USA > Indiana > Jay County > Historical hand-atlas, illustrated : containing twelve farm maps, and History of Jay County, Indiana > Part 39
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The judiciary is composed of a supreme court, superior courts, courts of ordinary, and justices of the peace. Georgia sends nine representatives to Congress, and casts eleven electoral votes.
Geology and Mineralogy .- Both the primary and tertiary geological formations are found in Georgia, and' an anglo of cre- taceous formation underlies the tertiary in a small section of the State. At one period Georgia was regarded as the gold State, but tho discovery of the rich California mines caused the quantity of the precious metal in this State to be looked upon as insignifi- cant. Besides gold, silver, iron, copper, lead, manganese, tetan- ium, graphite, antimony, and zinc are found in Georgia; also granite, marhle, gypsum, limestone, coal, sienite, marl, hurrstone, soapstoue, asbestos, slate, shale, tripoli, fluor-spar, barytes, tour- maliue, arragonite, kaolin, epidote, porcelain clay, ruhy, opal, augite, cyanite, emerald, prase, coruelians, chalcedony, agate, jasper, amethyst, precious garnets, schorl, zircou, rose quartz, and beryl. Diamonds are also found. In the southeast counties near the sea, fossils exist on a large scale.
Climate and Soil,-The northern parts are very healthy, tbe winters mild ; frost and snow frequently occur, but are not severe or of long continuance. In the low country the usual tropical diseases are prevalent in summer, Hurricanes and thunderstorms frequently occur in the autumu, at wbicb season the cultivators with their families generally remove either to the islands or the most northern districts of the State. In the low region the tber- mometer usually ranges during the summer from 76deg. to 90deg. Fahrenheit; but it has been known to stand as high as 102deg. Fahrenheit. As the elevation of the northern part of the State is estimated at from 1,200 to 1,500 feet above the level of the islands on the coast, a difference of more than seven degrees is estimated to exist between the mean temperature of the two extreme points.
The soil is generally very productive. In the low country and the islands, it consists of a light gray sand, gradually hecoming darker and more gravelly towards tho interior. Farther north it is a black loam mixed with red eartb, called the mulatto soil; this is succeeded in tbe more remote districts hy a ricb hlack mold of great fertility.
Products, Commerce and Manufactures, - Tbe principal agricultural products are cotton, wheat, and other grains, maize, tobacco, tbe sugar-cane, indigo, and rice. The coast islands were formerly covered with extensive pine barrens; but they now yield largo quantities of sea-island cotton, which is not only far superior to that grown on the mainland, but is, in fact, superior to, and fetches a higher price than any other description of cotton to be found in the market. Wheat and other corn are growu chiefly in the central parts along the bottoms of the rivers, and on the the slopes of the hills. The proportion of productive land is much greater in the hilly country than in the plains. The tops of the hills are mostly crowned with forests, composed chiefly of the pine, palmetto, oak, ash, cypress, hickory, black walnut, mulberry, and cedar trees.
Georgia bas woolen, cotton, and otber manufactories already established and in a flourishing condition, and she possesses ample facilities for manufactures of every kind in the abundance of her water-power, fuel, railroads, and navigahle streams, and the prox- imity of the raw material to the manufacturing centres,
Education, etc .- Tbe State board of education is composed of the governor, secretary of state, comptroller-general, attorney- general, and tbo State school commissioner. There is a county school commissioner in each county, who bolds office two years. Each militia district chooses one member of the county board, wbich board, consisting of from three to twenty members, elects its own president and secretary, wbo is also county school com-
147
GEORGIA AND FLORIDA.
missioner, The last-mentioned official examines teachers before the hoard of education, Teachers' certificates are valid one, two, or three years. Provision is made for ambulatory schools in sparsely-populated districts. Important educational establish- ments are numerous all over the State. There is an asylum for the deaf and dumh at Cave Spring, and one for the blind at Macon. A State Lunatic asylum is located near Milledgeville, and the State Penitentiary is situated in the same place,
According to the census of 1870, tbe total population of Georgia was 1,184,109, of which 545,142 were colored, 40 Indians, and 1 Chinese.
There are several populous and flourishing cities in the State, the chief of which is Savannah. The others are Augusta, the seat of flourisbing manufactures; Atlanta, the capital; Macon and Columbus, also a manufacturing center, There are many small hut prosperous towns in Georgia, which is more uniformly settled than any other Southern State.
