Historical hand-atlas, illustrated : containing twelve farm maps, and History of Jay County, Indiana, Part 13

Author: H.H. Hardesty (Firm)
Publication date: 1881
Publisher: Chicago : H.H. Hardesty
Number of Pages: 288

USA > Indiana > Jay County > Historical hand-atlas, illustrated : containing twelve farm maps, and History of Jay County, Indiana > Part 13

Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).

Products,-Apples, pears, cherries, and plums flourish in the north ; pomegranates, melons, figs, grapes, olives, almonds, and oranges in the southern section. Maize is grown from Maine to Louisiana, and wheat throughout the Union; tobacco as far north as about latitude 40deg., and in the Western States south of Ohio.

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THE UNITED STATES.

Cotton is not much raised north of 37deg., though it grows to 39deg. Rice is cultivated in Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, and as far north as St. Louis, in Missouri. The sugar-cane grows as high as 33deg., hut does not thoroughly succeed heyond 31deg. 30min. The vine and mulherry tree grow in various parts of the United States. Oats, rye, and harley in all the northern and mountainous parts of the Southern States; and hemp and flax in the Western and Middle States.

History of the United States .- The early history of the colo- nies which uow constitute the United States will be hriefly given under the heads of the different States and Territories. The first effort at a union of colonies was in 1643, when the settlements in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut formed a confederacy for mutual defence against the French, Dutch, and Indians, under the title of "The United Colonies of New Eng- land." They experienced the henefits of united action in 1754, wheu an English grant of lands to the Ohio Company brought on the French an Indian war-the French claiming, at that period, as the first explorers, Northern New England, half of New York, and the entire Mississippi Valley. George Washington was sent on his first expedition to remonstrate with the French authorities ; and the colonies being advised to unite for general defence, a plan for a general government of all the English colonies was drawn up by Benjamin Franklin ; but it was rejected hy both the colonies and the crown - by the colonies, who wished to preserve their separate independence, and by the crown from a jealousy of their united strength. The colonists, however, took an active part in the war. Under Major Washington, they joined General Braddock in his unfortunate expedition against Fort du Quesne, now Pitts- hurg; they aided in the reduction of Louishurg, Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Niagara ; and rejoiced in the conquest of Quebec, hy which the vast northern regions of America hecame the posses- sions of Great Britain.

The principles of a democratic or representative government were brought to America by the carliest colonists. The colonies themselves were founded hy private adventure, with very little aid from government. The Plymouth colony was for eighteen years a strict democracy, and afterwards a republic under a charter from the crown. A representative and popular govern- ment was established in Virginia in 1620. It was not until the Protectorate and the reign of Charles II. that the colonies were considered as portions of the empire, to be governed hy parliament, when navigation acts were passed to give English ships a monopoly of commerce, when the produce of the colonies was required to be sent to England, and duties were levied on commodities sent from one colony to another. Protests were made against these assumptions; Virginia asserted her right of self-government ; and it was not until the English revolution in 1688, that settled and uniform relations with the different colonies were established.

In 1713, by the treaty of Utrecht, England, which, since the reign of Elizabeth, had imported slaves from Africa into her American and West Indian colonies, ohtained a monopoly of the · slave trade, engaging to furnish Spanish America, in thirty-three years, with 144,000 negroes. A great slave-trading company was formed in England, one-quarter of the stock being taken by Queen Anne, and one-quarter hy the king of Spain, these two sovereigns becoming the greatest slave-dealers in Christendom. By this monopoly, slavery was extended in, and to some extent , themselves free and independent States, under the general title of forced upon, all the American colonies.

In 1761, the enforcement of the Navigation Act against illegal traders, by general search-warrants, caused a strong excitement against the English government, especially in Boston. The British Admiralty enforced the law ; many vessels were seized ; and the colonial trade with the West Indies was annihilated. In 1765, the passing of an Act of Parliament for collecting a colonial revenue by stamps caused general indignation, and led to riots. Patrick Henry, in the Virginia Assembly, denied the right of Parliament to tax America, and eloquently asserted the dogma, "No taxation without representation," The first impulse was to unite against a common danger; and the first colonial congress of twenty-eight delegates, representing nine colonies, made a state- ment of grievances and a declaration of rights. The stamps were destroyed or re shipped to England, and popular societies were formed in the chief towns, called "Sons of Liberty."

