USA > Indiana > Jay County > Historical hand-atlas, illustrated : containing twelve farm maps, and History of Jay County, Indiana > Part 44
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The climate of the State is genial and mild, and the soil, espec- ially in the valleys, good, Wheat, oats, harley, potatoes, and apples are the staple products; and tobacco, bomp, flax, hops, etc., are raised. Vegetables and fruits thrive luxuriantly, The com- merce of Oregon increases every year, Grain is supplied to Eng- land, and there are regular lines of transportation between the State and New York, and others to China, Australia, and Japan,
In 1870 the total population was 90,923, of which 3,330 were Chinese, 346 colored, and 318 Indians, Tribal Indians, 10,000. Salem is the capital of Oregon, and other important towns are Portland, Alhany, Rosehurg and Dalles.
171
WASHINGTON AND ALASKA.
WASHINGTON.
THE Territory of Washington, organized in 1853, lies betweon 45deg. 33min. and 49deg, north latitude, and 116deg. 56min. and 124deg. 43min, west longitude, and is hounded on the north by the Straits of Juan de Fuca and British Columbia; east hy Idaho; south hy Oregon; and west hy the Paeitie Ocean. It has an area of 69,994 square miles, The Caseade range of mountains divides the Territory into two unequal portions. The eastern division, ineluding the great hasin of the Columbia, embraces an area of 40,000 square miles, with an average height of from 1,000 to 2,000 feet above the sea-level. It is drained by the Columbia River and its affluents, which often pass through canons with perpendicular walls from 500 to 2,000 feet high. The western division extends from the summit of the Cascades to the Pacific Ocean, It is divided into three basins: the Columbia, the Che- ballis, and the Puget Sound, and embraces a total area of 23,000 square miles. In the castern portion the climate is in the main clear and cold in winter, and hot and dry in summer. It is prin- cipally a grazing district, the hunch grass affording excellent food for cattle, and a considerable portion is well suited to tho growth of the cereals and root erops, There aro two seasons in the western portion - the wet and tho dry. For such a high lati- tude the climate is very mild, the difference in mean temperature between summer and winter, in Puget Sound, being only 2+deg. Washington was a part of Oregon until 1853, when it received a separate organization. It now has a territorial government.
ALASKA. -
A LASKA occupies the extreme northwest portion of the North American Continent, and has an estimated area of 600,000 square miles. This territory was acquired by the United States in 1867, hy purchase from Russia. Prior to that time it had long heen under the dominion of the Emperor of Russia, and was known as Russian America. There are several good harhors on the coast, and numerous Islands, large and small. Little is known of the interior, except that it is mountainous, and apparently unfit for cultivation. The great River is the Yukon, which flows from the interior and empties into Behiring Sea. The elimate is much less severe than one would suppose from the latitude. The temperature of Sitka is but little lower than that of Portland, Maine; hut it rains nearly all the time. The excessive moisture renders anything like agriculture impossible.
Gold and silver are said to exist in Alaska, but its abundant sup- plies of iron and eoal are of much greater importance. The forests, too, are tho most extensive and the finest on the continent, Fish ahound, and a great variety of fur-hearing animals is found, though the fur trade has heen steadily diminishing sinee the country came into the possession of tho United States, Birds and insects are abundant.
The United States maintains its authority over this vast terri- tory by means of a small number of troops and officials stationed at Sitka. There are about 4,000 Americans and Europeans at Sitka, and 8,300 Indians.
ANCIENT GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERY.
From the earliest ages war between neighboring nations and the pursuit of commerce have been the great causes which have led to geographieal discovery, In modern times the love of science and a spirit of adventure have produced expeditions, hoth public and private, for the exploration of unknown regions.
The first people who communicated to other nations a knowl- edge of distant countries were the Phoenicians, whose territory skirted the eastern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. Phoenicia consisted of several cities, each of which was an independent state. Of the more important were Sidon and Tyre, tho lat- ter of which, in the reign of Hiram, its second king, acquired supremacy over the others, and hecame the greatest commercial city in the ancient world, Hiram was an ally of the Jewish king, Solomon, in whose navy 'he sent his servants, shipmen, that had knowledge of the sea, with the servants of Solomon. And they came to Ophir' (supposed to have hcen the general name of the eastern coast of Africa and other countries round the western branches of the Indian Ocean), 'and fetched from thenee gold.' 'great plenty of almug-trees, and precious stones ' · and ' the king' (Solomon), ' had at sea a navy of Tharshish, with the navy of Hiram ; onee in three years eame the navy of Thar- shish, bringing gold, and silver, ivory, and apes, and peacoeks.'- 1 Kings ix. and X.
