USA > Indiana > Jay County > Historical hand-atlas, illustrated : containing twelve farm maps, and History of Jay County, Indiana > Part 22
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The surface of this Stato is generally undulating. A chain of mountains of inconsiderable height runs north and south through the western part of the State. The principal river is the Connec- ticut; it rises in New Hampshire, and having passed through Massachusetts intersects this State nearly in its center, and then hending to the east falls into Long Island Sound a little below New Haven, after a course of 410 miles, 250 of which have heen mado navigable by means of locks and canals. Along the coast are several excellent harhors; the hest are those of New London and New Haven.
History, Government, and Finances,-The first permanent settlement in this State was made hy Englishmen at Windsor, Hartford, Wethersfield, and New Haveu were settled within a year of one another. In 1637 the Indians annoyed the settlers considerably. They were finally completely subdued at Mystic, and never afterwards caused the settlers any serious annoyance. Serious consequences were apprehended from the difficulties exist- ing between the Dutch of New York and the colonists, as to the right of possession. An amicable arrangement was made hy a treaty in 1650. For several years New Haven was a separate colony; hut in 1665, when Charles II granted a charter to Con- necticut, the colonies were united into one government. In July, 1685, James II attempted to take away Connecticut's charter, which was extremely liheral for those times. He sent Sir Edmund Andros over as royal governor of all the New England colonies.
He found the assembly sitting, on his arrival in Hartford, and going to their chamber, demanded the surrender of the old char- ter. The parchment was laid upon the tahle pending a long dis- cussion, which was protracted until late in the evening. Suddenly the lights were put out, and when they were re-lighted the charter was nowhere to be found. Captain Joseph Wadsworth had seized it, and rushing out of doors, hid it in the hollow of an oak tree. This tree, long knewn as the "Charter Oak," was blown dewn in 1856, and its place is now marked hy a marhle slah. Andros seized and administered the government in a very oppressive manner, until the overthrow of James II in 1689, when the former government was resumed and continued until the adoption of the present constitution in 1818. This State took a prominent part in the Revolution, and sent 54,468 soldiers to the late war.
The charter granted in 1662 hy Charles II, formed the basis of tho government until 1818, when the present constitution was formed. The legislature consists of a senate and house of repre- sentatives. The senate is not to consist of less than 18 nor more than 24 members. Senators are chosen hy districts of equal pop- ulation, and hy a plurality of votes, and in case any two candi- dates have an equal and highest vote, then the house of represen- tatives shall elect one of them. Representatives are chosen hy towns, and in the same manner as senators; but in case of no candidate receiving the highest vote, the senate chooses one as member from the two candidates having the highest. The legis- lature, uutil 1870, met alternately at Hartford and New Haven, on the first Monday in May in each year.
The governor exercises the chief executive power. He has power to grant reprieves, except in cases of impeachnnent, hut not pardons. A lieutenant governor (ex-oficio president of sen- ate), secretary of state, treasurer, and comptroller are elected annually.
Connecticut is represented in Congress hy four delegates, and casts six electoral votes.
The judiciary of this State consists of a supreme court, a supe- rior court, county courts, etc. The supreme court consists of a chief and four associate justices, and meets annually-in each county. The superior court is held hy one judge of the superior court semi- annually in each county. County courts are held three times each year in the several counties by a judge elected annually hy the legislature. Appeal lies from the county courts to the superior court. According to law the supreme court justices are superanu- ated at seventy.
Climate and Soil .- Owing to the more southern situation of Connecticut, vegetation hegins earlier in this State than in some of the other New England States. The climate, though severe, is healthy. In March and April it is suhjeet to chilling northeast winds from the ocean, The summer heat is tempered hy the sea air, and the nights rendered pleasant.
The soil is generally good, but in some portions it is hetter adapted to cereals than pasturage. The northern, western, and eastern parts of the State are well suited to grazing, hut the west- ern part has many fertile districts adapted to grain growing, The soil in the Connecticut valley is generally very fertile. The same may be said of the valleys of the Quinnipiac and Housatonic.
Geology and Mineralogy .- "The State of Connecticut," says Dr. Frankfort, in Lippincott's Gazetteer of the World, may he geologically divided into two fields, the first of which is conposed of the unstratified and metamorphic roeks, and the other of those secondary strata which, under the name of 'freestone,' are so extensively quarried in different parts of the State for huilding purposes, and constitute the new red sandstone of Lyell. The hest place to study this peculiar formation is near Portland, in Middle- sex county. In the vicinity of the new red sandstone are to be found, in nearly every part of the State, large dykes of trap, which protrude and traverse it, as, for example, at Meriden. This gives Connecticut a great analogy to the Lake Superior copper region, in which large veins of native copper, unequaled as yet in any other part of the world, aro found nearly always at the junc- tion of these trapdykes with the red sandstone. From this fact we might expect that in Connecticut also similar deposits of cop- per would exist. In several instances, indeed, vestiges of the presence of such have been found; as, for example, near New Haven, where a large mass of native copper was discovered; and also near Meriden, where ancient excavations made in search of copper may he seen.
