USA > Indiana > Jay County > Historical hand-atlas, illustrated : containing twelve farm maps, and History of Jay County, Indiana > Part 24
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
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Geology and Mineralogy,-New York has heen more thor- oughly surveyed than any other State in the Union. Beginning in the northeast, the greater portion of the district north of the Mohawk and east of Lake Ontario is of primary formation, with, however, a helt of Potsdam sandstone on the north, which is in turn separated from the St. Lawrence hy a second helt of calcifer- ous (lime-producing) sandrock. Between Lake Ontario and the primary region mentioned above in the order named, proceeding south to Oswego, are groups of Potsdam sandstone, calciferous sandrock, Black River, Bird's Eye, and Fenton limestone, Utica slate, Helderherg limestone (including grits and sandstone), and gray sandstone ; south of Lake Ontario, narrow helts are found ; the Medina sand tone, which is usually red, but sometimes varie- gated, giving origin to salt springs; the Clinton group, composed
of sandstones, shales, impure limestones, iron ores, etc. ; the Niag- ara group, a limestone resting upon shale, and forming the far- famed cataract of that name; the Onondaga salt group; tho Hel- derherg limestone; and the Hamilton group, composed of calca- reous, sandy, or fossiliferous shales. Iron is found in great ahund- auce in many counties of the State. Lead exists in vast quantities in St. Lawrence county, and mines are worked in Ulster and sev- eral other southwestern counties ; zinc, copper and titanium exist in several counties. Molybdenum, manganese, arsenic, cerium, silver, cohalt, and hismuth are occasionally found. Gyp- sum ahounds in the central and some of the western counties, and is an excellent fertilizer, Lime is also abundant in the same regions. An excellent quality of marhle is quarried at Sing-Sing. New York contains numerous valuable mineral springs of great celebrity. Some of them are noted for their healing properties. Among those most resorted to are the Saratoga, Ballston, New Lehanon, Sharon, and Avon Springs. Natural issues of carhur- etted hydrogen are found in several counties. In Fredonia, Chau- tauqua county, the supply is so abundant that it is used for illum- inating purposes, and the lighthouse at Portland, on Lake Erie, is supplied with it. Oil and gas springs exist in different portions of the State, hut they are insignificant when compared with the springs existing in the neighboring State of Pennsylvania.
Climate and Soil .- The climate is not capable of description in general terms. Each locality varies in its temperature, and has its peculiarities. In the northern part of the State the winters are long and severe, snow covering the ground during most of the winter months. In the western part the severity of winter is mit- igated hy the proximity of the great lakes and the prevalence of southwest winds. - In the southeast, helow the Catskill Moun- tains, the sea air tempers the heats of summer and chills the air of spring. The mean average temperature of the whole State is 46deg. 49min. Fahrenheit. The mean maximum is 90deg., and the mean minimum 12deg. helow zero; the mean annual range is 104deg. The prevailing winds arc from the southwest. On the seaboard, easterly winds invariahly hring rain, while westerly winds are unfailing harhingers of pleasant, dry weather, and in winter of protracted seasons of frost.
The soil varies in fertility and productiveness. Genesee flats and the Mohawk and Hudson valleys enjoy fertile soils. In the northeastern portions the soil is inferior and less productive. The soil of New York cannot he generally descrihed, hut this State may he termed fertile, and such it is, with the exception of the poor soils in the mountainous regions.
Products, Commerce, and Manufactures .- New York pro- duces in great abundance live-stock, Irish potatoes, grass-seeds, oats, wool, rye, orchard, and market-garden products, hutter, cheese, hops, hay, maple-sugar, heeswax, and honey. Large quan- tities of Indian corn, harley, huckwheat, peas, heans, flax, maple- molasses, and tohacco are annually produced. The vineyards of this State, which of late years have increased in numher, produce large quantities of excellent champagne, etc. Sweet potatoes, hemp, and silk are produced in moderate quantities. Among the fruits are apples, pears, grapes, plums, peachcs, cherries, and her- ries of various kinds.
The geographical position of New York State, especially its capital, gives it great facilities for foreign and domestic commerce, In commercial importance it ranks first in the Union. Its admi- rahle systems of railroads and canals and excellent water-ways afford unequaled facilities for internal transportation and traffic, and its splendid harhorage and seaward outlet have given it an immense foreign trade.
New York has extensive manufactories of woolen and cotton goods, boots and shoes, flour, steam-engines, iron founderies, tan- neries, manufactories of carriages, leather goods, etc.
Education, etc,-The superintendent of public instruction is elected hy joint hallot of the senate and assembly for three years. District school commissioners are elected hy the people for three years; it is a part of their duty to examine teachers. Trustees are elected in each district, who are the executive officers in the district where chosen. A teacher is required to show an uncan- celled diploma granted hy the State Normal School, or an unre- voked certificate of qualification given hy the superintendent of public instruction, or an unexpired certificate from a school com- missioner of the district where employed, or hy the school officer of the city or village in which he is employed, authorized hy special act to grant such certificate. No person who is within two degrees of relationship hy hlood or marriage to any trustee shall he employed as a teacher, except with the approval of two-thirds of the voters of the district. "Their certificates hold good for peri- ods ranging from one to three years. Union free schools may he established, under certain provisions, by two or more adjoining districts ; a two-thirds vote of the citizens heing necessary to effect that purpose.
