USA > Indiana > Jay County > Historical hand-atlas, illustrated : containing twelve farm maps, and History of Jay County, Indiana > Part 37
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MISSOURI AND ARKANSAS.
the country went from France to Spain and England, the Missis- sippi River forming the line of division between their respective apportionments. All her northern possessions had been wrested from France. Many Canadian French omigrated hy way of the lakes during the contest, and going South, settled in Upper and Lower Louisiana, giving the first impetus to the permanent settle- ment of Missouri, and a thriving river trade sprang up between the two sections. In 1775 St. Louis, originally a depot for the fur trado, had increased in population to 800, and St. Genevieve contained 460 inhabitants. At this time the American revolution was commencing, aud Spain siding with the English colonists, fought against England. In Lower Louisiana and Florida the arms of Spain were successful. In 1780 St. Louis was attacked hy a body of English and Indians, from Michilimackinac and the southern extremity of Lake Michigan. The general peace of 1783 terminated hostilities, Spain retained her previous posses- sions, and received, in addition, the whole of Florida, of which she had heen deprived twenty years before; and the castern hank of the Mississippi River, including all the Illinois country, was ceded to the United States. A controversy respecting the navi- gation of the Mississippi River was ended by treaty in 1795, hy which Spain granted to the United States free navigation of the great river. Spain did not ohserve the treaty, and it is prohahle that war was averted only by the retrocession of the country to France in 1800. France sold it to the United States in 1803. The territory purchased was divided into tho "territory of Orleans" and the "district of Louisiana," the latter of which was erected into the territory of Louisiana in 1805, St. Louis becoming the seat of government. In 1812, on the admission of the present Stato of Louisiana into the Union, the name of the territory was altered to Missouri, and its government was made representative. Treatics with the Indians gradually extended the boundaries of the territory on the west. In 1817 the assembly applied to Con- gress for permission to frame a State constitution preliminary to admission into the Union, and the great struggle to prevent the extension of slavery into newly admitted States now commenced. In Congress a stormy and acrimonious dehate arose on the sub- jeet. The celebrated compromise, known in our annals as the "Missouri Compromise," hy which it was determined that Mis- souri should he admitted into the Union as a slaveholding State, but that slavery should never he introduced into any State there- after formed from the lands lying to the north of latitude 36deg. 30min. The State constitution was framed hy a convention of forty delegates, which assembled at St. Louis on July 19, 1820, and the State was admitted into tho Union August 10, 1821. Missouri sided with the South during the war, and was one of the chief battle-fields in the early campaigns.
The governor and lieutenant-governor are elected hy the people. The legislature consists of a senate and house of representatives. The judicial powers are lodged in a supreme court, circuit courts, and various inferior tribunals.
Missouri sends thirteen representatives to Congress, and casts fifteen electoral votes.
Geology and Mineralogy,-In 1871 an official geological sur- rey of the State was made, the results of which indicate that limestone and sandstone predominate, and furnish some valuable marbles and other building materials. In those parts where the soil is the least fertile, mineral products are abundant. Great quantities of iron oro and coal cxist throughout the Missouri val- ley ; and lead, antimony, zinc, manganese, cohalt, arsenic, plum- hago, nitre, salt, jasper, and marhle are found elsewhere. The great mineral district of Missouri extends over ahout 3,000 square miles to the southwest of St. Louis. This region is principally celelirated for its lead mines. Potosi may be considered its centre, The ore is the galena or sulphuret of lead, and is found in detached masses, yielding from sixty to eighty-five per cent. of metal. Copper, tin, gold, and silver are found in some places, hut the precious metals are not in sufficient quantities to pay for their working.
Climate and Soil .- The climate is variable. In winter the thermometer reaches zero, and the rivers are frozen over with ice of great thickness, capable of hearing heavily-laden vehicles. The summers are very hot, hut the air is dry and pure. Bilious and remittent fevers prevail on the river bottoms in the fall of the year. The soil is generally good, but the most fertile parts are in the river bottoms, which are a rich alluvion, sometimes mixed with sand, and in the country north of the Missouri River, exept in the east, where the soil is sandy. The soil varies more south of the Missouri, but much of it is fertile.
Products, Commerce, and Manufactures,-Agriculture is the most important industry. The agricultural staples consist of hemp, flax, tobacco, and corn. Common and sweet potatoes, tur- nips, garden vegetables, and artificial grasses are plentiful. Cot- ton is cultivated in the south, hut not to any great extent.
The center of the internal trade of the Mississippi and its tribu- taries is St. Louis, and heef, pork, tallow, hides, and live stock con- stitute, together with lead, furs, buffalo hides and tongues, lumber, and maize, the principle articles of export.
Missouri has manufactories of cotton and woolen goods, flour and grist mills, iron foundries, stone, soap and candle manufacto- ries, machine shops, etc.
Education, etc .- The supervision of public instruction is vested hy the constitution in a hoard of education, consisting of a super- intendent of public schools, elected hy the people for four years, and the secretary of State and attorney-general. A State univers- ity, " with departments for instruction in teaching, in agriculture, and in natural science," is made a part of the free public school system of the State. Each county in the State elects a county superintendent.
