USA > Indiana > Jay County > Historical hand-atlas, illustrated : containing twelve farm maps, and History of Jay County, Indiana > Part 35
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37 | Part 38 | Part 39 | Part 40 | Part 41 | Part 42 | Part 43 | Part 44 | Part 45 | Part 46 | Part 47 | Part 48 | Part 49 | Part 50 | Part 51 | Part 52 | Part 53 | Part 54 | Part 55 | Part 56 | Part 57 | Part 58 | Part 59 | Part 60 | Part 61 | Part 62 | Part 63 | Part 64 | Part 65 | Part 66 | Part 67
dian laws governed the territory, and the British maintained their possession with a military force at Green Bay until 1796, when the Americans obtained the possession, and extended the pro- visions of the ordinance for the government of the Northwest Territory over the whole region. In 1809, Wisconsin was included in the Territory of Illinois, and so continued until 1818, wben Illinois hecame a State, and Wisconsin, then little better than a wilderness, was attached to Michigan for all purposes of government. Public attention was strongly directed towards this region in 1827, by discoveries of lead on the Upper Mississippi, and in 1832 hy the Indian troubles known as the Black Hawk war. So many emigrants had settled here, that in 1836 a separate territorial goverment was organized, which continued until its admission into the Union in 1848.
By the constitution adopted February 18, 1848, tbe legislative power is vested in a senate of 33 members, one-balf elected annu- ally for two years, and au assembly of 100 members elected annu- ally. The legislature sits at Madison on the first Wednesday in January. The executive power is vested in a governor and lieu- tenant governor elected for two years. Wisconsin sends eight del egates to Congress, and casts ten electoral votes.
The judicial power is vested in a supremo court, 13 circuit courts, courts of probate, and justices of the peace. The supreme court consists of a chief and two associate justices. It has in gen- eral only appellate jurisdiction. Two terms are held annually at Madison, "The circnit courts have general original jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters, and appellate jurisdiction over all inferior courts. Both they and the Supreme court issue writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, injunction, quo warranto, and certio-
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134
WISCONSIN AND MINNESOTA.
rari. Julges of the supreme and circuit courts aro elected by the people for six years. By a recent law, not applicable to those then in office, the salaries of the former wero increased from $4,000 to $5,000 a year, and of the latter from $2,500 to $3,000. A cir- cuit court must he held at least twice a year in each county. A judge of prohate is elected hy the people in each county for four years; justices of the peace are elected by the people for two years in the several cities, towns, and villages.
Geology and Mineralogy,-Limestone underlies most of the southern part of the State-the cliff limestone in the mineral dis- tricts, and the cliff elsewhere. The northern part is composed of primitive rocks, for the most part of granite, slate and sandstone. Resting upon the edges of the strata of primary rocks, the Pots- dam liinestone is found forming a helt on almost every side, from ten to sixty miles in breadth.
Lead ore is the most important mineral product of the State, found chiefly in the counties of Grant, Lafayette, and Iowa; it is mostly the sulphurct (galena), though the carhonate (called white mineral), often occurs. Iron ores are found in great quantities and of easy access at Iron Ridge in Dodge county, at Ironton in Sauk county, and in the Penokee iron range in Ashland county, near Lake Superior. A great hed of magnetic iron ore lies south of Lake Superior, near Tyler's fork of the Bad River, in strata of metamorphic slate. Beautiful varieties are found in the north- ern part of Wisconsin, of which tho prevailing color is light pink, traversed hy veins or seams of deep red. Others are blue and dove-colored, beautifully veined, and susceptible of a fine polish.
Climate and Soil .- The climate, though severe, and the win- ters loug, is more regular, and more free from those frequent and unhealthy changes that prevail farther south. The lakes, too, exert a mitigating influence, the temperature heing six and one- half degrees higler on the lake than on the Mississippi side. The country south of tho middle is a fine agriculture region, particu- larly that back of Kenosha. The best agricultural section is that east of the Pekatonica, which has more prairie land. The agri- cultural capabilities of the northern part of the State, around the head-waters of the Black and Chippewa rivers, and the sources of the rivers emptying into Lake Superior, are small, the surface in part heiug covered with drift and boulders, and partly with ponds and marshes.
Products, Commerce, and Manufactures .-- Agriculture is the principal ohject of industry, and is encouraged by legislative appropriations.
Wisconsin enjoys abundant facilities for internal trade with the lake and Eastern trade through those great inland seas which hound her on the north and east, aud with almost every part of the valley of the Mississippi by means of the river of that name and its numerous tributaries. The exports of the State at large consist mainly of wheat, Indian corn, oats, flour, lumber, pork, beef, lard, hutter, lead, bricks, &c.
The rapid streams of Wisconsin afford an immense water-power, which gives great encouragement to manufactures.