In 1766, the Stamp Act was repealed, to the general joy of the colonists; hut the principle of colonial taxation was not ahan- doned; and in 1767 duties were levied on glass, paper, printers' colors, and tea. This renewed attempt produced, in 1768, riots in Boston, and Governor Gage was furnished with a military force of 700 to preserve order and enforce the laws. In 1773 the duties were repealed, excepting threepence a pound on tea. It was now a question of principle, and from north to south it was determined that this tax should not be paid. Some cargoes were stored in

damp warehouses and spoiled ; some sent back ; in Boston, a mob, disguised as Indians, threw it into the harbor. Parliament passed the Boston Port Bill, 1774, hy which the chief town of New England was no longer a port of entry, and its trade transferred to Salem. The people were reduced to great distress, but received the sympathy of all the colonies, and liberal coutributions of wheat from Virginia, and rice from Charleston, Sonth Carolina.

It was now determined to enforce the policy of the English Government, and a fleet, containing several ships of the line, and 10,000 troops, was sent to America; while the colonists, still asserting their loyalty, and with little or no thought of separation from the mother country, prepared to resist the unconstitutional assumptions of the crown. Volunteers were drilling in every direction, and dépôts of provisions and military stores were being gathered. A small foree being sent from Boston to soize one of these dépôts at Concord, Massachusetts, led to the battle of Lex- ington, and the beginning of the war of the Revolution, April 19, 1775. The British troops were attacked on their return by the provincials, and compelled to a hasty retreat. The news of this event summoned 20,000 men to the vicinity of Boston, The royal forts and arsenals of the colonies were taken possession of, with their arms and munitions. Crown Point and Ticondoroga, the principal northern fortifications, were surprised, and their artillery and stores appropriated. A Congress of the colonies assemhled at Philadelphia, which resolved to raise and cquip an army of 20,000 meu, and appointed George Washington com- mander-in-chief. June 17, Bunker Hill, in Charlestown, near Boston, where 1,500 Americans had hastily intrenched themselves, was taken by assault by the British troops, but with so heavy a loss (1,054) that the defeat had for the Americans the moral effect of a victory. After a winter of great privations, the British were compelled to evacuate Boston, carrying away in their fleet to Halifax 1,500 loyal families.

The British Government now put forth a strong effort to reduce the colonies to submission. An army of 55,000, including 17,000 German mercenaries (" Hessians "), was sent, under the command of Sir William Howe, to put down this " wicked rebellion." Congress, declaring that the royal authority had ceased, recom- mended to the several colonies to adopt "such governments as might best conduce to the safety and happiness of the people; " and the thirteen colonies soon adopted constitutions as independent and sovereign States. On the 7th of June, 1776, Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, offered a resolution in Congress, declaring that " the united colonies are, and ought to he, free and independent States; that they are ahsolved from all allegiance to the British crown; and that all political connection hetween them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." This resolution, after an earnest debate, was adopted by the votes of nine out of thirteen colonies. A committee, consisting of Thomas Jefferson, John Adams; Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sher- man, and Robert R. Livingston, was instructed to prepare a declaration in accordance with the above resolution; and the celebrated Declaration of Independence, written by Mr. Jefferson, based upon the equality of men and the universal right of self- government, and asserting that "all government derives its just powers from tho cousent of the governed," on the 4th of July, 1776, received tho assent of the delegates of the colonies, which thus dissolved their allegiance to the British crown, and declared

the thirteen United States of America. These thirteen States were New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia -occu- pying a narrow line of the Atlantic coast between Canada and Florida, east of the Alleghanies, with a population of about 2,500,000 souls.

