USA > Indiana > Jay County > Historical hand-atlas, illustrated : containing twelve farm maps, and History of Jay County, Indiana > Part 9
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The draft of this map is after that model, with criticisms and corrections made by one who has several times visited Chautau- qua and become familiar with all the wonders tbere. With this map and tbe accompanying Index and Explanations, one can soon become as familiar with Jerusalem as with the eity in which he lives. Tbe Haram esh-Sherif, the Noble Sanctuary, encloses tbe site of the ancient Temple, and the Mosk of Omar covers tbe mystery of mysteries, the sacred rock. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre covers that tenderest spot of earth, "the place ealled Calvary," wbere Jesus was crucified. The wailing place of tbe Jews, and almost every place of interest, is here pointed out,
NO. 10 .- ENVIRONS OF JERUSALEM,
After seeing the city, one wants to take a view of its surround- ings. "Mountains are round about Jerusalem." It is built on mountains. From its elevation the view is grand. The best view of the city is from Mt. Olivet, on the cast.
Our map shows the celebrated Valley of Jehosbaphat, with the "sweet-flowing Kidron ;" the sacred Mount of Olives and Garden of Gethsemane, the favorite retreat of Jesus for rest and prayer ; Bethany, where, in tho bome of Mary, Martba and Lazarus, tbe Master found a loving welcome and more than repaid the bospi- tality with his heavenly benedietions,-the spot wbere last bis feet touched earth as he took his beavenward flight. There are objeots of interest in every direction. The Water Works of Solo- mon are shown, standing after the lapse of nearly twenty-nine centuries ; so, also, castles, towers, churches, springs, pools, tombs, ruins, and roads in every direction from the eity,-the way the Savior went to Betblehem, to Jericho, to Emmaus, to Egypt, or to bis native Nazareth in Galilee. The interest in the environs of Jerusalem is equal to that of the places within its walls and gates
No 11,-MODERN PALESTINE,
There is more interest in this map than appears upon the first view. After studying the Holy Land as it was in the days of the Old Testament, then as it was in the time of Christ, and seeing tbe boly eity and its wonderful surroundings, a strong desire arises to see the country as it is to-day, under Turkisb rule, and even to know, if we cannot pronounce, the present names of tbe places named in the Sacred Records. Many of the Bible names can never be changed. Jerusalem is called by the Turks El Kuds, "The Holy," but it is called by the world JERUSALEM, and will be to the end of time. Yet, for intelligent reading of the history and travels of to-day, there must be some knowledge of tbe present names of places in Palestine. The traveler writes or speaks of visiting Amwas, and the pleasing associations of the place, and unless we know that he means Emmaus, we lose the pleasure and profit of bis observations. So of Bahr Lut, the Dead Sea. The term Wady is used very often with travelers and explorers, but tbeir ideas are unintelligible until we know that it means a dried- up water-course. So of Tell, a hill, and Nahr, a river, and many otbers. To make plain and practical tbis map, wbich looks like one of some foreign language, not only tbe ever-useful Index is given, as in all tbe maps, but there is added to this a glossary of Arabio names, and often a glance at that will give the meaning
of the word, and the spot of its location, and all the old idcas will spring up that cluster round the Bible name, and the thought will be the fresher from having been concealed, and from the small effort made to reveal its meaning, on the same principle that children always enjoy the old game of " hide and seek."
Palestine is a land of ruins, and a prominent feature of this map is that it shows the Ruins, Churches and Convents -- in short, the land as it now exists. Towns are represented by a certain character, ruins by anotber, convents by a picture of a house, and churches by tbe same with a cross upon it. The Well of Jacob is found upon the map, because the well dug by the patriarch more tban 3,600 years ago, is still there !
No matter who may possess this land, or what names may begiven to its places, tbe interest in it will be the same until it is again possessed and beautified by the people of God, which will be done, but by no one-Jew, Mohammedan nor Pagan-who does not recognize JEHOVAH as God, or receive as the Savior, JESUS, wbom He hatb sent.
NO. 12 .- TRAVELS OF ST. PAUL.
Enougb has been said on the other maps to show the great value of tbis. If the others are very important and interesting, this is indispensable. The amount of information that is here tbrown into one map is really marvelous. Full and complete as it is in detail, the Index makes it as plain as A, B, C. Extending from Mt. Ararat to Rome in one direction and from the Danube to Cairo in the other, it is quite a complete Bible map of itself, and yet covers no more territory than is required by its title. Few persons, having tested it, will he willing to part with it even for the price of the set.
Paul's Conversion, -As Paul was "not a whit behind the very chiefest apostles," so his life looms up in grand proportions, and his labors and teachings are second only to those of the Master himself. Between Jerusalem and Damascus, on a day, a light from heaven, brighter than the sun at noonday, fell upon the vision of St. Paul, and afterward the scales fell from his eyes. A new light also dawned upon the world that day, for wherever Paul traveled, tbough sometimes bis footsteps were marked with blood, yet they opened a pathway for the fallen sons of men to follow. After his active ministry began, Antioch in Syria was the point of departure, when he turned away from the Jews to preach the gospel to the Gentiles.