Previous to 800 B.o., or the age of the Greek poet Homer, the Phonieians had formed commercial establishments along the coast of Asia Minor and the shores of the Black Sea. Sailing westwards, they had occupied the chief islands of the Mediter- ranean, and had founded colonies along the northern coast of Africa, Continuing their course of commercial enterprise, they planted colonies in the south-west of Spain, (the ancient Thar- shish), passed the Straits of Gibraltar (the ancient Pillars of Her- cules, the national deity of the Tyrians), and penetrated to the British Islands and the coasts of the North Sea, carrying haek with them to the great cities of Sidon and Tyre, the tin of Corn- wall, and amher from the coasts of Prussia. Of all their colonies, the most important were those on the north coast of Africa, the city of Carthage, founded ahout 900 B.o., rivalling Tyre itself in wealth and prosperity. Carthaginian navigators are believed to have visited the islands of Madeira and the Canary Islands, and to have sailed as far south along the western coast of Africa as Cape Blanco. During the seventh century B.O., they are said to have cireumnavigated Africa, having entered the Indian Ocean by tho Red Sea, and returned to Egypt hy the Straits of Gibraltar, after an ahsenee of three years.
Herodotus, the oldest Greek historian (horn at Halicarnassus, 484 B.o.), hence called 'The Father of History,' may also be styled ' The Father of Geography,' for in his history of the wars between the Greoks and Persians we find an account of the geo- graphical knowledge of his time. Having himself travelled for about 1,700 miles from east to west, and nearly as far from north to south, his statements are the more to he relied upon, and from them we gather that the world, as then known, was hounded on the south by the Indian Ocean, on the west by tho Atlantio, on the north by the Baltio Sea, and on the east by the eastern limits of Persia.
While Alexander was carrying his arms to the banks of the Indus and Oxus, Pytheas, a Greek navigator, of the Greeian colony at Marseille, sailed past Spain and Gaul, (now France,) through the English Channel, and round the east coast of England, into the Northern Oecon, whero, after six days' sailing, he reached Thule (supposed to he Iceland or the Shetland Isles), and, on his return, passed into the Baltic.
The Persian Empire having been subverted by Alexander the Great, the dominions of the latter were in their turn overrun hy the Romans, who were more remarkable for their conquests than for their maritime discovery or encouragement of trade. The Roman Empire may be said to have included all tho countries he- tween the Euphrates and tho Atlantic. In Europe it extended from Spain on the west to the rivers Rhine and Danuhe. It in- cluded part of Britain, which was for the first time circumnavi- gated hy the Roman general, Agricola, in 84 A.D., and it was dur- ing this voyage that the Orkney Islands were discovered. Ireland was known to the Romans only by name. In the north-west of Europe, the countries on the Baltic Sea were little known to the Romans, who seemed to havo considered Norway, Sweden, and Finland as islands of the German Ocean. In Africa they oeeu- pied the territorics formerly belonging to the Egyptians and Phœ- nicians, emhraeing the whole of the northern coast, and extending southwards to the desert. India became known to them after their conquest of Egypt, but they were chiefly acquainted with only its western coast and with Ceylon, Malacca, and Sumatra.
Great service was done to geographical knowledge hy a survey of the Roman Empire, begun by Julius Caesar and completed hy the Emperor Augustus, The Historia Naturalis of Pliny (23-79 A.D.), gives an admirable compendium of the geographical knowl- edge of his time. He had travelled in Spain, Gaul, Germany, and Afriea, and in the work ho has left he notiees the Arctic regions, Seandinavia, Mount Atlas, the course of the river Niger in Africa, and various settlements in the north of that continent, He also declares Ceylon to he an island, although it was previously sup- posed to he the commencement of a now continent, Geographi- cal study in ancient times may he said to have terminated with Claudius Ptolemæus, a celebrated astronomer and geographer of Egypt during the second century. His great work on geography, in eight hooks, continued to be regarded as the most perfeet sys- tem of the science down to the fifteenth century,
During the ninth eentury two Arabian travellers penetrated to China, and Arabian geographers had their knowledge of Asia and Africa considerably extended. In the same century Alfred, King of England, sent a present to the shrine of St. Thomas, near Madras, on the Coromandel cost of India.