After the evacuation of Boston, General Washington, with the remains of his army, thinned by the hardships of winter, hastened to New York. On the 2d of July, General Howe, heing joined hy his brother, Admiral Lord Howe, and Sir Henry Clinton, found himself at the head of 35,000 men ; defeated the Americans on Long Island, August 27, 1776, compelled the evacuation of New York, and secured the possession of its spacious harhor and the River Hudson. General Washington, with inferior and undis- ciplined forces, retreated across New Jersey, closely followed by the English, hoping to save Philadelphia, Newark, New Bruns- wick, Princeton, the chief towns in New Jersey, were taken, and the British awaited the freozing of the Delaware to occupy Phila- delphia. On Christmas night, General Washington, hy crossing in boats, among floating ice, made a successful night-attack upon a Hessian force at Trenton, and gave new courage to the desponding Americans, who recruited the army, and harassed the enemy with a winter campaign.

In the meantime, Silas Deane and Benjamin Franklin had been

THE UNITED STATES.

sent to France to solicit recognition and aid. The recognition was delayed, but important aid was privately given in money and supplies, and European volunteers -the Marquis do Lafayette, Baron Steuhen, Baron de Kalb, Kosciusko, and Pulaski -ren- dered the most important services. Efforts were made to induce the British colonies of Canada and Nova Scotia to unite in the struggle for independence, and an expedition was sent against Montreal and Quebec, led by Generals Montgomery and Arnold.

The Canadians refused their aid; Montgomery was killed, Arnold wounded, and the remains of the expedition returned after terrible sufferings. In 1777, after several severe actions in New Jersey, generally disastrous to the Americans, the British took possession of Philadelphia; and Washington, with the rem- nants of his army, went into winter quarters at Valley Forge, where they suffered from cold, hunger, and nakedness.

While Washington was unsuccessfully contending against dis- ciplined and overwhelming forces in New Jersey, General Burgoyne was leading an army of 7,000 British and German troops, with a large force of Canadians and Indians, from Canada into Northern New York, to form a junction with the British on the Hudson, and separate New England from the rest of the con- federacy. His march was delayed hy felled trees and destroyed roads; his foraging expeditions were defeated; and after two sharp actions at Stillwater and Saratoga, with but three days' rations left, he was compelled to capitulate, Octobor 17; and England, in tho midst of victories, heard with dismay of the loss of an entire army. The Americans gained 5,000 muskets and a large train of artillery. Feeling the necd of more unity of action, articles of confederation, proposed hy Franklin in 1775, were adopted in 1777, which constituted a league of friendship between the States, but not a government which had any powers of coercion.

In 1778 Lord Carlisle was sent to America hy the British government with offers of conciliation; it was too late. France at the same time recognized American independence, and sent a large fleet and supplies of clothing, arms, and munitions of war to their aid; and General Clinton, who had superseded General Howe, finding his supplies at Philadelphia threatened, retreated to New York, defeating the Americans at Monmouth.

The repeated victories of the British arms, the aid afforded hy great numbers of Americans who still adhered to the royal cause, and furnished during the war not less than 20,000 troops, and the alliance of large tribes of Indians, who committed cruel ravages in the frontier settlements, did little towards suhjugating the country. Portions of the sea-coast of New England and Virginia were laid waste ; hut the British troops were worn out with long marches and tedious campaigns, and even weakeued by victories. Spain, and then Holland, joined in the war against England, and aided the Americans. Paul Jones, with ships fitted out in French harhors, fought desperate and successful hattles under the Ameri- can flag on the English coast, and ravaged the seaport towns.

In 1780, 85,000 seamen were raised, and 35,000 additional troops sent to America, and a strong effort was made to subjugate the Carolinas. Lord Cornwallis, with a large army, marched from Charleston, through North Carolina, pursuing, and sometimes defeating, General Gates, but suffered defeat at King's Mountain, North Carolina; at Cowpens, in South Carolina, and at Eutaw Springs, which nearly closed the war in the South. In the mean- time, Admiral de Varney had arrived upon the coast with a powerful French fleet, and 6,000 soldiers of the élite of the French army, under Count de Rochambeau. Cornwallis was obliged to fortify himself at Yorktown, Va., blockaded by the fleet of Count de Grassc, and besieged by the allied army of French and Ameri- cans, waiting for Sir Henry Clinton to send him relief from New York. October 19, 1781, he was compelled to surrender his army of 7,000 men -an event which produced such a change of feeling in England as to cause the resignation of the ministry, and the despatch of General Sir Guy Carleton to New York with offers of terms of peace. The preliminaries were signed at Paris, November 30, 1782; and on September 3, 1783, peace was con- cluded between England and France, Holland, and America. The independence of each of the several States was acknowledged, with a liberal settlement of territorial boundaries. In April a cessation of hostilities had heen proclaimed, and the American army dishandcd. New York, which had been held by the English through the whole war, was evacuated November 25; and on December 4, General Washington took leave of his companions in arms, and on December 23 resigned into the hands of Congress his commission as commander. From the retreat of Lexington, April 19, 1775, to the surrender of Yorktown, October 19, 1781, in twenty-four engagements, including the surrender of two armies, the British losses in the field were not less than 25,000 men, while those of the Americans were about 8,000.

