USA > Indiana > Jay County > Historical hand-atlas, illustrated : containing twelve farm maps, and History of Jay County, Indiana > Part 36
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the present Stato of Minnesota, and the whole of Dakota terri- tory. In 1839 the government removed to Iowa city. In 1844 a State constitution was formed, and a petition sent to Congress for admission into the Union. This was not granted on account of the constitutional limits assumed; and by an act of March 3, 1845, Congress delined the boundaries that would he acceptable. The next year the proposed houndarics were approved hy a con- vention assemhled for the purpose, and on December 28, 1846, Iowa was admitted into the Union.
Tho executive consists of a governor and lieutenant-governor, elected by the people every two years. These appoint the other executive officers. The legislature consists of a sonatc, elected for four years, half biennially, and a house of representatives, elected biennially. The legislature meets every two years.
Tbe judicial power is vested in a supreme court, district courts, and such other courts, inferior to the supreme court, as the legis- lature may establish. The supreme court, with appellate jurisdic- tion only in chancery cases, consists of four judges olected by the people for six years, one every second year, and the one having the shortest time to serve is chief justice. Iowa sends nine repre- sentatives to Congress, and casts elcven electoral votes.
Geology and Mineralogy .- Recent geological surveys sbow that the extent of the coal arca in Iowa has been underestimated, and that vast heds underlie every portion of the State. The exist- ence of vast quantities of pcat is also proven, and extensive lead deposits have been found. Limestone is found in various parts of the State, and a large quarry of beautiful marble is worked in Marshall county. Marble also exists in Jobnson and other coun- ties. Beds of gypsum of excellent quality bave hecn discovered; and a superior quality of Potter's clay is abundant in many sections, also good brick clay. Iron ore has been found, but not in richness exceeding forty per cent.
Climate and Soil. - The climate of Iowa is moderate, and highly favorable for agricultural purposes. The winters, bowever, are severe from the prevalence of north and northwest winds which sweep over the level prairies without ohstruction. In regard to saluhrity, Iowa is classed among the most healthful countries of the world, a fact to he attributed to tbe excellent drainage fur- nished hy its rolling surface.
The soil is generally excellent, and no State has a less amount of inferior land. The valleys of the Red Cedar, Iowa, and Des Moines, as high as latitude 42deg. 30min. north, present a hody of arable land that helongs only to the most fertile upland plains. North of this the lands are of an inferior character, and the lower grounds are either wet and marshy, or filled with numerous ponds, and entirely destitute of timber.
Products and Commerce .- The chief industry of the State is agriculture, and vast quantities of wheat, corn, oats, rye, barley, etc., are produced.
Iowa has not much foreign trade, but is very favorably located for internal traffic, washed as it is by the Missouri on the west, and Mississippi on the east, and its interior traverscd hy the Des Moines, Iowa, Cedar, and other rivers. The principal articles of export are grain, flour, lead, pork, and live-stock.
Education, etc .- Iowa has no state hoard of education. The State superintendent of public instruction holds office for two years. Eaeb county has a superintendent who is elected hy the people for two ycars. The school fund amounts to $3,000,000, and certain public lands.
There is a State prison at Fort Madison, on the Mississippi, and two State insane asylums, one at Mount Pleasant and the other at Independence. At Council Bluffs and at Iowa City there is a deaf and dumh asylum, and an institution for the blind at Hinton.
Tbe decennial population of Iowa from 1850 is as follows:
1880
1870
1860
1850
1191793
674913
192214
The total population of Iowa in 1870 was 1,194,020, of which 5,762 were colored, 48 Indians, and 3 Chinese.
Duhuque is the chief commercial city of Iowa, and one of the largest on the upper Mississippi. Other leading towns are Des Moines, the capital, Davenport, Burlington, and Keokuk.
ILLINOIS.
