on the 4th of July, the anniversary of the Declaration of Independence -an event wbieh made a pro- found impression. Tbe four years of Mr. Adams, during wbich there wero violent contests on protection and the powers of the Federal government to carry out public works within the States, ended with an excited election contest, which resulted in the triumph of the Democratic party, and the election of Andrew Jackson, with John C. Calhoun as Vice-President. The hold, deei- sive, and impetuous character of General Jackson was shown in a general removal of those who beld office, down to small post- masters and tidewaiters, under the late administration, and the appointment of his own partisans. An act for tbe rechartering of tho United States Bank was inet hy a veto of the President, who declared .it unconstitutional and dangerous. In 1832 an Indian war, called the Black Hawk War, hroke out in Wisconsin ; but the passing of a high protective tariff act hy Congress eaused a more
serious trouble. The State of South Carolina declared the act unconstitutional, and therefore null and void, threatening to with- draw from the Union if an attempt were made to collect the duties on foreign importations. The President prepared to execute the laws by force; Mr. Calhoun resigned bis office of Vice President, and asserted the doctrine of State-rights, including the right of secession, in the Senate. A collision seemed imininent, when tbe affair was settled hy a compromise bill, introduced hy Henry Clay, providing for a gradual reduction of duties until 1843, when they should not exceed 20 per cent. ad valorem.
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