USA > Indiana > Jay County > Historical hand-atlas, illustrated : containing twelve farm maps, and History of Jay County, Indiana > Part 27
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LEXX SEPXIX
C
HO
OL&CR
A
F
T
N. Manistique Zah
Linke Sta- or Forsyth
Menominee
A
R
U
E
T
T
E
o
UNligh Luke
.LAKE DESERT
K
I
N
A
C
13
Sand Luke
Storp Trout
'LAKE 'L:
Twin Lakes
FLAMBEAU
Plum.L.
ck
RES. Hence L.
: VI : VI
VIII
IX
XI
XI!
XIII i XIV
XV
XVI
Lead Ragt
MASOKM
"XXI : XX XIXXVIII: XVII
Sanderk PL.
Stony' Pt.
Whiskey Teland
Ly BOIS BLANC
34
L'omen
Gagen's p
West
Wave
WEB R.JC.
Fuyrile
Wellsburgh
Gull Teland
Light House
Geyserville
Enaluti P.O_
37
Naden P.O
Sununer Istand
Rat L.
Pelican! Lake!
Birch Lake
36
o Calar For
OR
st-Martins
Poverty Inland
Gravel Pit
36
Spirit
River
jRich'sil. Litty Z.
35
o Cedar River
Washington Harbur o
WASHINGTON
Burgess"
Hull
3.1
Plum Istand
Detroit Inland
O
Walloon-
87
Barndra,
1ciroso
37
0
10
20
30
40
50
50
3인원
Curt Head
Fillage
oEchgo,o.Praha
31
Longitude West frem Washington
home bochtige R-T Maturité oo Menckaunite
A 13
B
C
D
E
12
F
G
H
-
=
K
L
M
N
0
P
Q
R
S
T
U
8
W
X
Y
Vate Chupeut
Longitude West from Greenwich
Rideau Z. A
Biter
Dog
River
Dore YBIOET
WAWA LAKE River
18
igson River
XXXVIII/ XXXVII
21
Washington Harbor
U
·P
E
L .
Copper Mlardo,
Light House
Eagle Harbor
Agalt Harbor o PERN MINE
INA W TWOWONTON
Istand
CARIBOU ISLAND
o Trading Post
River
River
Point aux Mines
WartZ-
26
Mamainse Point S
47
Batchcewaunung P- Batcheswaudung
27
Mts.
o Tron River
:XXXIX XXXVIIIXXXVIXXXVI
Lake
'XXXIV
' XXX XXXX
151 Cachorro Mission Se
No Unthodist A n & Arron
XXIx
QL'Anse
A
A
DOp
Forp
Garlic Point
Black
Went
Braw
Mouth
East
Michigam
Spurt Mt
con
nireal
C
Henckquner.
LightE
Sait Por I PLIYO, Waiska
Ilt do
VII
C
Stevensburgh
43
31
ST.JOSEPH
44
"Laker
Centerville Sta.or; Lathrop I.O.
ME
Maple Ridge
o Bilchrist
Carp Rive
Lake
Epoufette
ST.MARTIN.BLO GA
Detour
BAY
GTE
Comt
Heron Point
Tomehawk
BY
ke Potter
Eagle Lake
Pine
AHANS XXIX
¥10
Bay Sidingz
Spurte Pl. BIG BAY 6 Gram" Point aux Bard
Flat Rock
St- Vutat Pt. Et- Vidal I.
A, Light Hotte Waugoshance J.
34
High Island
St-James Wangoskanes P.
BIG BEAVER Ine auz Galds +
35Cheboygan
P.o.
o Sac Bay
O ISLAND
Cross Village
Point Delour
Middle Village EMMETT uller Lako
Summer
Good Heart
Island
ĮLake;
Check
Frydenlund
To Burt Lake
35 LARES
36
À Light House
For Teland
Pickerel Lake
Bay
Wallace
ISLAND
Charlevoix
Pl.Rochereau
Pests
Nokwebay Lake
Ellison's Baylo Eitihon Bay
Norwood CHARLEVOIX
SCALE OF STATUTE| MILES.