Tbe engraved ROUTES OF TRAVEL on Paul's missionary tours is a very valuable feature of this map, The several journeys are engraved and numbered so as to be easily traced, the Scripture reference to tbe faet is recorded, and a full list of the stopping places on each journey given in the Index. The value would be almost doubled of reading the life and labors of Paul in the New Testament, or of Conybeare and Howson's life of St. Paul, with such a map as tbis in hand. No one can arise from its perusal without being impressed with the intense interest that attaches to the proper reading of the Scriptures, and the strong proof of their inspiration in the literal fidelity of their historical statements.
If these MAPS docs not advance these two ends, these worthy pur- poses, it is difficult to see how learning and labor can be used to advantage.
NO. 13,-RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD,
This is a ebart found on No. 1, and fills to excellent advantage a vacant corner on that map. It is a map of the two hemispheres, on Mercator's projection, showing the location and relativestrength of Paganisin, Mohammedanismn, and the various branches of tbe Christian religion - the Greek and Roman churches, and Protes- tantism, .
As long as "the dark places of the earth are full of the hahita- tions of cruelty," there will he an open field for Christian workers. This map well represents the fields, and those who are occupying tbem. This is an excellent missionary map, and, enlarged upon a black-board, would afford an impressive illustration for a mission- ary lecture or scrinon. This map, unlike the others, will neces- sarily be liable to change as the gospel spreads, for the dark por- tions will brighten up and the shadows grow lcss under the enlightening influence of the Sun of Righteousness, until all the nations come under His sway and under the REION OF GRAOE.
36
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GENERAL VIEW OF THE WORLD.
T THE PLANET .- The globe on which we live is the third planet in order from the sun, and the sixth in point of size, as compared with the other planets. For a long time it was sup- posed to occupy a middle position between the smaller and greater members of the solar system ; hut since the discovery of Neptune and Uranus, astronomers have assigned it a place among what are called the "planetoids," of which it is much the largest.
The Form and Magnitude of the Earth .- To a spectator so placed as to have an unohstructed view all round, the earth appears to he a eircular plain, on whose circumference the vault of heaven seems to rest. Accordingly, in ancient times even phil- osophers looked upon the earth as a flat disc swimming upon the water. But many appearances were soon ohserved to he at vari- ance with this idea, and even in remote antiquity the spherical form of the earth hegan to he suspected hy individuals. It is only hy assuming the earth to he spherical that we can explain how our circle of vision hecomes wider as our position is more elevated; and how the tops of towers, mountains, masts of ships, and the like, come first into view as we approach them. There are many other proofs that the earth is a glohe. Thus, as we advance from the poles towards the equator, new stars, formerly invisible, come gradually into view ; the shadow of the carth upon the moon, during an eclipse, is always round; the same momen- tary appearance in the heavens is seen at different hours of the day in different places on the earth's surface; and lastly, the earth, since 1519, has heen circumnavigated innumeralle times. The ohjection to this view that readily arises from our unthinking impressions of up and down, which immediately suggest the pic- ture of the inhabitants of the opposite side of the earth -our antipodes- with their heads downwards, is easily got over hy considering that on all parts of the earth's surface down is towards the earth's center, and that whatever man's place may he on the earth, he occupies the same position relatively to other astronomi- cal hodies.
It is not, however, strictly true that the earth is a sphere; it is slightly flattened, or compressed, at two opposite points-the poles-as has heen proved hy actual measurement of degrees of latitude, and by observations of the pendulum. It is found that a degree of a meridian is not everywhere of the same length, as it would he if the earth were a perfect sphere, hut increases from the equator to the poles; from which it is rightly inferred that the earth is flattened there. A pendulum, again, of a given length is found to move faster when carried towards the poles, and slower when carried towards the equator, which shows that the force of gravity is less at the equator than at the poles; or, in other words, that the center, the seat of gravity, is more distant at the former than at the latter. The diminished force of gravity at the equator has, it is true, another cause, namely, the centri- fugal (or repulsive) force arising from the rotation of the earth, which acts counter to gravitation, and is necessarily greatest at the equator, and gradually lessens as we move northwards or south wards, till at the poles it is nothing. But the diminution of the force of gravity at the equator, arising from the centrifugal forco, amounts to only 2f% of the whole force; while the diminu- tion indicated hy the pendulum is 131. The difference, or 4 nearly, remains assignable to the greater distance of the surface from the center at the equator than at the poles. From the most accurate measurement of degrees that has been made, the flattening, or ellipticity, of the earth has been determined hy Bessel at 2001153, or ho nearly ; or the equatorial radius is to the polar as 300 to 299. These measurements of degrees determine not only the shape, hut the size, of the earth. Bessel's calculations give a geographical mile, or the 60th part of a mean degree of the meridian, at 951.807 toises (2029 yards, thus making the whole circumference 43,526,400 yards), and the equatorial and polar diameters at 6875.6 and 6852.4 geographical miles (7925.6 and 7899.14 English miles) respectively. To speak popularly, the earth is about 25,000 miles in circumference at the equator, and ahout 100 miles less around the poles; and its diameter is ahout 8000 miles at the equator, and ahout 30 miles less at the poles. The surface of the earth contains nearly 150 millions square geographical miles.