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NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY.
The amount expended every year consists of the increase of the Common School Fund, $170,000, the increase of the United States Deposit Fund, $165,000, and a State school-tax of one and one- quarter mills upon each dollar of valuation. There are eleven theological, and seven medical institutions in the State. Alhany, Oswego, Brockport, Cortland, Fredonia, Potsdam, Buffalo, and Genesee each has a State normal school.
Manhattan College, Rutgers Female College, Columbia College, St. Francis Xavier College, University of the City of N. Y., Col- lege of the City of N. Y., New York city; St. Joseph's College, Martin Luther College, Buffalo; Collegiate and Polytechnic Insti- tute, St. John Baptist's College, Brooklyn; University of Roch- ester, Rochester; Cornell University, Ithaca; De Veaux College, Suspension Bridge; Union College, Schenectady ; Genesee Col- lege, Lima; Hohart College, Geneva; Madison University, Ham- ilton; St. John's College, Fordham; Elmira Female College, Elmira; Ingham University, Le Roy; St. Stephen's College, Annandale; St. Joseph's, Rhine Cliff.
The State is amply provided with institutions for criminals, the hlind, deaf and dumb, insane, and the inehriate.
The following table gives the decennial population by counties from 1790:
COUNTIES.
1880
1870
1860
1830
1840
1890
1820
1810
1800
1790
Albany
183052
113917
99279
68599
58520
38116
84103
75736
Allegany .-
40814
41881
87808
40975
26276
93:30
Broome .....
41103
35906
30660
22998
17579
14343
813J
Cattaraugus
43909
55767
55438
50838
47949
38897
298-19
15907
Chautauqua
85281
26917
28:21
20732
40785
87239
31215
21704
16087
Clinton .
17947
45795
40 147
28157
19344
12070
8002
8516
1614
Colambis
47044
47172
41073
43252
39407
3$390
82390
35472
27732
Cortland.
2517
26291
25140
24607
23791
16507
8869
Delaware
12972
42165
74041
64941
58 192
52898
50926
46615
51363
47775
45266
Erte ..
Keser
99042
28214
81145
せかい
16513
11812
4439
2617
Fulton
27064
24162
20171
18019
59587
52147
58075
12598
13074
Hamilton
:960
3021
2188
1907
1325
1251
809-15
32952
15140
8309
57.40
4495
Lewis .....
28699
28580
39546
40375
85140
27729
40005
80038
$2209
25144
41214
22051
288-18
New York. Niagara
50437
50399
42276
31182
18452
2.990
8971
22958
Onondaga
104183
90680
85990
67911
58473
41467
25987
7698
Onlaric.
45108
41563
48920
43501
4028-
48267
42032
15218
1075
Orange
80002
61812
57145
50789
45,66
41213
31347
29335
18192
Orleans.
27689
28717
28501
25127
17732
-...
Oewego,
77941
75958
62198
43b19
27119
12374
41856
38802
21313
Queens ..
73-08
57391
36898
30324
22460
21519
19336
16916
16014
Rensselaer
99549
85828
73360
60259
40424
40114
36309
80351
---
Richmond
33029
254 /2
15061
10365
718.
6135
5317
4564
8935
Rockland
23213
16962
11975
93-8
8837
7758
6458
Schenectady
2 917
20002
20054
17387
12347
12876
10201
Schobarie A
83310
34469
89548
32358
27902
23147
18945
9808
Schuyler ..
18.89
18840
28138
25441
24814
21041
29619
16009
67117
6669-0
83689
68617
567 16
86334
16037
7885
21113
19785
16440
Tioga.
Tompkins
33178
31409
85146
87948
36545
2068
Ulster ....
84075
76381
59381
45822
86350
80934
26576
91955
29397
Warren ...
22592
21494
17199
13422
11796
9-153
Washington
49563
45904
44750
41080
426.5
8:531
4.289
85792
14042
Wayne ...
47710
47762
44958
42057
33613
Westchester ..
181348
99497
58263
48686
36456
82648
30272
27373
24003
Yates ..
19595
20290
51590
20444
19009
Total ..
4362759
2880785
3097394
2428921
1918603
13:2111
939049
580051
840120
According to the census of 1870, New York has a population of 4,382,759; of which 52,081 are colored, 439 Indian, and 29 Chinese. The foreign population is 1,138,353.
New York City .- New York City is the largest city in the Union, and one of the largest in the world. It is situated on Manhattan Island, at the mouth of the Hudson. The island is 13 1-2 miles long, and on an average 1 3-5 miles wide, having an area of nearly 22 square miles, or 14,000 acres.