The decennial population of Georgia, from 1850, is as follows:
1880
1870
1860
1830
1184109
1057288
900185
FLORIDA.
FLORIDA, the fourteentb State admitted into the Union, lies F hetween latitude 24deg. and 30deg. north, and longitude 80deg. and 87deg. 45min. west; and is hounded on the north hy Alahama and Georgia; east hy the Atlantic; south by the channel of Florida; and west hy the gulf of Mexico and a part of Alabama. It has an area of 59,248 square miles. The Gulf Stream, which sets from the Gulf of Mexico round the south and southeast coasts, has in the course of ages worn away the land, and formed the low sandy islands known as the "Florida Keys," separated from the main- land hy a navigahle channel, which, however, is hoth difficult and dangerous. There are some good harhors, the best of which are those of Pensacola and Tampa on the west, and of St. Augustine and St. Mary's on the east coast. Florida is naturally divided into two different zones, ahout the twenty-eighth degree of lati- tude. The surface of the portion north of this parallel is more elevated, hroken, and wooded, than that on its south side, which is generally level and marshy, and may he termed the true palm- tree section of the United States. The center rises into hills of no great elevation, which slope gradnally towards the gulf of Mex- ico and the Atlantic, and northwest towards the hody of the con- tinent; hut towards the south the whole surface hecomes a dead, flat, and, in great part, indurated plain, terminating at the extremo point of the peninsula in heaps of sharp rocks, partially covered with shruhhy pines. Tho chief rivers are the St. John's, Appalach- icola, Suwanee, St. Mark's, and Conecuh.
History and Government .- Florida, which derives its name from the extraordinary richness of its vegetation, was discovered hy Cahot in 1496, and was visited hy Ponce de Leon in 1512. Though, comparatively, recently admitted into the Union, the romance attouding the early history of Florida invests it with an interest not attached to any other State. One's pity is excited hy the sad fate of Narvaez, who, dreaming of golden conquests in the interior, and of perhaps founding a new empire exceeding in splendor that of the Montezumnas, advanced inland with several hundred men, and was never again heard of. After a desperate struggle the natives were at last subdued hy De Soto ahont the year 1540. Ahout 1562 a war broke out between the French and Spanish settlers for the mastery of the territory, in which the Spaniards proved victorious. Beyond a war hetwcen the Span- iards and the English, who were settled in Georgia and South Carolina, which ended in the defeat of the Spaniards, compara- tively little is known of the history of Florida from the time of its scttlement up to 1763, when it was ceded to Great Britain. The difficulties of the Revolution caused the emigration of large numbers of colonists of English proclivities from the Southern States, who gave a decided inupetus to the then existing state of things in Florida. Hlad this progress continued, it is prohable that the horrors of the bloodiest and most desolating Indian war that the United States has known would have heen avoided. But, unhappily, aftor the country had been occupied by the English for twenty years, it was, in 1783, reconquered hy Spain, which event caused a gonoral exodus of the English population.
Florida was ceded to the United States in 1821. But the tur- bulence of the savages who, owing to the weakness of the Spanish government, had made the peninsula their home long after the extirpation of their race from the adjoining States, added to the uncertainty which attached to land titles, long acted as a har to
immigration ; and a considerable time elapsed prior to any marked movement of population into the newly-acquired territory. In 1835 the sanguinary Seminole war broke ont. Under their chief, Osceola, the Indians, though insignificant in point of numbers, made a gallant struggle, and during seven years defied subjuga- tion. The swampy nature of the country aided them greatly. Peace being established in 1842, the Indians were transferred (in 1846) beyond the Mississippi. Colonization now rapidly took place, and on March 3d, 1845, the State was admitted into the Union. Florida passed an ordinance of secession on January 10th, 1861. The State was readmitted into the Union hy the Omnihus hill, and her senators took their seats at the end of June, 1868.