Education, etc .- Thesuperintendent of public instruction holds office for two years. There are sixty-four county and twenty- seven city superintendents who administer the school laws in their respective jurisdictions. Teachers are examined hy the county and city superintendents, who give certificates valid for one year. State certificates, given hy the State superintendent, whose hoard of examiners (three memhers) has examined the applicant, entitle the holder to teach anywhere in the State. The school-fund con- sists of the proceeds of sales of school lands-two sections of land in each township given hy the United States government. Half of the proceeds of the swamp lands which were given to the State hy the Federal government as a drainage fund, is made a normal school fuud. Additional funds are raised hy taxation. Among the educational establishments are the Wisconsin University, with law and medical departments, at Madison; Racine College, at Racine; and many others throughout the State.
:
There is an institution for the blind at Janesville, and one for the deat and dumh at Delaware; an insane hospital at Madison, The State Prison is located at Waupun.
The decennial population of Wisconsin from 1840 is as follows:
1880
1870
1860
1850
1840
1054670
775881
305391
80945
According to the census of 1870 the total population of Wis- consin was 1,054,670; of which 2,113 were colored, and 1,206 Indian,
The most populous city of Wisconsin, and one of the largest in the Western States is Milwaukee, Its position on Lake Michigan gives it splendid facilities for trade, and it is the largest primary
grain market in the world. Other important cities are Madison, the capital, Racine, Beloit, Oshkosh and Fon du Lac.
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MINNESOTA.
MINNESOTA, the nineteenth State admitted into the Union, is situated between latitude 43deg. 30min. and 49deg. north, and longitude 89deg. 29min. and 97deg. 5min., and has an area of 83,500 square miles, or 53,440,000 acres. It is hounded north hy British America; east hy Lake Superior and Wisconsin; south hy Iowa; and west hy Dakota. Though there are no mountains in Minnesota, it is the most elevated track of land between the Gulf of Mexico and the Arctic Ocean, and from its ceutral heights sends its waters to every point of the compass, hut for the most part to the north and south, The face of the country in general presents the aspect of an undulating plain.
History, Government, and Finances .- Minnesota was first visited hy two traders in the year 1654, who, on their return to Montreal two years afterwards, gave such glowing descriptions of the country as to induce not only traders and trappers, hut Jesuit missionaries, to visit the country. We are indebted to the latter for the first printed records of Minnesota. It was not hefore 1812 that the United States had any authority within the limits of Minnesota. In 1837 a small tract of country between the St. Croix and Mississippi was ceded hy the Indians to the United States, and lumhering operations commenced upon the St. Croix. The territory of Minnesota was established by an act of Congress passed March 3, 1849. It embraced nearly twice the area of the present State, its western limits extending to the Missouri and White Earth rivers. Up to this period the country was occupied almost entirely hy Indians; hut a small civilized population of whites and half-breeds had grown up around the trading-posts and mission stations, amounting, in 1849, to 4,857 souls. In 1851 the Sioux Indians ceded to the United States all their lands in the country west of the Mississippi to the Big Sioux River. The pop- ulation increased so rapidly after this, that in 1857 application was made for admission into the Union, and an act authorizing the formation of a State government passed Oongress February 26, 1857, and the State was admitted on May 11, 1858.
The present constitution of Minnesota was adopted October 13, 1857, and the State government was organized May 22, 1858. Tho legislature consists of 41 senators elected for two years, and 106 representatives elected for one year. Minnesota sends three representatives to Congress and casts five electoral votes.
The judiciary comprises a chief justice and two associates form- ing the supreme court, nine district courts, and a judge of pro- hate and justices of the peace in each county. The judges of the supreme court are elected for seven years, and the others for two years.
Geology and Mineralogy,-Minnesota, east of the Red River of the North, is mostly covered with drift, lying on crystalline and metamorphic rocks, which occasionally protrude to the surface in the valleys of the rivers and on the shores of the lakes. In the southeast the lower magnesian limestone crops out in the valleys of the Mississippi and St. Peter's rivers. On the shores of Lake Superior are "alterations of metamorphic schists, slates and sand- stones, with volcanic grits and other hedded traps and porphyries, intersected hy numerous hasaltic and greenstone dykes, with occa- sional deposits of red clay, marls, and drift." Copper has heen found, hut in most instances it is not "in place," but appears to have been carried thither by the drift and boulders. The indica- tions are equally unfavorable of their heing large deposits of coal. Lead has been found in small quantities.
