USA > Indiana > Jay County > Historical hand-atlas, illustrated : containing twelve farm maps, and History of Jay County, Indiana > Part 17
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At the commencement of 1864, the Federals held, including the garrisons on the Mississippi, nearly 100,000 prisoners of war. The Southerners also had ahout 40,000 Federal prisoners, whom they could feed with difficulty, and who suffered great hardships. Gen- eral Ulysses S. Grant, who had been successful at Vickshurg, was appointed commander-in-chief of the Federal armies, and com- menced a vigorous campaign over an immense area-in Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, Louisiana, and Arkansas-with the deter- mination "to hammer continuously against the armed forces of the enemy and his resources, until hy mere attrition he should he forced to suhmit." Of the Confederates, General Lee defended Petershurg and Richmond ; General J. E. Jobnston opposed the army of Tennessee at Dalton, Georgia; General Forrest was in Mississippi; General Taylor and Kirhy Smith commanded in Louisiana and Arkansas. In February, General Sherman marched from Vicksburg, making a destructive raid across Northern Miss- issippi to Alabama. In March, the Federals had 1,000,000 of men raised and provided for. The entire Confederate forces prohahly numbered 250,000. The army of the Potomac, commanded hy General Meade, under the personal superintendence of General Grant, covered Washington, and advanced towards Richmond. General Butler advanced from Fortress Monroe up the James River; General Sigel marched up the Shenandoah, Sherman united the armies of Tennessee, Cumberland, and Ohio, at Chatta- nooga, where he bad nearly 100,000 men and 250 guns. General Banks had 61,000 men in Louisiana. In March, General Banks moved up the Red River, towards Shrieveport, but was defeated on the 24th, and driven hack to New Orleans. In May, the cam- paign of Virginia commeuced, and the army of the Potomac fought a series of hattles at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court- house, Jericho's Ford, North Anna, and Cold Harhor, with ter- rible losses. After each hattle tbe Federals took up a new posi- tion further South, with a new base, until they had made balf the circuit of tho Confederate capital. General Breckinridge defeated General Sigel in the Shenandoah Valley, and once more threatened Washington, General Sheridan, with a strong cavalry force, drove hack the Confederates, and laid waste the valley. In Sep- temher, General Sherman, advancing with a superior force, cap- tured Atlanta. General Hood superseding Johnston in the com- mand of the Confederates, was out-generaled and heaten, While lie marched west to cut off General Sherman's hase, and attack Nashville, where he was defeated, Sherman hurned Atlanta, destroyed the railway, and marched holdly through Georgia to Savannah. The Confederates made strong efforts, but they wore unable to gain any advantages.
In 1865, the Federals made a new draft for 500,000 men. Expeditions were organized against Mobile. Wilmington, the most important Confederate port, was taken hy a naval and mili-
tary expedition. Savannah and Charleston, approached in the rear hy Sherman, were evacuated. Cavalry raids cut off the rail- ways and eanal that supplied the Confederate army in Petersburg and Richmond. Finally, on March 29, 1865, a series of assaults was made upon the Confederate works, during ten days of almost continual fighting, until the Confederates were worn down with fatigue. Richmond and Petershurg were evacuated April 2; and on the 9th, after several confliets, General Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court-House, his army numhering 28,000. At this period, it is said that there was not lead enough remaining in the Confederate States to fight a single battle. On the 12th, Mobile surrendered with 3,000 prisoners and 300 guns. Then General Johnston, in North Carolina, surrendered a few days after to General Sherman; and the Trans-Mississippi Confederate army - followed his example.