The State University has a normal department; the central normal school is located at Sedalia, and St. Louis has a city nor- mal school. The University of Missouri is located at Columbia, and there are many of the higher educational institutions through- out the State. There is an asylum for the deaf and dumb at Ful- ton, At St. Louis there is a blind asylum, also a Catholic asylum for the deaf and dumb. Missouri has a school of mines and metallurgy.
The decennial population of Missouri, from 1850, is as follows :
1880
1870
1800
1830
+ 1721205
1182013
692044
According to the census of 1870 the total population of Mis- souri was 1,721,295, of which 118,071 are colored, 75 Indians, and 3 Chinese.
St. Louis, the chief city of Missouri, is also one of the most important in the United States. It is situated on the Mississippi, eighteen miles helow its confluence with the Missouri, and is a stately and well-built city. It is one of the leading manufactur- ing cities in the Union, Jefferson City, the capital, is on the Mis- souri River,
ARKANSAS.
ARKANSAS, the twelfth State admitted into the Union, lies between 33deg. and 36deg. 30min. north latitude, and 89deg, 45min, and 94deg. 40min, west longitude, and is hounded on the north hy Missouri, east hy the Mississippi River, which separates it from Tennessee and Mississippi ; south by Louisiana and Texas ; and west hy Texas and Indian Territory. It has an area of 52,- 198 square miles, or 33,406,720 acres. Although the State has no seacoast, it has several navigable streams. Besides the Arkansas, the principal rivers are the White River, the St. Francis, Washita, and Red River, all affluents of the Mississippi, The Ozark Moun- tains, beginning near Little Rock, and stretching away in a north- western direction, seldom attain a height of more than 1,500 or 2,000 feet. The eastern part of the State, lying on the Mississippi, is low and flat, densoly wooded, and swampy at intervals. The surface gradually rises on proceeding westward, and near the cen- ter of the State the country is hilly, and the forests are inter- spersed with prairie land. These hills run westward till they end in the Ozark Mountains. Beyond is an elevated plain, which increases in altitude until it terminates in the Rocky Mountains. In the northeastern part of the State the valley of the St. Francis River is an unbroken swamp. Rising into the higher country, the soil is comparatively dry, and well wooded with oak, hick- ory, etc.
History and Government .- Originally. Arkansas was a part of the territory purchased from the French under the adinin- istration of Thomas Jefferson, in 1803, for the purpose of commanding the mouth of the Mississippi River. It continued to be a part of Louisiana territory until 1812, when Louisiana was admitted as a sovereign State. The rest was organized as Mis- souri territory, which name it held until 1821, when Missouri was admitted into the Union, and Arkansas was formed into a territory with its present name. It remained a territory until Juno, 1836, when a constitution was framed at Little Rock, and Arkansas hecame an independent State. During the early part of the late war Arkansas was disturbed hy guerrilla warfaro, hut in 1863 the advent of tho Union army drove out the Confederate troops and the guerrillas, which left most of the State free from the depreda- tions of the latter. The State passed an ordinance of secession on May 6, 1861, and was restored to the Union in 1868.
The government is founded on the revised constitution of 1868, The governor is elected hy popular vote, and receives a salary of $5,000. The legislature meets on the first Monday in January,
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140
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ARKANSAS AND KANSAS.
(odd year), and the State elections are held on the first Monday in November. The legislature is composed of a senate and house of representatives; the former elected for four years, and the latter for two years, The judiciary consists of a supreme court, and circuit courts. Arkansas is entitled to four congressional repre- sentatives, and six electoral votes.
Geology and Mineralogy,-An abundance of anthracite, can- nel, and bituminous coal exists along the hanks of the Arkansas River, on both sides, from a point just above Little Rock to the western limit of the State. A good quality of iron ore exists in the Ozark Mountains, Zinc is ahundaut; lead ore, sometimes bearing silver, exists in different parts; manganese is ahundant. In the vicinity of the bot-springs in the Washita valley there is an extensive hed of excellent oil-stone. Excellent salt is produced from the springs uear Washita, and elsewhere.
Climate and Soil .- In the northern and western parts of the State the climate is similar to that of the northwestern States, and the southern and eastern part is analagous to the climate of Louisiana. The temperature at Little Rock, the capital, usually ranges from 15deg. to 99deg. Fahrenheit, and averages 62deg. 66min., although the mercury has been known to fall as low as Sdeg. The State is generally considered healthy,
The soil varies. The river-bottoms are composed of black alluvium deposited from the higher lands hy the floods of untold centuries, and are extremely fertile. Large portions of the uplands, especially in tho northern part of the State, produce fair crops of the cereals, and excellent apples, and are well suited to grazing, which is carried on to consideralle extent.