Climate and Soil .- The climate of this State is severe, espec- ially in tho northern part. The winters are cold, but clear and dry, and the fall of snow is ligbt; the summers are warm, with hreezy nights, during which occur most of the rains; and the purity of the air and the salubrity of its climate recommend it for the residence of invalids, especially those having any pulmonary affection. The soil is fertile, two-thirds of tho surfaco being well adapted to the cultivation of all the cereals and roots of the tein- perate zono. It is composed generally of a dark, calcareous loam, ahounding in organic and saline ingredients, and is retentive of moisture.
The land of Minnesota is ahout equally divided hetween oak- opening and prairies, the whole well watered hy numerous navi- gable streams. In the eastern section on the head-waters of the Mississippi, the St. Croix, and the Rum River, are extensive pine and hard-wood forests, apparently inexhaustible for centuries ; while from the mouth of the Crow Wing River an extensive forest of hard-wood timher, fifty miles in width, extends southeasterly into the country, watered hy the Blue Earth River, a tributary of
135
MINNESOTA, IOWA AND ILLINOIS.
the Minnesota River, emptying into it 150 miles above its mouth. This timber will prove higlily valuable as settlements extend over the naked prairies of the central and western portions of tbe State.
Products and Commerce,-The chief products of Minnesota are wheat and oats, in the yield and quality of which it excels most other States; corn, of which it is less productive; potatoes, turnips, and other field roots, dairy products, wool, cattle, hides, furs from the northwest, pine lumher, and cranberries from the northeast, and ginseng from the central forests. Lumber is the principal article of export. Minnesota has thio advantage of two outlets for her products; one hy way of the Mississippi to every portion of tho Mississippi valley, and the other by way of Lake Superior, with the Lake States, and with the East.
Education, etc .- The State superintendent of public schools is appointed hy tho governor with the consent of the scnate for two years. He examines teachers, and is general custodian of the school interests of the State. County superintendents are appointed by the county commissioners one for each county. The hoard of education consists of six directors, elected by city, town, or village. Each board elects a superin- tendent for one year. Each suh-district is a school dis- trict. the officers of which form a board of trustees who employ teachers and supervise the details of schools. The school fund consists of the procecds of the sale of school lands invested in State and United States bonds. It is distributed in proportion to the number of ebildren between five and twenty-one years. Ad- ditional funds are raised hy local taxation. Each district forfeits its funds unless it keep three months in the year. The superin- tendent of public instruction, the principal of the University of Minnesota, and the secretary of state forin a hoard of commission- ers, who select the text-books used in the State.
Among the public institutions of this State are a penitentiary at Stillwater; an asylum for the deaf and duinh at Faribault, and a historical society at St. Paul.
The decennial population of Minnesota from 1850 is as follows :
1880
1870
1860
1850
439700
172023
6077
According to the census of 1870, the total population of Minne- sota was 439,706, of which 759 were colored, and 690 Indians.
The principal cities are St. Paul, Minneapolis, St. Anthony, Winona, and Faribault.
IOWA.
TOWA, the sixteenth State admitted into the Union, is situated hetween latitude 40deg. 20min. and 43deg. 30min. north, and longitude 90deg. 12min. and 96deg. 53min. west, and is hounded north hy Minnesota, east by the Mississippi, which separates it from Wisconsin and Illinois, south hy Missouri and in part by Des Moines River, and west hy the Missouri and Big Sioux Rivers, which separato it from Nebraska and Dakota. It has an area of 55,045 square miles. The surface of Iowa is generally composed of rolling prairies, having nothing within its limits which ap- proacbes a mountain in elevation. The highest ground in the State is a plateau in the northwest called "Coteau des Prairies," which enters the State from Minnesota.
A small portion in the northeast, on the Mississippi, is rugged and rocky, and Tahle Mound, a conical elevation withi a flat summit, is about 500 feet high.
History and Government. - Iowa derives its name from the river so called, and was originally a part of the vast territory included in Louisiana. The first settlement of whites within the present limits of the State was made by Julien Du- buque, a Canadian Frenchman, who, in 1788, obtained a grant of a large tract, including the present oity of Dubuque and the rich mineral lands in its vicinity. In 1803 Louisiana was ceded to the United States, and in 1805 the whole territory was divided into tbe two governments of Orleans and Louisiana. In 1812 the name of the latter was changed to Missouri, and until 1821 included all the country north of the present State of Louisiana. In 1834 Iowa was placed under the jurisdiction of Michigan, and in 1837 under that of Wisconsin. It was not until 1833 that any steps were taken towards its further settlement. In the spring of that year soveral companies of Americans from Illinois and other States settled in the vicinity of Burlington, and at a later period settle- ments were made at other points along the Mississippi. On June 12, 1838, Iowa was made a separate territory; and on July 4, ensuing, tbo new government was formally installed at Burling- ton. Under its territorial organization Iowa included all the country north of Missouri, between the Mississippi and tbe Miss- ouri, and to the British line, and consequently the greater part of
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