Graw? I-
A
Cat Head Point
Chambers I.
Eagle Day
Sistar Day Sinke Routeur's Bay
36
.
ISLAND Northport
Berryville
----
Menemince
Simaberry Fish XVIII North Bay
MICHI
Hinman Lake Lake
BA yoand
North
Little Traverse Littis Traverse
Choked Luke
CHEBOYGAN
"South
R
King n
o Strauss
o Lilly
River
33
33| Birch Creek
Light House IGRANDO
Ten Houred"
Spider 1.
Hammers
5
NORTH MARITOU
33
TRAVERSE LA odm.d. L. J. A.
108
19
Arrow
Thompsons J. To Cargess roa
Cariboo Irland
Spur Island Hinong P.O.
XXXY Videla Jeland
Ottar. Tiland Otter Head
20
Lak
River
Tutana Mine
Siforit Z Chippewa Harbor
Michipicoten P.O. 0
22
River
Cochogteigamos
R
I
Thaniz' COPPEN FALLE MINE X CENTRAL MINE Clifton o W-
Light Hone Manitou
ZEACH ISLAND
24
Garationer Lake
dell. Bay
COALLOUEZ
TRE
NATIONAL BOUNDARY
47
14 Miles Point
.40-F
CEENAW BAY
HURON Nicht House
Haron Point
Umion Bay
Light House Ontonagon
XXXV ..
Big Bay Point
KLIM
AILYER REGION XL
O Nonesuch
Point -Maplo Island
mk
Point Goular
Goulais Bay
Gros Cap
Point aur Ping
Village of St. Mary
29
DAX
Taguammon Jelana
Light House
SUGAR
Chocolate R.
Sand R
Onela
Rko Muniaming
Perch Lake 46
Champion Mius ot
Republi
Sauds
PETROL
Tacaus
R.
Monailique
Forville Scott's Point
Point aux Chenes
St.Ignace
Ne St. Martin
Lasante Inland Tale Marquetts
Lake:
Sugar. Canta
Quinnceos
'39Spaldin
Ford Fiesta
DE NOQUET Round I.
ESTERNO Ercanaba DE NOQUET
L> 38:
TH & AtenoiniDer
or:Powers Y.v. laman Sta of
b.H. Little
35
COME
Wisconsin
Bedver Lake
Bagley
GREE
INB
Storia L.
Branch
Fork
Indian Toien
35
Pleasant View Burts Mullette 3CHEBOYGAN
2
"Pelican Sta"
Notth Peticur Lake
43
Lahe Lourd
Brute
12-12
Theeugon
Ford
De Bequeb Campbell
Point
Alille Coquins Riddle Point
Ount Epouferie
33
Fisher L.
Florence
Sturge
11
DỰ ECA L
Ricer
Hont D-
O Manistique Seulchoix Poillt
Squaw Irland
Gron Capa 11
Gros Tile &.Martin
Point Si. Martin
Seater Tuil
-River
CHAG
Vulcan
vules
Dark b
Ono Siding BA
TERN-
ues Trout Irland
. Light House . He hulpin Punto
Af Mackinaw
ISLAND BOUTIT Light Honmo CHANNEL
Frezlom O !
Saint Marie
I ST GEORGE
Haryey.49-1-
PICTURED' ROCKS Jable Luke
Bicker Juiz The Tree
XLVI
Three LakesHO
Switch.
Hutu bolde
Greenwood
hoeming
Light House Marquette Harvey - shot
Train I
Train ".
Buy Wood I.
Grand I.
Trost Day
Castle PI.
Grand Port
Grani
49
B Sturgeon
Champion
ABincrof
Mangling Fisk Print
Light Manna
C&Plains O
Smith Mine Jeop.
River
Deer Fiver
Fenca
8-C.SMITH MINE L
Sturgeo
zoHelena
Crub Lake
Big:L.
branch
Branch.