In Novemher, 1864, Mr. Lincoln had been triumphantly re-elected to the Presidency, with Andrew Johnson as Vice-Presi- dent. On April 14, 1865, while the North was rejoicing over the capture of Richmond and the surrender of the Confederate armies, the President was assassinated at a theatre in Washington, by John Wilkes Booth, an actor; while an accomplice attacked and nearly killed Mr. Seward, Secretary of State. The assassin was pursued and killed, and several of his accomplices tried aud exe- cuted. Andrew Johnson hecame President. Jefferson Davis and the members of the Confederate government were supposed to he privy to the assassination of President Lincoln, and large rewards were offered for their apprehension, Mr. Davis was captured in Georgia, and placed in Fortress Monroe. The war was scarcely ended when 800,000 men were paid off, and mustered out of the service. An amendment to the Constitution, forever aholishing slavery in the States and Territories of the Union, was declared ratified hy two-thirds of the States, December 18, 1865; and the President, who had pardoned most of those prominently engaged in "the great rebellion," in 1866 proclaimed the restoration to the Union of all the seceded States; hut their Senators and Representatives were not admitted to take their seats in Congress, and only in 1872 were all the States fully represented.
During the war the number of men called for by the Federal government was 2,759,049; the number actually furnished hy the States was 2,656,553, when at the closo of the war the drafts were discontinued. Of colored troops, mostly recruited from the slaves, there were 186,097. The Federal losses during the war are esti- mated at 275,000 men. The statisties of the Confederate forces are imperfect. In 1864, the army consisted of 20,000 artillery, 128,000 cavalry, 400,951 infantry ; total, 549,226, commanded hy 200 general officers. The Confederate losses are unknown.
The most important results of the war, however, were not accomplished hy the cessation of hostilities; and in order to hring tbem ahout, and incorporate them irrevocably with the national institutions, three amendments to the Constitution have heen passed hy the States. The XIIIth Amendment, aholishing sla- very "within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction," was passed hy Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified hy twenty-seven States on December 18, 1865. The XIVth Amendment, concerning the rights of citizens, representation, reconstruction, and the public debt, was adopted hy Congress June 13, 1866, and ratified hy tbe States July 20, 1868. The XVth Amendment, guaranteeing civil rights to all, " without distinction of race, color, or previous condition of servi- tude," was adopted by Congress February 27, 1869, and ratified hy three-fourths of the States March 30, 1870. These amend- ments were the logical and inevitable result of the civil war, and their passage, together with the reconstruction of tho Sonth- orn States, which was fiually accomplished in the year 1872, brought to a close the most melancholy chapter of American history.
In 1868, General Ulysses S. Grant, as candidate of the Republi- can party, was elected President by a considerable majority over Horatio Seymour, the candidate of the Democratic party. He went into office March 4, 1869, and the principal events of bis Presidency was the completion of the Pacific Railroad across the continent, which was opened May 10, 1869; and the Treaty of Washington, which settled the Alabama claims and several other long-outstanding disputes with England. This treaty was drawn by a Joint High Commission, comprising representatives of both countries, which sat in Washington from March 4 to May 6, 1871, New rules of international law were laid down, and tho question of damages was referred to a Board of Arbitrators which met at Genova, Switzerland, in April, 1872, and in September, 1872, decided to allow $15,250,000 to the United States for damages sustained from the Alabama and other privateers which, escaping from English ports, preyed upon Amer- ican commerce during the civil war, In 1872 General Grant was again nominated for the Presidency hy the Republicans, and
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THE UNITED STATES.
Horace Greeley, the well-known editor of the New York Tribune, was nominated hy the Democrats and by a party calling them- selves Liheral Republicans, and comprising many of the leading members of the old Republicau organization. General Grant was elected by a decided majority of both the electoral and popular vote.
On the 29th of November, hut little over three weeks after the election, the venerable founder of the Tribune and recent candi- date for the Presidency, died, mourned and regretted by the nation. At the close of the Forty-second Congress, March 3, 1873, a law was enacted by Congress, increasing the pay of Congress- men, the President and various Government officials. It was made retroactive extending over the entire term of the Forty-sec- ond Congress, commencing March 4, 1871, and was a stencb in the nostrils of the great mass of the American people. In Sep- temher following, the most serious financial panic the Republic has ever experienced commenced in New York, and spread throughout the country, prostrating its husiness industries, and leaving its blight for the five years following.
In the hegiuning of 1874 the United States narrowly escaped a war with Spain on account of the capture of the Virginius, hy the Cuban authorities. Morrison R. Waite, of Toledo, was made Chief Justice of the United States, and still occupies that bigh judicial position, Congress discussed financial measures for months, resulting in the passage, by hoth houses, of the Currency Bill, increasing the issue of paper money. President Grant vetoed the measure, and Congress failed to pass it over the veto.