The Crusades of the eleventh an twelfth centuries served greatly to extend European geographieal knowledge. The existence of the great empire of Cathay or China was further reported by two friars who had heen despatched to the east hy Pope Innocent IV. about the middle of the thirteenth century, hut it was reserved for Marco Polo, a Venetian, before the end of the same century, to astonish Europeans by the discovery of ahout one-half of Asia. He was the first to notice Japan, the great plain of W. Siheria, the Spice Islands, eto.
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Map of Washington.
LUMBIA
These Plains cover an area of more than 25,000 Immenso miles, and constitute en
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SCALE OF STATUTE MIL.ES.
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173
Map of Alaska.
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SUBDIVISION OF PUBLIC LANDS.
ONE of the earliest acts of the Fatbers of the Republic, assembled in Con- federate Congress, was the formation of what is appropriately termed the "Land System of the United States," providing for the survey of the vast territories of land embraced within their borders, and their sale, or otber disposition, to the people, who were to possess and enjoy tbeni. On the 7th of May, 1781, was introduced "An Ordinance for ascertaining the mode of locating and disposing of lands in the Western Territories," wnich, however, did not hecome a law till the year following, May 7, 1785. The ordinance made provision for surveying and disposing of the public domain, as well as for donations in the cause of education and for military purposes. The rec- tangular system of survey, adopted by this ordinance, now extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans, and from the northern to the southern bounda- ries of the Union, except in the six New England States, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky anl Texas, the United States not being the owner of lands in any of these poli ical divisions. For nearly a century this system has commended itself to the people, not only for its accuracy in designating the location and lines of the various tracts of land embraced by it, but for its general convenience. Under this system, initial or starting points are designated, where certain Base Lines, so termed, running East and West on a parallel of latitude, are crossed by other lines, called Meridian Lines, running North and South of said Base Lines. These Base Lines and Meridian Lines are extended at pleasure, or as far as may he deemed necessary or convenient. There are at present permanently establisbed twenty principal Base Lines, and twenty-five principal Meridians, governing the sur- veys in the several States and Territories. In California there are three differ- ent initial points, necessitated by abrupt mountain ranges running through the State. These Base Lines and Meridian Lines being duly established, the terri- tory is divided into Townships of six miles square, containing 23,040 acres, and these are numbered in the following manner: Commencing at the initial, or crossing point, the first Township North and East is designated as Township one, North of Range one, East. The next Township North would be styled Townslup two, North of Range one, East, and so on. So there would he Townships North, and Ranges West; Townships South, and Ranges East or West, as the case might be. The following diagram will explain this system more definitely:
N.
Meridian Line.
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
Townships.
Base Line.
1
1
1
1
W.
Ranges.
1
00
3
4
S.
Here are townships 1, 2, 3 and 4 North of the Base Line, and in Ranges, as these lines or columns of parallel townships are called numbering 1, 2, 3, 4, East of the Meridian. In the prairie regions of the Northwest the Township numbers sometimes extend to one hundred, and the Ranges nearly to the same extent. The lines of public surveys over level ground are measured with a four-pole chain, » feet in length, 80 chains constituting a lineal mile; but with a two-pole chain where the features of the country are broken and hilly. The lines thus chained are marked through timber land by chops or "blazes" on line trees on each side, and, in the absence of such trees, those standing nearest the survey, on both sides, are hlazed diagonally toward the line run. Trees standing at the precise spot where legal corners are required are made avail- able. If no such trees are there the corners are perpetuated hy posts or stones, with inscriptions, and the positions of the same are indicated by witness trees or mounds, the regular bearing and distances from the corner being ascertained and described in the field notes. The lines intersecting navigable streams require the establishment of meander corner posts, the courses and distances on meandered navigable streams governing the calculations from which the true contents of fractional lots are computed and expressed on township plats. Township corner posts, or posts common to four townships, are set diagonally, properly marked with six notches on each of the four angles set to the four cardinal points of the compass, and mile posts on township lines are marked with as many notches on them as they are miles distant from the Township corners respectively; the four sides of the township and section posts, which are common to four townships or sections, are marked with the corresponding numbers of sections. The principal Meridian and Base Lines having been first measured and marked, and the corner boundaries thereon established, the process of surveying and marking the exterior line of Townships north and south of the Base, and east and west of the Meridian, will be readily compre- hended.
The Governmental surveys do not usually subdivide sections; but this is done by county surveyors, under the law of their respective States. Sales are made by the Government, as the purchaser may desire, of sections, quarter sections, half-quarter sections, or quarter-quarter sections, the latter subdivision to contain 40 acres.