S.Mantetique
Mille Coquin
And Fever
MERIDIAN
11
L.Bravoort
i Bois Brut
Jithigamme
SY D. XXX
Keyes Laka
XXVIII| XXVII XXVI : XXV i XXIV : XXII *** XX
Wiggins Point
Garden Bt. Ideia Island iland City' 1 Hog Island Print la Barbe Round 7. Mackinac Licht Hours STRAITS of MACKINAC
Point Patterson
Perkins d
Lake
Hughes Point
VUDLAKE ISLAND
Island
32
Milakokia
Takqualeno.
, Branch-
Lakop
Paulridge
H
o Bakcheewaudung
Map of Northern Michigan.
Eintoo . Houghton
Traverse Point
26
2roms
Sleeping
Pine River Point
Porcupine
L-Independence
Trous XXVII
28
Rxkend
R-
Gorlais
Grand Marais Harbor
Garlic Granite Point
Sturgeon &
-Branch
XL XXXIX XXXVII South Branch on R. Ontonagon
NEEBISH ISLAND
MANISTIQUE LAKE
River
16
Pigeon
'D Patoskoy Brut
Fox Island } Light Hoots
Trading Post
R.
wolf
Potre
Stephounon
MICHIGAN
10
9
Mountain
Jake Beguamt
I. Beat River
gand River
Eaglo River
R
MONTREAL ISLAND
Greenlanday TOLTEa MINE
>¿quaquanaming Ph.
Cascade Jon
River
Pine Lake
Passage Z. Scoville Point
Map of Michigan.
109
1
2
3
86°
4
5
6
7
85
8
10
84
14
15
83º
16
17
46
46
parago
Longitudu ti cat lium Vi ceuwieb
---- Pal Pitilerson
BAY
Cape Robert
1
Scoll's Point
Gruxs Paint
Tint St. Martin
DelouT
DRUMSIOND
Deazer T
Epsport
Hughes Point
Point
41
Lasalle Manı
Isle Marquette
Aleron PointM.
BARRIE
A
Seulchoic
A
Point aux Chomen
Point St. Vidal
ISLAND
Bay
Juiz L
O
XI
XX IXXXXVII: XVII :
Poifit
St.Janace
Tale Bi, Varten
COCKBURN
Henry T. Baufeld
ISLAND
Gore Bay
Detdh
Stany' PrJ
Wiggine Puint
Squaw Ieland
Gros Cape
.Jackinge
Sound
Z. Wolsey
.BIG BAY
Point aux Barques
Whiskey Island C
Garden
Island
Hog Island
St. Helena Iland +
5. Vidal 2, 9 Girlen"
Think la Berbe Round 7. Mackinac Liebt House
MANITOULIN I'D
NATION
Green Irland
BOV
BOUNDARY
B
DE NOQUET !NT Pr.
Trout Island
Light House &
STRAITS f MACKINAC
8
High Island
Light House Waugoshance 2. Me Fulpin Point
Mackinaw City
BOIS BLANC
St. James Wangoshance F.
DOUTE Light House
-
Western
Inner
1. Round L.
MANNEN
ISLAND
Fitgette
Wellsburgh
AL
Middle
ACall of MisEk
o Sac Bay
Gull Toland
BIG BEAVER Ile aux Galou Curp La
Duck Island
Duck Island Portage
Freeliom O
Duck Jaland
Boy
A
Light House
3SCheboyEnn
Great Du
... . 0
Ieta d
Outer
Duck Ieland
Point Detour
ISLAND
Cross Village
Geyserville
Middle Village EMMETT Hulleta Lakao
37
Summer
vo Sova
0
Island
Good Heart
PleasantoFlew Burts Mulletts
Hammond's
Poverty Ieland
Heulus
Bar
CHEBOYGAN
Little Traverse o
Hinman Lake Lakei
30
Forty Mile
D Light House
North
Burt Lake: 35 LAKE
Point
Crooked
Truul B. Adame Point
0
WASHINGTON
"South
For Teland
Little Traverse
Luke
CHEBOYGAN
I
Crouford's Quarty & o;Icogera City
ISLAND
Fox Island
, Boy
& Light House
Burgestemodo
Charlevoix
Petoskey
1 Light Honia
Walloon
34
PRESQUE ISLE
E
Barnard
- Lake
Alelrosa
Grand Lake
Falas Presque
E
Light House
Norwood CHARLEVOIX
Tale
Cat Head Point
AGRANDS
East Side
NORTH MANITOU
A
Cal Head
Boyno Fylla
32
N.Br
Long Lake
Middle Ieland
Village
Long Rapids O Bay
MICHIGAN
ISLAND Northport
Northport B.