The revised constitution of 1868 is the foundation of the pres- ent government. The governor and lieutenant-governor is elected for four years. The governor is assisted hy a cahiuet of adminis- trative officers, consisting of a secretary of state, attorney-general, comptroller, treasurer, surveyor-general, superintendent of public instruction, adjutant-general and commissioner of immigration. These officers are appointed hy the governor and confirmed hy the senate, and hold office the same time as the governor, or until their successor shall he qualified. The governor is required to appoint in each county, with the consent of senate, an assessor of taxes and collector of revenue, a county treasurer, county sur- veyor, superintendent of common schools, and five county com- missioners, each of whom shall hold office for two years. Such officers are subject to removal by the governor, hut only for willful neglect of duty, a violation of the criminal laws of the State, or for incompetency. The governor and cabinet constitute a hoard of commissioners of State institutions, with supervision of all mat- ters connected thercwith. The judicial power is vested in a supreme court, circuit courts, county courts, and justices of the peace. All judges are appointed by the governor and confirmed by the senate; justices of the peace are also appointed hy the governor. A State attorney in each judicial district is appointed by the governor with the consent of the senate; also in each county a sheriff and clerk of the circuit court, who shall also he clerk of the county court and hoard of county commissioners, recorder, and ex officio auditor of the county, each of whom shall hold office for four years. The legislature, consisting of 24 sena- tors elected for four years, and 53 representatives chosen for two years, meets on the Tuesday after the first Monday in January.
Climate and Soil .- The climate of the northern part, though hot, is good, the air heing always elastic and pure. Tho winters are so mild that it is never necessary to house cattle. In the south snow never falls, and frost, although it sometimes occurs, is rare. During summer the heat is very oppressive, and fevers are prevalent.
The whole peninsula appears to rest upon a hase of shell-lime- stone of comparatively recent formation, and different degrees of hardness. The soil on the hanks of the rivers is often very fertile. In the northern part of eastern and in western Florida there are many finely variegated and fertile tracts, and the country is in some places richly wooded. The most valuable district of the State is a tract of ahout 150 miles in length hy 30 in breadth in West Florida, nearly in the center of which is Tallahassee, the capital. There are some very extensive swamps and savannahs, particularly the swamp of Okefonoco, half in Florida, and half in Georgia.
Products, Commerce, and Manufactures .- The chief agri- cultural products are rice, Indian corn, tobacco, indigo, cotton, and hemp; the olive, vine, lime, shaddock, and other tropical fruits are successfully cultivated, and in some of the maritime districts the sugar-cane and coffee. Pineapples, oranges, lemons, limes, and cocoanuts grow in this State. Much fiue timher, besides pitch, tar, and turpentine, are ohtaiucd from the forests; the coasts and rivers produce a great variety of fish and testacec.
Florida has but little foreign commerce, and its domestic com- merce is confined to the export of its own products : cotton, rice, lumber, and fruits. The fisheries are valuahle, and fish are exported to Cuha.
Education, etc .- The general supervision of the educational interests of the State is intrusted to a superintendent of public instruction, who, with the secretary of state and attorney-general, constituto the hoard of education for the Statc.
According to the census of 1870 the total population of Florida was 187,748; of which 91,689 are colored, and 2 Indians.
Tallahassee, the capital, Pensacola, St. Augustine, and Key West are the principal cities.
The decennial population of Florida from 1850 is as follows :
1880
1870
1860
1850
187748
140424
87445
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150
ALABAMA AND MISSISSIPPI.
ALABAMA.
LABAMA, (Indian, "Here we rest,") one of the Soutbern A States of the American Union and the ninth State admitted into the Union, lies between 30deg. 10min. and 35deg. north lati- tude, and 84deg, 53min. and 88deg. 30min. west longitude; and is bounded on the north hy Tennessee ; east by Georgia and Flor- ida; south by Florida and the Gulf of Mexico; and west hy Mis- sissippi, It has an area of 50,722 square miles, or 32,462,080 acres. The State is very nearly of a rectangular shape, widening a little towards the southcast and south west, thus causing us to expect an excellent seahoard, hut Alabama is deprived of this hy Florida, which occupies full three-fourths of tho coast line. The country is neither mountainous nor level, but rugged and hroken, especially in the centre, with many picturesque views and wild romantic gorges. The Alleghanies terminate in the north in a series of elevated hills, and the ground gradually slopes to within sixty miles of the Gulf of Mexico, when it hecomes level. There are three hays in Alabama, the principal of which is Mobile Bay, stretching north for ahout thirty miles. There are also three large rivers-the Tennessee, the Tomhigbee, and the Alahama.