Tbe year 1876 became memorable as the Centennial year of the Republic, and was commemorated hy the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia. Nearly all the nations of the globe were repre- sented. It was opened the 10th of May, and closed the 10th of November.
Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. Wheeler were nominated for the Presidency and Vice Presidency hy the Republicans, and Samuel J. Tilden and Thomas A. Hendricks by the Democrats. The campaign was the most closely contested of any in the annals of the Republic. The election on the 7th of November left the result doubtful for many months. Tilden had 184 electoral votes and Hayes, 173, with Florida and Louisiana uncertain-185 heing necessary to a choice. On the 6th of December all the electoral colleges met and cast their electoral votes. The hoards in Florida and Louisiana were Republican and some of the returns were tbrown out for alleged violence and intimidation, thus giving these States to Hayes and securing his election. It was main- tained hy the Democratie party that fraud only could hring about such a result, and douhle returns were forwarded to Congress, compelling that hody to make the choice for President.
To settle the disputed election, Congress worked and worried until tho latter part of January, 1877. A compromise bill was finally passed, which authorized an electoral commission of five Senators, five Representatives, and five Judges of the Supreme Court, to which the points in dispute were suhmitted. Eight members of the commission proved to be Republicans, and seven Democrats. Every vote on the contested points invariably resulted eigbt Republican votes opposed to seven Democratic votes. The decision was made on party lines, and the disputed States were given to Hayes by eight votes over seven. This decis- ion was to he final, unless the two Houses agreed to order other- wise. They could not so agree, and to the dissatisfaction of the Democracy, it was so decided. Returns were also received from two electoral colleges from Oregon and South Carolina, on tech- nical grounds, which were also decided by the Cominission with the usual eight to seven, in favor of the Republican candidate. Notwithstanding this recorded decision of the tribunal, the Dem- ocrats still believed that a thorough investigation would give the Presidency to their candidate.
Government. The government of the United States is one of limited and specific powers; strictly defined by a written constitu- tion, framed by a convention of the States in 1787, which went into operation after heing ratified hy the thirteen original States in 1789, by which instrument the several states, baving their inde- pendent republican government conferred upon a Federal Con- gress Executive or President, and Judiciary, such powers as were necessary to " form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, and secure the blessings of liberty."
The legislative powers granted to the Federal government are vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate of two senators from each State, chosen hy the Legislature thereof; and a house of Representatives, consisting of one or more members from each State, elected by the people in equal electoral districts; so that the States, large and small, have each two votes in the Senate, and from one to thirty-seven in the House of Representatives. Tbe Senator must be at least thirty years old, and is chosen for six
years ; the Represcutative, at least twenty-five years old, and is elected for two years. Senators and Representatives are paid $10,000 for each Congress of two years' duration, The Senate is presided over by the Vice-President; and is a high court for trial of cases of impeachment. It also confirms the appointments of the President, and ratifies treaties made with foreign powers. Revenne hills originate in the House of Representatives. Bills passed by both Houses, within the limits of their constitutional powers, hecome laws on receiving the sanction of the President; or, if returned with his veto, may he passed over, hy two-thirds of both Houses.
By the Constitution, the States granted to Congress power " to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts, and provide for the common defenco and general welfare of the United States;" to borrow money; to regulate commerce; to establish uniform naturalization and bankruptcy laws; to coin money, and fix the standards of weights and measures, and pun- ish counterfeiting; to establish post-offices and post-roads; to secure patents and copyrights ; punish piracies; declare war ; raise armies and navy; to call out the militia, reserving to the States to appoint their officers; and to govern the District of Columbia, and all places purchased for forts, arsenals, etc., with the cons mnt of the State Legislatures. All powers not expressly granted are reserved to the States or the people; but the States, though sovereign and independent under the Constitution, with all pow- ers of Tocal legislation, eminent domain ( ¿. e., absolute possession of the soil), and power of life and death, with which neither Pres- ident nor Congress can interfere, cannot make treaties, coin money, levy duties on imports, or exercise the powers granted to Congress.
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