F
Tenat J. IntermediateO
oEchoo,o Praha
Brown's D
Berryville
31
MONT
Alpena
IF
South Manitou 1
TRAVERSE I & o Centeal L.
Oriiena a Tewh Lake 9
Elmira Gaylord
- Crooked Teland
M
River
45
Telana
LIKE Home
O Thiand New Mission Pta-
Goodl Harbor Sullun's Buy
Simhen
M
OTSEGO
ALPENA
Tarwridge Pr Sugar Islan!
North Point
45
Pyramid Joint
North Undy OFaremungold Himsiono Pt. Elyin E
Bay
R
Otsego
Brigloy
30 MORENCY
Sulphur Fland
Escada
.Thunder Bay
G
Sleeping Bear Day:
No Good Haber Mantelen
"Alba
Jake b otiego Lako
Hejaber
Ossineke
Scare Crow
Glen Haren LEELENAW I
Elk Rapids
Sta.
29
South Point
H
.0.
Turtle Lake
Glen Lake Kamen Caer Lati M'EST
oSpenrer
bcetona
Wright's Like St
Burdickvids
Eastpues
o Solon ARN
West Wood
or Bradford;L.P.O
Black River
Empire Q
O
Traverse City Atheo |
9 Elk L
Yube
o Leotavlile
Forest Sta, or _!
2's
HUBDARD
Ieland
Round .L
LAKE
cdd Black River
H
Platte River Point
Platteio Oriali
"OWilliamshue
FINK
OEnel Bay
Kalkaska
Fredorok ville®
Har
o Alcona
H
I
C
Point aux, -Mal L.
Awira O
Becs Scies
AUFLULGRAND
warda
KALKASKA
27OSCODA
Light House
Platt
BENZIE?
Inlond PEBelgiens I
Grayling
Sturgeon Point
Frankfort o
Homestead
o Benzonia
E. Betrie LA
Mayfield
0! Crofton
ALCONA
South Frankfort 9.in,au
TRAVERSE
South Boardman
CRAWFORD 26
Spring Mill O
Black Rock
Joufeld o
Fife Lake .
\ 'Greenbush O
Fife Like River
Poro Chodey
Gilmore: O:
. Ban'e L
25
VII : Vill ! 1x Cedar Lake
R
Walton
au Sable
H
Pleasanton
Bear Lake
Wexford
Poineer o
HIGGINS
Roscommon Darion c
Thompson º
Pine Lake
Cleon Sherman fanistco
Pierpont
o NorwichLAKE
2.1
Onekama o
Harilla
Bancolaº 1
stHelens
Whealidad
Mantou
o Nixon
HOUGHTON
gen Lakei Churchill
Au Sable Q Oscoda
Mile Lake City. . Roy ROSCOMMON 3 .1
Berger
Partage Lake
O Norwalk
WEXFORD
Lake!