History and Government .- Alabama first hecame known to the people of the old world in 1541, half a century after the discovery of America. The famous exploring expedition of De Soto fought its way fiercely through the savage tribes who peopled its wilds at that period, and who were much less savage and far greater numerically than the northern aborigines. In one instance, a chief's house measured 120 feet hy 40, and included small buildings like offices. Upon the Savannah River, at Silver Bluff, there was found a remarkable temple, 100 feet long and 40 feet wide, and proportionally high. In the beginning of the eighteenth century, the French erected a fort on Mobile Bay, but the city of that name was not commenced until nine years later, in 1711. In 1763 the entire French possessions east of the Missis- sippi, except New Orleans, fell into the hands of the English, Alabama constituted a part of Georgia up to 1802, from which period it was included in the Mississippi territory until 1817, when it was organized into a separate goverment. In 1819 it was admitted into the Union as a sovereign State, Alahama passed an ordinance of secession on January 11, 1861, and was readmitted into the Union hy the Omnibus hill, in June, 1868.
The government is based ou the revised constitution of 1877. The governor, lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, treasurer, auditor, and attorney-general, are elected by the people, and hold office for two years, except the auditor who remains in office four years. The legislature meets on the third Monday in November. It is composed of a house of representatives of not more than 100 members; and a senate numhering not more than one-third nor less than one fourth of the representatives. The judicial power is vested in a supreme court of three justices with appellate jurisdic- tion only, except that it may issue writs of injunction, mandamus, habeas corpus, and quo warranto; courts of chancery, circuit courts, each of which is held hy one judge ; a prohate court for each county; and city courts for Mobile, Montgomery, Selma and Huntsville; in addition to which the legislature may establisb inferior courts of law and equity, Alahama sends seven delegates to Congress, and casts ten electoral votes.
Geology and Mineralogy .- In the northeastern corner of the State, extending southwesterly ahout 160 miles and averaging 80 miles in width, is the mineral region. Here, embracing an area of 4,000 square miles, are three coal fields, the Tennessee, Warrior, and Cahawba fields. Near the coal are found equally available deposits of iron ore, the seams of hematite heing at some points from seven to fifteen feet in thickness. The hematite yields 56 per cent. of metallic iron, and other ores from 36 per cent. upwards. Red ochre, lead, and manganese are also found. In this region white marhle of excellent quality has heen found and worked; flagstone, soapstone, plumbago, and granite are also quarried. Near the coal fields are large beds of sandstone and limestone. There are, in various sections of the State, salt, sulphur, and chaly- heate springs. A gold mine was also wrought for a short time in St. Clair county.
Climate and Soil,-The climate of this State is almost trop- ical, reaching to within seven degrees of the torrid zone, and its productions are allied to those of the tropics. Rivers rarely freeze. The lowlands are very unhealthy near the rivers and muscle-shoals, but the hilly regions are salubrious.
The soil is exhuherantly fertile in many places, yielding more cotton, the great staple of the south, than that of any other State. There are fine grazing lands in the low hills of the north, where the Alleghanics terminate, and the long flat valleys hetween them are extremely rich. The central part is a great, htoken, and swell- ing prairie, remarkably fertile; while the southeru, though often
sandy aud inferior in productiveness, has many fertile alluvial bottoms, which yield rice.
Products, Commerce, and Manufactures. - Among the chief products are cotton, in the production of which Alabama takes the lead; corn, fruit, wine, stock, etc. The region hest adapted to agriculture and stock lies in the northwestern part of the State. Alabama is a rich timbor country, yielding almost all kinds of useful timher. Besides tho products montioued, the State produces large quantities of oats, sweet potatoes, and hutter; a considerable quantity of wheat, rye, rice, wool, hay, peas, heans, potatoes, fruit, market vegetaliles, and sugar ; some to hacco, harley, buckwheat, wine, cheese, grass-sceds, hops, flax, and silk are also raised.
The Stato has some foreign commerce with Europe and the West Indies. Its domestic commerce consists of exports of its various products.
The most important manufactories are flour and meal mills; establishments for ginning cotton ; cotton goods mills; manufac- tories of cotton thread and yarn; iron foundries ; leather and ma- chinery manufactories ; and saw mills.
Education, etc .- The State hoard of education is composed of the superintendent of public schools, president of the hoard, and two members from each of the congressional districts elected for four years; the governor is ex-officio a member of the hoard, but bas no vote. There are county superintendents, one in each county, who are elected by the people. The county boards are composed of tho county superintendent and two others, and the township hoards consist of three trustees, wbo contract with teachers. County directors examine teachers, and grant certificates good for two years in the county where granted. The school fund con- sists of the proceeds of all lands granted hy the United States for school purposes, of special appropriations hy the State or individ- uals; of escheated estates; of money paid for exemption from military duties; of an annual appropriation of one-fifth of the revenue ; and a poll-tax of $1.50.
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