EXTENT OF LAND .- The total area of the public land in the States and Territories is 1,834,098,400 acres, of which were surveyed to June 30, 1878, 649,393,052 acres, leaving unsurveyed at that date a total of 1,185,605,348 acres, thus sbowing that nearly two-thirds of the publio lands have not even yet heen surveyed.
The Townships of six miles square having been duly surveyed, their corners and boundaries established, are now ready to be subdivided into 36 sections, of one square mile each, containing 640 acres. Commencing at the
northeast corner of the Township with section numbered One, thence num- bering to the northwest corner, and thence proceeding to the east and west lines of the Township alternately, until the southeast corner is reached, the 30 sections are located and numbered in manner of easy comprehension, as will he seen hy the following
TOWNSHIP DIAGRAM.
6
5 1
4
3
2
1
7
8
9
10
11
12
18
17
16
15
14
13
19
20
21
22
23
24
30
29
28
27
26
25
31
82
33
34
35
36
The subdivision or survey of the Township commences with the southeast corner section, or section 30, then proceeding to section one in the northeast corner of the Township; thence returning to section 35, and proceeding north to section 2, and so on till the Township is completed, all fractions, arising from the convergence of Meridian lines, or other causes, being thrown upon the tiers of sections on the north and west sides of the Township. The public surveys are conducted under the direction of the principal Clerk of Surveys, controlled hy the Commissioner of the General" Land Office, and under the immediate superintendence of fifteen Surveyors-General, in their respective districts, into which the public lands are divided. These Surveyors- General enter into contracts with professional surveyors, whom they com- mission as their deputies, describing the particular field work to be executed, the time within which it is to be completed, and the compensation per lineal mile for the work to be done. The report of the deputy is made under oath to the Surveyor-General, who verifies its correctness, files it in his office, and transmits a copy to the General Land Office.
PLAN OF SECTIONAL LAND, WITH PERTINENT DESCRIPTION FOR EACH TRACT IN SEC. 23 T. 1, N. R. 8, E., 1sr P. M., OHIO,
N pt. NW X NW 14, 25 a.
S pt. NW 14 NW 14, 15 g.
EX% NW X4, 80 LL
W pt. NE , 81 L
Mid. pt. NE 34, 36 a,
E pt. NE 34, 40 a.
SW 14 NW Y, 40 a.
23
N pr. E16 SE NA, 23 a.
160 a
W X6 SE Y, 80 a
Spt. EXSENA, 57 g.
DISPOSAL OF PUBLIC LANDS. - The minimum price fixed by the ordinance of the Congress of the Confederation, in 1785, was one dollar per acre. In 1792 the price was advanced to two dollars per acre, and the lands were sold to the settlers upon credit. By Act of April 24, 1820, it was again reduced to one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, at which it remains to the present time. The exceptions are certain mineral lands, and certain tracty designated as Railroad Lands, being lands adjoining Railroad Land grants, and which are advanced to the double minimum price, or two dollars and fifty cents per acre.
PRE-EMPTION. - By Act of March 3, 1807, it was made unlawful for any person to take possession of, make settlements upon, or survey any portion of the public lands, until duly authorized by law; offenders being subjected to forcible ejection and loss of all their improvements. Settlers upon public lands, prior to the passage of the Act, were, however, permitted, on application made prior to January 1, 1808, to remain as tenants-at-will upon tracts not exceeding 320 acres, on such terms and conditions as sbould prevent waste or damage to the land, and secure its peaceable surrender at the demand of the Government, or to any purchaser under the law; all such applicants being required to sign a declaration repudiating all claim to the occupancy of the premises, except the indulgence of the Government. Inasmuch as such tenants-at-will might become purchasers when the lands were offered for sale, this privilege may be regarded as the germ of the pre-emption privilege subse- quently granted. This policy of ejection of trespassers was found to be impracticable. The great western movement of our people had already commenced, and the facilities for evading the execution of the law presented resistless temptations to unlawful settlement. The number of trespassers soon became formidable, requiring a powerful and expensive effort for their ejection. Instead of rigorously enforcing the provisions of the Act of 1807, Congress avoided the difficulty. By Acts of May 29, 1830, January 23, 1832, July 14, 1833, June 19, 1834, July 2, 1836, June 22, 1838, and June 1, 1840, provisions were made for bealing an immense number of breaches of the law, by granting pre-emption to settlers, regardless of restrictions. The necessities which called forth these retrospective statutes became so numerous and pressing as to raise the question of the soundness of the restrictive policy. "By Act of September 4, 1841, this policy was finally repudiated, and settlement prior to
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176
Map of Or
1 126- 2
8
4
5 125°
8
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16
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19
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