I
0
S
Co
MANISTEE Springdale
Campbells
Au Sable Point
Haringoo
MISSAUKEE
AO LAKE
Corner#
QGEMAW
Ogernaw o; Turwas Laks -
Beaver V
120
Io Eust Tawas
C
K
Sweet's Bridge
B. Clam Sta
0. Mushral Lake
HONgy
Edna
West Branch
Tawas City
+ Light House
Manistee
K
Stronach
Tuwas Point
0
Clay Hill
Lake
Cadillac
Falmouth" Edson Corners
Ogemaw'SP
b Woleh
Greenwood
Itlemore .:
Alabaster
Bay
FTre Soft
L.Clan
o Hobart
Galt
Vogel Centre
Achil
21
Summit
Acton
Winterfel S
9 Upton
Culv& o
Maple R
Grand Balla
Tustin
While Stone
&Chapple Cornere
Willville
Sta
20
Wells
Omer
BAY
Fint avz Barevet
Point
Port Auviny
L
TA
Big Sable Lake
Rose Lala
YBeld S
Ricer
.Mark
Gravelly Point
Burnt Cabin Point
Flat Rock PA
.420127
I
Plan Sable.
1 .. Sable Riser
GLAD WIN Duoban
Au Gres
Chacity Joland
Grind Stone City
Lincoln of
GAS
Round Lake
Le Roy
44
-K
E
SCEOLA
Gladigin 04
Deen River
Girenao
Hal Point
Lighi Howe
Liute Chacity
44
Pt.Au Gres
PuiCrescent Huron City
Liule Sable Lake
Amber Tellmeno
Wigwam
O Ashton
Grout o
SlabdbMs?
RuiA Z.1
Idand O.U.Castilla.
Ludington
E
-18
Sagan/o SUL
Bay
M
Pere Marquette Lake! a.
Port Hope
City
WasLe"FeiDieFt
Saganin
Sind Po'nt
N
Rayes Filion
--
Riverton
Grant. !
YNT
HarboLOPIL
North J. Wild
D
Faircicu
Clase
Chippew
jon Je.
Pinconning
Big Lake
Farwell --
17
Glencoe
Lako
Ching yna Fa jago Bay Fort
Forest Bay
Spar Take Nueway Hall
Hersey
PET
State Road
Kate Cheir
MERIDIAN
Pentwater
NB- Crystal Volley
Couke Station 9 XI
Pipe
Juinn 1.
H
Ri OF N Spraco Sand Beach
Bad Axo
QVerona
M
N
Smith's Cufreds okVIL
0
Tom
D Paris Chifgewagteks
Fork
Nero
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Ellavilleo Coleman
Wright's1 (1 º Hope
Kilmanagh Q
4-Millssuede 02 Rock Falls
N
.XVI
- Martien: 10 SA
Jridye
Terry's Sta
Fuat Point
AGIN.
1 ºSebeweging
Can
North Burn's OGracolo"
JP Hart
Bild
Hungerford
POEt Rapids
Sherman City North, Bradlete
Bloomfield
Sanford
Averlli's Stt
Shepherds afilleo
o Partrille
White Rock9
B
Zawiin >
Lilile Pt au Sable
E.Golden
" nghi House
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Blackberry Ridge
C
Byers la Cleae &, Herte Head IS
E
YA
Shelby
ON
AJNEWAGO
MECOSTA
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Daad
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Meble Run
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MIDLAND
AMBITO
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Charleston
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o Wirner
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0
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air Grove-
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b Grecowood Worker
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Morley
Planchers
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Rowland
eieklund
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Cheney Creek
Caro GA
Forester o
County Line
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agina
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abjameje
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MUSKEGON
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o-madore
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111
PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.
Education, etc .- The school superintendent is appointed by the governor, and holds office for three years. His jurisdiction only embraces disputes in which points of law are involved. County superintendents are elceted by the county hoards of direc- tors every third year. These hoards consist of six directors from each district, and two of them arc elected each year. The town- ship hoards consist of six members. The superintendents examine teachers, and grant two grades of certificates, good for one and threo years. The state superintendent grants permanent certifi- cates, which are good everywhere within the State. The consti- tution provides that " No preference shall ever he given, hy law, to any religious establishments or modes of worship." The Stato has six normal schools; one at Millersville, Edinboro, Blooms- hurg, Mansfield, Kutztown, and Philadelphia. The last is exclu- sively for girls. There are numerous other educational establish- ments throughout the State, among them Girard College for poor boys in Philadelphia. The University of Pennsylvania is a noble institution, and its new buildings in Philadelphia were occupied in October, 1872. There are many other nohle educational insti- tutions in the State.