Products and Commerce .- The chief agricultural products are Indian corn, cotton, and live-stock, The river-bottoms are well adapted to the growth of cotton. Large quantities of tohacco, wool, peas, wbeat, oats, Irish and sweet potatoes, beans, fruit, garden vegetables, rice, heeswax, butter, hay, etc., are raised. Flax, wax, maple-sugar, boncy and wine are produced,
Arkansas receives her foreign merchandise through New Orleans; tbis city is also the principal market for her exports, wbich consist principally of cotton, wool, maize, hides and lumber, Along the Mississippi and Arkansas rivers and other navigable streams, a profitable domestic commerce is carried on. The rivers of this State are navigable for over 1,000 miles into the interior.
Education, etc .- The superintendent of public instruction is elected hy the people every four years. The State superintendent and the several circuit superintendents form a board of education, A circuit superintendent of public instruction is appointed by the governor every four years for each judicial district. A district trustee is elected every year in each school district, and he is the executive officer within his district. The circuit superintendents examine teachers, and grant certificates of three grades. The first are good for two years in the judicial district, the second are valid one year in the county for which they are issued, and tbe third are valid in the county six months. Iu 1871 the estah- lishment of the Arkansas Industrial University, with a normal department, was provided for. At Fayetteville, Washington county, there is an Agricultural College. St John's College, situated at Little Rock, was founded in 1857 ; and there is a Deaf and Dumb Asylum at the same place.
The decennial population of Arkansas, from 1850, is as follows:
1880
1870
1860
1850
484471
435450
209897
According to the census of 1870 the total population of Arkan- sas was 484,471; of which 122,160 are colored, 98 Chinese, and 89 Indians,
There are no large towns in Arkansas, Tho most important are Little Rock, tbe capital, Fort Smith, and Van Buren.
KANSAS.
" ANSAS, the twenty-first State admitted iuto the Union, lies K between latitude 37deg. and 40deg, north, and longitude 94deg, 40min. and 106deg. 40min, west, and is bounded on the north by Nehraska, east by Missouri ; south by Indian Territory; and west hy Colorado. Its average width is 185 miles, and its lengtb is 550 miles. It has an area of 81,318 square miles. The surface is nearly uniform, and is known as rolling prairie. The State bas no mountains or other high elevations. The rivers, excepting some of the lesser tributaries, follow the slope of the country, and have a southeast course ; they are the Missouri, the Kaw or Kausas River, the Arkansas River, and the Osage.
History and Government .- Kansas for ned a part of the great Louisiana purchase from France in 1803. It was subsequently
included in the Missouri, Arkansas, and Indian Territories, and was separated from the last in May, 1854, and erected into a sep- arate territory, not, however, until after a fierce struggle had occurred in the National Council on the subject of repealing the Missouri compromise, which was an act passed by Congress for- bidding slavery north of 36deg. 30min, north latitude. A large majority in the Senate favored the repeal, and the IIouse voted for it. A tide of emigration now began to flow from the North and South into Kansas, Those from tho North were opposed to slavery, and those from the South determined to introduce it. The opposing elements first clashed in the election of members of the first legislature. The polls were forcibly seized by the pro- slavery party, and large parties of Missourians openly eame over and voted. The legislature illegally elected by the pro-slavery party passed a "black code," The party, assisted hy "Border Ruffians," and supported by the Federal administration, endeav- ored to drive out the anti-slavery or free-State men. A bitter struggle followed, which culminated in actual war. Ossawattomie, Black Jack, and other places became scenes of action, and Law- rence was sacked and burned. The struggle terminated with a victory for the free-State party. It was finally admitted as a State on January 29th, 1861. In the late war, Kansas sent 19,- 584 soldiers to the Union army.
The executive officers of tho State are a governor, lieutenant- governor, secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, superintendent of public instruction, and attorney general, all of whom are chosen for two years. The legislature is composed of senators, chosen for two years, and representatives, chosen for two years, and meets biennially on the second Tuesday in January. The judicial power is vested in a supreme court, district courts, a prohate court in each county, consisting of one judge elected for two years; and justices of the peace elected in each township for two years.
Climate and Soil,-The climato is mild, the winters heing short, and the fall of snow ligbt. The river-hottoms afford pas- turage for stock during the winter. Although the summers are warm, they are not oppressive; the hottest day is followed by a cool ovening. The soil is excellent, and probably no State in tbe Union can show better. The ricbest soil is found in the bottom- lands of tbe. Missouri and Kansas rivers.
Geology and Mineralogy,- Iron, tin, and gypsum exist in large quantities. The coal formation is extensive and rich. One vein, with an average thickness of six feet, extends over and area of 17,000 square miles; and others ranging from one to five feet in thickness. Inexhaustihle heds of gypsum, rang- ing from fifteen to one hundred feet in thickness, exist in the eentral and western portions of the State. Coal underlies a large portion of Kansas. Rich deposits of lead exist, and traces of petroleum have heen found. The salt springs of Kansas are very valuable. They exist over a tract sixty miles in extent, in the extreme southern part of the State. Tho ground is entirely cov- ered by the salt, and can be shoveled up in large quantities. It is very pure, and fit for use in its original state. Wheu taken from the surface, it soon reappears, and in a few days the saline deposits form a hard crust.
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