The Mass and Density of the Earth .- We have seen ahove that the earth is a sphere, slightly flattened at the poles - what is called by geometers an "elliptical spheroid"- of a mean radius of somewhat less than 4000 miles. We have next to consider its mass and density. Nothing astonishes the unscientific reader more than the idea of weighing the earth. There are several ways of doing it, however; and unless we could do it we should never be able to know its density. The first method is hy observ- ing how much the attraction of a mountain deflects a plummet from the vertical line. This heing ohserved, if we can ascertain the actual weight of the mountain we can calculate that of the
earth. In this way Dr. Maskelyne, in the years 1774-1776, hy careful experiments at Schohallien, in Perthshire, Scotland -a large mountain mass lying east and west, and steep on both sides -calculated the earth's mean density to he five times greater than that of water. The ohserved deflection of tho plummet in these experiments was between 4sec. and 5sec. (2) In the method just described thicre must always he uncertainty, however accu- rate the observations, in regard to the mass or weight of the mountain. The method known as Cavendish's experiment is much freer from liahility to error. This experiment was first made hy Henry Cavendish on the suggestion of Miehel, and has since heen repeated hy Reich, of Freyhurg, and others. These experiments lead to the conclusion that the earth's mean density is 5.67 times that of water. A third mode has lately heen adopted hy Mr. Airy, astronomer-royal, hy comparison of two invariable pendulums, one at the earth's surface, tho other at the bottom of a pit at Hartan colliery, near Newcastle, England, 1260 feet helow the surface. The density of the earth, as ascertained by Mr. Airy from this experiment, is hetween 6 and 7 times that of water; hut for various reasons this result is not to be accepted as against that of the Cavendish experiment. So it may he accepted as alınost a scientific certainty, that the earth's density is hetween 5 and 6 times that of water. The density of the earth being known, its mass is easily calculated, and made a unit of mass for measuring that of the other hodies in the system. The mass of the earth is ahout sso.000 that of the sun.
The Motions of the Earth .-- The earth, as a member of the solar system, moves along with the other planets round the sun from west to east. This is contrary to our sensihle impressions, according to which the sun seems to move round the earth; and it was not till a few centuries ago that men were able to get over this illusion. This journey round the sun is performed in 3651 days, which we call a year (solar year). The earth's path or orhit is not strictly a circle, hut an ellipse of small eccentricity, in one . of the foci of which is the sun. It follows that the earth is not equally distant from the sun at all times of the year; it is nearest at the heginning of the year, or when the northern hemisphere has winter, and is then said to he in perihelion; and at its greatest distance about the middle of the year, or during the summer of the northern hemisphere, when it is said to he in aphelion. The difference of distance, however, is comparatively too small to exercise any perceptible influence on the heat derived from the sun, and the variations of the seasons has a quite different cause. The least distance of the sun from the earth is over 94 millions of miles, and the greatest over 96 millions; the mean distance is com- monly stated at 95 millions of miles. It follows that the earth yearly descrihes a path of upwards of 596 millions of miles, so that its velocity in its orhit is ahout 19 miles a second.
Besides its annual motion round the sun, the earth has a daily motion or rotatiou on its axis, or shorter diameter, which is per- formed from west to east, and occupies exactly 23 hours, 56 minutes, 4 seconds, of mean time. On this motion depends the rising and setting of the sun, or the changes of day and night. The relative lengths of day and night depend upon the angle formed hy the earth's axis with the plane of its orhit. If the axis were perpendicular to the plane of the orhit, day and night would he equal during the whole year over all the earth - there would he no change of seasons; but the axis makes with the orbit an angle of 233deg., and the consequence of this is all that variety of seasons and of climates that we find on the earth's surface; for it is only for a small strip (theoretically for a mere line) lying under the equator that the days and nights are equal all the year ; at all other places this equality only occurs on the two days in each year when the sun seems to pass through the celestial equa- tor, ¿. e., ahout the 21st of March and the 23d of September. From March 21 the sun departs from the equator towards the north, till, ahout June 21, he has reached a north declination of 23}deg., when he again approaches the equator, which he reaches ahout September 23. He then advances southward, and ahout December 21 has reached a south declination of 23}deg., when he turns once more towards the equator, at which he arrives March 21. The 21st of June is the longest day in the northern hemi- sphere, and the shortest in the southern; with the 21st of Decein- ber it is the reverse.
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