This State has two largo penitentiaries, one at Pittsburg and ono at Philadelphia. Philadelphia has a house of refuge for juvenile delinquents, also one for adults. Pittshurg has a house of refuge. A State lunatic asylum is located at Harrisburg, and an insane hospital at Pittsburg. There is an institution for the deaf and dumb at Philadelphia, and the Women's Medical College and Jefferson Medical College are also located there.
The decennial population of Pennsylvania, by counties, from 1790, is as follows :
COUNTIES.
1880
1870
1860
1850
1810
1830
1820
1810
1800
1790
Adama
90315
28006
25081
21379
19970
15152
Allegheny
262204
178-31
138290
81235
50552
3-1921
25317
19172 15087
10309
Armstrong
43342
35797
99560
28365
17701
10324
6143
2399
Beaver
36148
29140
26689
29368
24183
15340
12168
5776
Bedford
20635
26736
23052
29335
24502
20248
15746
12039
13121
Berka
106701
93818
77129
64569
83152
46275
43146
92107
80179
Bradford
53904 64146
09578
5609
48107
45745
87812
82371 7315 2117
27496 3916
23101
Butler
3 510
95591
80346
22378
14581
10193
35569
29155
17778
11230
7076
3987
4278
28144
21033 27000
15084
20492
18879
13796
10691 80396
13009 32093
7562 27937
26537
21988
23505
--- ---
4803
2312
875
Clinton.
Columbia
25065
17710
21267
20059
17621
Crawford.
48755
37+49
31721
100 0
9397
6178
2346
18243
Dauphin
60740
46756
3575
3J118
2521;
21653
3 893
29270
18177
Delaware.
39403
30597
24679
19791
17321
14810
14734
12809
9183
Elk
8188
5915
8531
89742
31344
17041
8311
3738 217:4
20159
13395
Foreet
4010
Franklin
45365
42126
39904
87793
95037
31892
23083
19638
15656
Fulton
9360
9131
7567
22134
19147
18023
15554
12544
31251
23100
24786
35184
27145
20139
14778
8605 13008
7565
86139
88687
27170
201782
14232
7253
2025
561
161
16986
13029
11090
81203
76631
67975
53927
43403
86147
27298
84090
26071
21872
20557
16975
56796
82479
25787
22256
18895
18109
12839
4901
Lycoming
47626
McKean
8825
8559
5251
2975
1499
729
142
Mercer
49977
36856
39172
32873
19729
11691
8277
3228
Mifflin.
17509
16×40
14980
13092
21690
16618
12182
Montour.
15344
Northampton.
61492
47904
40235
4 998
30182
31755
38145
300G2
24950
Northumb'rI'd
41444
28922
23272
20027
18133
15121
36327
27797
17161
Perry ..
25447
22733
20089
17096
14261
11284
1º5637
111210
81009
54391
Pike ..
8436
7155 11-170
6048
3×71
1:265
166
29
Snyder.
15606
16035
28226
Sullivan
6191
Susquehanna.
37525
86267
28688
21195
16787
9960
Tloga .
35097
Unlou
15565
Venango
17925
25043
18910
17900
9470
4915
3º60
1130
Warren ..
23897
19190
13671
9278
4697
1976
827
233
Washington ..
48483
46805
44999
41979
42784
40038
86289
28298
23866
Wayne ...
89188
82239
21890
11848
7663
4127
4125
2562
Westmoreland
58719
53736
61726
422609
38100
80540
26392
22726
16018
York
76134
68200
57450
47010
42859
88747
31958
25613
37747
Total
3521791
2906215 2911786
1724033
1848293
1047507
810091
562365
434373
1790
Kent
29804
2:804
2216 42780 25916
19872 3312/ 25098
19913 29720 97115
20799 27899 24057
20195 24129 27750
19554 25361 19359
19686 20488
Total
125015
112216
91532
78085
76748
72749
72674
61273
59094
According to the census of 1870, the population of Pennsyl- vania was 3,526,791, of which 65,294 were colored, 34 were Indians, 13 Chinese, and 1 .Japanese.