The States were now free, but exhausted, with a foreign debt

of $8,000,000, a domestic debt of $30,000,000, an army unpaid and discontented, a paper currency utterly worthless, and a hank- rupt treasury. The States were called upon to pay their shares of tho general expenditures, but they were also in debt, and thore was no power to compel them to pay, or to raise money hy taxa- tion. In these difficulties, and the failure of the articles of confederation, a convention was summoned by Congress in 1787 to revise these articles. The task was so difficult, that the con- vention resolved to propose an entirely new constitution, granting fuller powers to a Federal Congress and executive, and one which should act upon the people individually as well as upon the States. The constitution was therefore framed, and was, in 1787-1788, adopted, in some cases by small majorities, in eleven State con- ventions, and finally hy the whole thirteen States, chiefly throngh the exertions and writings of James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton.

George Washington and John Adams, standing at tho head of the Federalist party, were elected President and Vice-President of the United States. The President took the oath to support the Constitution in front of the City Hall in New York; and the government was organized with Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State ; Alexander Hamilton, Sccretary of the Treasury; General Knox, Secretary of War; and John Jay, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Congress assumed the war-debts of the sevoral States, and chartered the bank of the United States, though its constitutional right to do so was strenuously denied hy the Republican or States' Rights party.

Washington was re-elected to the Presidency in 1792. In 1796, he, worn and irritated hy partisan conflicts and criticisms, refused a third election, and issued his farewell address to the people of the United States, warning them against the dangers of party spirit and disunion, and giving them advice worthy of one who was said to be "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." John Adams was elected President, and Thomas Jefferson, the second choice of the people for the Presi- dency, became, according to the rule at first adopted, Vice-Presi- dent. In 1798 the commercial regulations of France, and the assertion of the right to search and capture American vessels, nearly led to a war between the two republics. In 1799 the nation, without distinction of party, mourned the death of Wash- ington ; and in the following year the seat of government was removed to the city he had planned for a capital, and which bears his name.

The partiality of Mr. Adams for England, the establishment of a Federal army, and the passage of the Alien and Sedition Laws, hy which foreigners could be summarily hanished, and abuse of the government, hy speech or the press, punished, caused great political excitement, and such an increase of the Republican, or, as it was afterwards called, the Democratic party, that the President failed of a re-election in 1801; and there being no election by the people, the House of Representatives, after thirty- six hallotings, chose Thomas Jefferson, the Republican candidate, with Aaron Burr for Vice-President ; and the offices of the country were transferred to the victorious party. Internal duties, which a few years before had led to an insurrection in Pennsyl- vania called the Whisky Insurrection, were abolished, and the Aben and Sedition Laws repealed. Tennessee, Kentucky, Ver- mont, and Ohio had now been organized as States, and admitted into the Union. In 1803 the area of the country was more than doubled hy the purchase of Louisiana -- the whole region between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains-from France, for 60,000,000 francs.

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Historical hand-atlas, illustrated : containing twelve farm maps, and History of Jay County, Indiana, Part 13

Author: H.H. Hardesty (Firm) Publication date: 1881 Publisher: Chicago : H.H. Hardesty Number of Pages: 288

Author: H.H. Hardesty (Firm)
Publication date: 1881
Publisher: Chicago : H.H. Hardesty
Number of Pages: 288