ILLINOIS, the eighth State admitted into the Union, extends from 36deg. 56min. to 42deg. 30min. north latitude, and 87deg. 35min. to 91deg. 40min. west longitude. It is hounded on the north by Wisconsin; east, hy Lake Michigan and Indiana; south,
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138
ILLINOIS AND MISSOURI.
by Missouri and Kentucky, from which it is separated by the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers; and west hy Missouri and Iowa, from which it is separated by the Mississippi River. It has an area of 55,410 square miles. The State is generally lovel, having few bills and no mountains. The lowest portion is but 340 feet, and the highest only S00 feet above the gulf of Mexico. It is nearly covered by fertile prairies; while river-bottoms, with a soil of vegetable mould forty feet in deptli, have produced beavy crops of maize for many successive years without manuring.
History and Government .- The first settlements in this State were made by the French, and were the result of the enterprise of La Salle. He set out from Canada in 1679, and crossing the lakes descended the Illinois river. He was pleased with the country, and, returning to Canada left the Chevalier de Tony in command of a small fort he had built. In 1682 he returned to Illinois with a colony of Canadians, and founded Kas- kaskia. Cahokia, and other towns. Disputes arose between Eng- land and France on the subject of boundaries, and these ultimately led to the war wbich virtually ended with the capture of Quebee. At the peace of 1783, which closed the American Revolution, Illinois was yielded to the United States; and by the ordinance of July 13, 1787, the whole of the public domain north of tbe Ohio River was erected into the Northwest Territory under one government. In 1800 Ohio was made a separate territory, and a further severance was made in 1805, when tho territory of Micb- igan was formed, and again in 1809, when Indiana was divided off. The territory of Illinois at this time included the present States of Illinois and Wisconsin and a part of Minnesota. The settlements of the territories had been greatly impeded hy Indian hostilities. The prominent event during the troubles with the savages being the massacre near Fort Chicago, August, 1812. In the year 1818, Decernher 3, Illinois, with its present boundaries, was admitted into the Union. In 1831, the Sac and other Indian trihes hegan to be troublesome, and in 1832 tbe Black Hawk war broke out, wbich terminated in a permanent peace. In 1830, the Mormons settled at Nauvoo, and were from the first disliked by their neighbors. On June 27, 1844, Brothers Joseph and Hiram Smitb, the first of whom was the founder of Mormonism, were arrested, and, while confined in Carthage jail, were set upon and murdered by the moh. This affair was followed soon after hy a general exodus of the Mormons, who numhered about 2,000, towards Utah.
The government of tbis State is founded on the revised consti- tution of 1870; in this instrument the system of "minority repre- sentation" in the election of members of the house of representa- tives was incorporated. The legislature consists of a senate elected for four years, and a house of representatives elected for two years. The governor and lieutenant-governor are elected for four years. All the executive officers, excepting the treasurer, are elected for four years; the treasurer holds office two years. The legislature meets the first Monday in January after the bien- nial election of members. Illinois sends nineteen representatives to Congress, and casts twenty-one electoral votes.
The judicial powers are lodged in a supreme court, circuit courts, and county courts, justices of the peace, police magistrates, and certain special conrts. The supreme court is composed of seven judges chosen in separate districts for nine years. The State is divided into circuits, presided over by a single judge elected for six years. The judges of the county courts are elected, one in each county, for four years. Cook county, in wbich Chicago is situated, forms a separate circuit with four judges, and has a superior court and a criminal court.
Geology and Mineralogy .- The whole State is of limestone formation, with rich lead deposits in the northwest, and a large portion of tbe great bituminous coal formation lying in this and the adjoining States. In 1867, extensive beds of coal, equal to tbe best anthracite for smelting purposes, were dicovered. Inex- haustible coal-beds underbe the soil in many counties. In 1868, the yield from the mines in operation was ahout 2,000,000 tons. Lead, iron, copper, coal, salt and lime are the chief minerals. Copper is found in various localities. The salt springs near Sbawneetown yield sixty pounds of table-salt from 160 gallons of water. Other salt springs, and sulphureous and chalyheate min- eral waters are found in many places. Large quantities of iron are found, and many manufactories in that metal exist in the State.
Climate and Soil .- The climate is mild, with an average of 77deg. Fahrenheit in summer, and 33}deg. in winter, but ranging from 20deg. helow to 100deg. above zero ; it is also bealthy, except in swamp-lands or river-bottoms, which are subject to fever and ague and bilions diseases. The soil in some of the river bottoms is twenty-five feet in depth, and the soil of tbe upland prairies is almost as fertile. The State may be generally described as ex- tremely fertile and productive-the soil, of course varying in dif-
ferent localities. In some portions of the State forty busbels of wbeat and one bundred bushels of corn to the acre aro frequently produced. The Stato is well watered; next to the Mississippi and Ohio, the chief rivers are the Illinois, its tributary, the Sanga- mon, the Kaskaskia, Great Wahash, and Rock River.