The other large cities of the State are Brooklyn, Buffalo, Alhany, (the capital) Rochester, Troy and Syracuse.
NEW JERSEY.
NEW JERSEY, one of the original thirteen States, is situated hetween latitude 38deg. 55min. and 41deg. 21min. north, and longitude 73deg. 58min. and 75deg. 29min. west, and is bounded on the north hy New York, east by the Hudson River and the Atlantic Ocean ; south hy the ocean and Delaware Bay, and west by Delaware State and River. It has an area of 8,320 square
miles, or 5,324,800 acres. A great part of the eastern shore is skirted hy a chain of low islands, similar to those on the coasts of the more southerly maritime States, hut with more numerous, larger, aud deeper inlets between them. Great Egg Harbor, Little Egg Harbor, Barnegat, Tom's Bay, Shark Inlet, and the united hay of Neversink and Shrewsbury afford shelter to vessels of considerahle burden. The southern half of the State is low, level, sandy, and in many parts harren ; hut north of an imag- inary line drawn between the month of the Shrewsbury River and Bordentown, ahout latitude 40deg. 10min., the surface is over- spread with several hill ranges, ahounding with rich scenery. The coast is skirted by the Neversink hills, the only elevations of any consequence in the United States near the Atlantic Ocean. A mountain regiou, rising abruptly from the hilly country, occu- pies the northern part of the State, which, at its northern extrem- ity, comprises a portion of the Alleghany chain. The Hudson River forms the northeastern boundary for ahout thirty-five miles. The river next in importance is the Delaware, which divides the State from Pennsylvania. The other principal rivers are the Raritau, which rises in the hilly country within five miles of the Delaware, and falls into Amhoy Bay, after a course of seventy miles, and the Hackensack, which empties into the small hay of Newark.
The Palisades, a wall of perpendicular trap-rock, from 200 to 500 feet high, form the western hank of the Hudson River for fifteen miles, and one of the grandest features of its scenery. Among the most attractive features in the scenery are the Falls of the Passaic, the Delaware Water Gap, and Schooley's Moun- tain.
History, Government, and Finances, -- New Jersey was set- tled in 1620 hy Dutch and Swedes. In 1623 a Dutch company erected Fort Nassau, on the eastern shore of the Delaware, a short distance helow the present site of Philadelphia. In 1630 land was purchased of the Indians, hut no settlement was made. In 1634 the country ou the Delaware was granted hy the English crown to Sir Edmund Ployden, who named it New Albion. Four years later a small party of Swedes and Finns hought land in the same vicinity from the Indians, aud hegan settlements. Suhse- quently the Dutch and Swedes drove out all the English colonists; and in 1655 the Dutch, under Peter Stuyvesant, drove out the Swedes, and sent nearly all of them hack to Europe. In 1664 Charles II, granted to his brother, the Duke of York, all the country between the Delaware and Connecticut Rivers. Dis- patching an expedition to take possession of the newly-granted territory, New Amsterdam was first subdued, and the New Jersey settlements succumbed to the new grantee. Under the authority of Nicholls, the commander of the expedition and first governor, a patent was granted to immigrants from Long Island and New England. At this time Elizabethtown, Middletown, Shrewsbury, and Newark were founded. Meanwhile the Duke of York had transferred his claim to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, The territory was named New Jersey, iu compliment to Carteret, who had heen governor of the island of Jersey, A constitution was framed for the colony, and in 1665 Philip Carteret, hrother of Sir George, was sent over as governor of the colony. Philip's administration was unpopular, and those who held under Nicholls' patent refused to him rent. In 1670 the people revolted, and chose James Carteret, an illegitimate son of Sir George, governor. The people acknowledged Philip Carteret's authority upon his obtaining certain concessions from the proprietors. In March, 1673, Berkeley transferred his interest in the proprietorship to two Quakers. In the following July the Dutch retook New York, in consequence of which New Jersey, which they named Achter Kol, fell into their hands. By the treaty of 1674 New Jersey reverted to the English crown, and the king recognized the claim of Carteret, and made a new grant to the Duke of York. The latter executed a new conveyance to Carteret, which embraced only a portion of the original territory of New Jersey; hut pre- vious to the execution of this conveyance to Carteret, the Duke of York had included the province in a commission granted to Sir Edmund Andros, governor of New York. The latter, refusing recognition of Philip Carteret's authority, caused the arrest of all magistrates who refused to submit to his own jurisdiction, and on April 30, 1680, conveyed Carteret a prisoner to New York. The duke was finally persuaded to recognize the claims of the proprie- tors, and in 1681 the government of Andros terminated. In the meantime Fenwick and Byllinge, the two Quakers to whom Berkeley had sold his share in the province, transferred an interest in it to William Penn and two others, and in 1675 a Quaker set- tlement was established hy Fenwick at Salem, near the Delaware River. He claimed jurisdiction as chief proprietor over all that portion of New Jersey southwest of a line drawn from Little Egg Harbor to a point on the Delaware River in latitude 40deg. north, For some years the State was divided into East Jersey, under Sir
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