"The State is very rich in mining resources, as veins of the dif- ferent metals have heen discovered, and more will undoubtedly "be found. In every part of the world such veins are chiefly known to exist where the metamorphic strata are in junction with the secondary; and the mineral voins of Connecticut are near these junctions, of which a great many may he found throughout the State. The following is a brief statement of the differcut locali- ties in which valuable minerals are known to exist in veius or
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Longitude West from Washington
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CONNECTICUT AND NEW YORK.
deposits: Gold has been found in small quantities in Middle Haddam, Middlesex county ; silver, in the argentiferous lead ore of the Middletown mines, now extensively worked. One of the richest copper mines in the United States has been worked in Bristol, Hartford county, for ten years. The ores found here arc chiefly sulphurets. Copper deposits also exist near Litchfield, Simshury, Plymouth, Granby, Farmington, and Middleton. Lead occurs, as galeua, at the mines near Middleton; also near Wilton and Brookfield, and near Monroe, Fairfield county. Iron is mined at Salisbury, where large furnaces are supplied with ' browu hem- atite' the ore chiefly found at the mines. Roxbury furnishes an excellent ore, from which the very best of steel could he manu- factured, if the large deposits of pure spathie iron, known to exist there, should he worked. Bismuth is found at different places in the town of Monroe. The only rein coutaining these valuable metals (cohalt and nickel) in abundance in the United States, is in the town of Chatham, where at present extensive mining opera- tions for their extraction are carried on."
The granite quarries of Haddam, Middle Haddam, and Middle town, furnish excellent granite for building purposes. Spar is extensively found in certin districts.
Products, Commerce, and Manufactures .- Indian corn, oats, common potatoes, sweet potatoes, wool, hutter, and cheese are among the products of the State. Of late years large quantities of tobacco have heen raised, especially in the Connecticut valley, where the soil is well suited to its growth. The tobacco is of a superior quality, and is known in the market as the hest tobacco for " wrappers" that is grown.
The domestic trade of Connecticut consists principally in the export of her manufactures. Her foreign trade is carried on chiefly through New York and Boston, although she has some direct trade with the West Indies, and an active coasting trade.
The manufacturing interests of Connecticut are immense. She annually consumes large quantities of cotton and wool in the man- ufacture of goods. Copper, tin, iron, and hrass ware, hats. hoots, shoes, coaches, axes, combs, huttons, saddlery, and paper are exten- tensively manufactured; also agricultural and mechanical imple- ments.
Education, etc .- The hoard of education is composed of the governor and licutenant-governor and four elective members chosen hy the legislature. Each towuship has one or more super- intendents, who are denominated "acting school visitors." The school fund consists of hank stock, State honds, and contracts, honds, and mortgages on real estate. Children uuder fourteen years of age are not allowed to he employed in manufacturing establishments or other husiness unless they attend school three months a ycar, and parents and guardians are obliged to enforce attendance on school when the employees are temporarily dis- charged for that purpose. There are 1,665 school-houses in the State, and a State normal school at New Britain, Yale College, one of the oldest and largest in the United States, was founded in 1700 as the collegiate school of the colony of Connecticut. It was first established at Saybrook, and in 1716 removed to New Haven, It derives its name from Governor Yale, one of its early patrons. The medical faculty was founded in 1813, the theolog- ical and the legal in 1822, and the scientific in 1846. In 1872 the custom of the governor appointing six senators to govern the affairs of the college was substituted for the alumni representa- tion. The collection in mineralogy and geology, embracing over 30,000 specimens, is excellent, and the scientific apparatus is exten- sive. The college library contains about 40,000 volumes; the libraries of two literary societies, 12,000 volumes each. It has 45 instructors, and of late years has averaged ahout 600 students. It has law, medical, and theological departments. Trinity college is heantifully situated in Hartford. There are theological schools at Hartford and Middletown. Wesleyan University is located at the latter place. At Meriden there is a State Reform School for youthful offenders under sixteen years of age. At Hartford the Retreat for the Insane is located, and is liberally treated hy the State. The Deaf and Dumb asylum at the same place was the first institution of the kind founded in the United States. Other States send their patients to this institution, The State Prison is located at Wethersfield.
The decenmal population hy counties from 1790 is as follows :
COUNTIES.
1880
1670
1860
1850
1840
1830
1820
1810
180
1790
Fairfield.
95276
77476
59775
49917
47010
42734
40950
88209
86250
Hartford
109007
89962
69967
55120
51181
47261
41783
42147
88029
Litchfield.