Products, Commerce, and Manufactures .- All the grains, fruits, and roots of temperate regions grow luxuriently; and in none of the Western States is corn raised in more abundance. Wheat yields a good and suro crop, especially on the banks of the Illinois and in the north. Indian corn is a great staple, and bun- dreds of farmers grow nothing else. Its averago yield is 50 bushels an acre, and sometimes the produce amounts to 75 or even 100 hushels. Oats, barley, buckwheat, common and sweet pota- toes, turnips, rye, tobacco, cotton, bemp, flax, the castor-bean, and all otber erops common in the middle States are raised. Hemp is indigenous, and succeeds well everywhere. Tobacco is good ; and cotton is grown both for exportation and home use. Fruits of various kinds are very abundant, and the climate of the south is favorable to the growth of the vine.
The facilities of Illinois for commerce are great. She can com- municate with the Northern and Eastern States by way of tbe lakes, and the Mississippi valley by way of the rivers Mississippi, Missouri, and Obio. The State contains moro miles of railroad than any other State in the Union. Chicago is perhaps the great- est grain and lumber market in the world. Grain, cattlo, butter. cheese, and other agricultural products form the chief articles of export; and sugar, tea, coffee, wines, woolen cloths, and otber manufactured goods are the chief imports. Illinois has made con- siderahle progress in manufactures, especially of iron and wool.
Education, etc .- The board of education is composed of fifteen members, and the county superintendents, who are clected, are required to visit every school in their several counties once a year. There are three township trustees in each county, whose offices are elective. The total income for school purposes in 1872 was $7,500,122.
The decennial population of Illinois, from 1850, is as follows:
1880
1870
1800
1850
2539891
1711051
851470
According to the census of 1870, the total population of Illin- ois was 2,539,891, of which 28,762 were colored, 32 Indians, and 1 Cbinese.
The chief city of Illinois, and the commercial metropolis of the Northwest, is Chicago. It is situated on Lake Michigan, is con- nected by canal with the Illinois River, and thence with the Mis- sissippi, aud is the center of ahout twenty-five lines of railway. It is a handsome city, though the greater portion was hurned down in the great fire of October 9, 1871. Other important cities are Springfield, the capital, Peoria, Quincy, Galena, and Alton.
MISSOURI.
MISSOURI, tbe eleventh State admitted into the Union, is situ- ated hetween latitude 36deg. 30min. and 40deg. 30min. north, and longitude 89deg. 2min. and 95deg. 52min. west, and is bounded on the north hy Iowa, east hy the Mississippi River, south hy Arkansas, and west by Nebraska, Kansas, and Indian Territory. It has an area of 65,350 square miles. No part of this State can he called mountainous, though its southwest portion has some elevated land. The country in the southeast is a morass, forming a portion of the great Arkansas swamp; the rest of the surface consists principally of rolling prairies continuous witb those of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio. It is watered by the two largest rivers of the American continent, which, notwithstanding its internal situation, afford it facilities for communicating with the most distant countries; the Mississippi has a course of 550 miles along its eastern boundary, and the Missouri intersects the State near its centre, and joins the Mississippi within its limits. There are numerous tributaries of the above rivers, which are navigable to some distance; as the Osage, Gasconade, Grand River, Chariton, and Merrimac.
History and Government .- In legal proceedings, tbe region now known as Missouri, was included by the French and Span- ish in the Illinois country, bnt popularly and historically it was denominated Upper Louisiana. The two States of Arkansas and Iowa and the territories of Kansas and Nebraska were por- tions of the same grand division. Situated in the central part of the valley, the advancement of Missouri was not so rapid as those of the lower districts, hut at so early a period as 1720 its lead mines bad attracted attention. Its oldest town, St. Genevieve, was founded, and in 1764 St. Louis. In 1763 the jurisdiction of
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