Philadelphia, situated on Delaware River, at the head of ship navigation, is the metropolis of Pennsylvania; Pittshurg, the next largest city, is the Birmingham of America. Other large cities are Alleghany City, Scranton, Reading, Harrisburg (the capital), and Lancaster.
DELAWARE.
D ELAWARE, one of the thirteen original States, stretehes from 38deg. 29min. to 39deg. 47min., and in west longitude from 75deg. to 75deg. 45min., and is hounded on the north hy Penn- sylvania ; east by the Delaware River and Bay and the Atlantic; south and west by Maryland.
It is 96 miles long, and 37 wide, and has an area of 2,120 square miles, or 1,356,800 acres. Next to Rhode Island, Delaware is the, smallest State in the Union. The surface is in general rather lovel, hut rising gradually from tho coast to the western hound- ary. There is, however, a hilly district in the north, and in the south a vast morass covering 50,000 acres, infested with wild ani- mals and noxious reptiles, and filling the atmosphere with poison- ous miasıns.
History, Government and Finances .- In 1610, Lord De la Ware, after whom the State was named, entered Delaware Bay. Later, the Dutch visited the hay, and established & post at Haven- kill in 1627. In 1638 Peter Minuits, at the head of a hody of Swedish colonists, erected Fort Christina on the Brandywine River. The Dutch, who still maintained their claims to this region, built Fort Cassimir on the site of Newcastle. In 1655 a small hody of colonists from New Amsterdam conquered the Swedish settlements, and in 1664 this region was taken possession of by the English. The settlements on the Delaware were joined to the province of New York until 1681, when they were then purchased hy William Penn from the Duke of York, Penn annexed them to Pennsylvania, under the name of the Three Lower Counties on the Delaware. They remained under the gov- ernment of Pennsylvania with a separate legislature, however, until 1776, when Delaware proclaimed her independence, aud her people framed a constitution. A new constitution was adopted in 1792, which underwent changes in 1802. 1831, and 1838.
Aceording to this constitution the executive power is vested in a governor, who is elected by the people every four years. The legislature meets hiennially, and is composed of a senate and a lower house; the former having nine members elected for four years, and the latter twenty-one members elected for two years. Delaware sends one representative to Congress, and casts three electoral votes.
The judicial authority is lodged in a superior court with one chief and three associate judges, a court of chancery with one chancellor, an orphan's court composed of a chancellor and a judge of the superior court, a prohate court, and a court of errors and appeals. The constitution is peculiar in two respects-the governor can never be re-elected, and the laws must he renewed every twenty years. The State has no penitentiary, but convicts are confined in the county jails. The whipping-post and the pil- lory are still used in the punishment of criminals.
Minerals .- There are very few minerals in Delaware; a fine sand for glass-manufacture is found near the head of Delaware Bay, which is exported to New England. Bog-iron ore exists to some extent in the southern part of the State.
Climate and Soil .- The climato is healthy; but the degree of cold experienced in the north is much greater, compared with that of the south, than could be expected from a difference in latitude of only 1deg. 20min.
The soil in the north is a rich clay; in other parts, and espec- ially along the shore, it is sandy, and of inferier fertility; but it is everywhere well cultivated. The chief River, the Delaware, rises in New York, runs mostly south, and, after dividing that State and New Jersey from Pennsylvania, falls into the Bay of Dela- ware, near the northern extremity of the State, after a course of about 310 miles. It receives several tributaries, and is navigable for ships of the greatest burden to Philadelphia, 55 miles from its mouth; and for small steam-vessels and boats, to nearly 135 miles higher. The other rivers are inconsiderable. A canal 14 miles in length, and navigable for small sea-vessels, unites the Delaware River ncar its mouth with the head of Chesapeake Bay.
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