48727
47818
45259
40448
42858
41173
41875
41214
88755
Middlesex ....
86099
3859
27218
24-79
21844
22404
20728
19847
18855
New Haven ...
121257
97345
65588
48582
48847
89616
87064
82162
80890
New London ..
66570
61781
6:821
44-163
42201
85943
347 /7
84883
83:200
Tolland
22000
21177
20091
17980
18702
14890
18779
14819
18106
Windham ...
88518
34279
81081
28080
27082
81684
28311
29222
28921
Total .....
687454
460147
370792
809978
297675
275148
201942
251002
237946
According to the census of 1870 the population of Connecticut was 537,454, of which 9,668 were colored, 235 Indians, and 2 Chinese.
New Haven is the largest eity in the State, and until 1871 was one of the capitals of the State. It is one of the most beautiful cities in America; has a considerable coasting-trade and regular steamboat communication with New York. Hartford, tho present capital, is a great railroad center, and is the seat of flourishing manufactures. Norwich, Bridgeport, Waterhury, and New Lon- don are growing and prosperous cities, the latter heing the seat of an important fishery trade. Middleton also is a prosperous and growing town on the Connecticut River, and there are many picturesque little towns much frequented by residents in the large cities.
NEW YORK.
NEW YORK, one of the thirteen original States, and first in population, is situated hetween latitude 40deg. 29min. 40sec. and 45deg. 0min. 42sec. north, and longitude 71deg. 51min, and 79deg. 47min. 25sec. west, and is hounded on the north hy Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, the River St. Lawrence and Canada, east hy Lake Champlain, and the States of Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, and hy the Atlantic Ocean ; south hy the ocean, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, and west hy Pennsylvania, the Niagara River, and the Lakes, which make its irregular northwestern boundary. It has an area of 47,000 square miles, or 30,800,000 acres.
The surface of the State is elevated, the most of it being a sec- tion of the great Alleghany tahle-land. However, there is a great diversity in the aspect of the several physical divisions. The eastern half of the State is traversed hy mountainous ranges; the surface of the interior is uneven, and contains several large and deep lakes. The Appalachian or Alleghanian chain of mountains enters the southeast of the State in mountainous ridges from New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The New Jersey ridge crosses the Hudson River at and around West Point ahout fifty miles from its mouth, and forms the celebrated Highlands of the Hudson, which hath given this noble river a fame only second to that of the Rhine. After passing the Hudson, this range takes a northerly course under the name of the Taconic Mountains to join the Green Mountains in Connecticut and Massachusetts. Where the High- lands are divided by the Hudson they are ahout twenty miles in breadth, hut do not often attain a height of 1,500 feet, though in one instance, on the east bank of the river near Fishkill, they reach an altitude of nearly 1,700 feet. Northwest of the Highlands, and running nearly parallel, are the Shawangunk Mountains, which are followed by the widely celebrated Catskill Mountains which approach the Hudson River from the southwest, then turn off to the northwest, toward the Mohawk River. The grandest chain of mountains lie north of the Mohawk River, and between Lake Ontario on the west and Lakes Champlain and George on the east. They traverse, under various local names and in different directions, a dozen of the northern counties of the State. The most important group, mainly lying in Essex county, is the famous Adirondack, where hundreds of tourists repair every season to recreate themselves, and enjoy the excellent fishing and hunting which there ahound. The highest peak is Mount Marcy, which has an elevation of 5,379 feet, and is the loftiest Summit in the State. The Catskill Mountains appear to resume their course beyond the Mohawk River, in Herkimer county, and to extend beyond the St. Lawrence into Canada, under the name of the Chateaugay Range.
Among the natural curiosities of New York are the Falls of Niagara; of the Genesee, three cascades of 96, 25, and 84 feet in two and one-half miles; of the Trenton, which falls 200 feet in five cascades; the Taghanie Falls, of 230 feet; the oft-painted Catskill Falls, 175 and 85 feet, in a gorge of the Catskill Moun- tains; and Cohoes Falls in the Mohawk.
History, Government, and Finances .- On September 9, 1609, Henry Hudson, an Englishman employed by the Dutch East India Company, entered the Bay of New York in his little vessel, the Half Moon. Three days later, he sailed up the majestic stream which hears his name, and continued his voyage to some point between the present cities of Hudson and Alhany. The territory discovered hy this navigator was claimed by Holland, and named New Netherland. In 1621 the Dutch East India Company was incorporated, and under its auspices, two years later, eighteen families settled at Fort Orange, and thirty families at New Amster- dam, now New York City. In 1626, Peter Minuits, the director- general, purchased Manhattan Island of the Indians for the equiv- alent of twenty-four dollars. The Dutch settlement, spreading to
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