USA > Indiana > Jay County > Historical hand-atlas, illustrated : containing twelve farm maps, and History of Jay County, Indiana > Part 18
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37 | Part 38 | Part 39 | Part 40 | Part 41 | Part 42 | Part 43 | Part 44 | Part 45 | Part 46 | Part 47 | Part 48 | Part 49 | Part 50 | Part 51 | Part 52 | Part 53 | Part 54 | Part 55 | Part 56 | Part 57 | Part 58 | Part 59 | Part 60 | Part 61 | Part 62 | Part 63 | Part 64 | Part 65 | Part 66 | Part 67
The Executive of the Federal government is a President, chosen hy an electoral college, equal in number to the Senators and Rep- resentatives, elected by the people of the States. He must he a native of the United States, at least thirty-five years old, and is elected for a term of four years, and may be re-elected without limit; though a custom, dating from Washington's time, limits the incumbeney to two terms. His salary is $25,000 a year. The Vice- President, who, in case of the death of the President, succeeds bim, is President of the Senate. If he should die after becoming President, his successor would he chosen by Congress. The Pres- ident, by and with the consent of the Senate, appoints a cabinet, consisting of the Secretaries of State and Foreign Affairs, Treas- ury, War, Navy, Interior, the Postmaster-General, and Attorney- General. These officers have salaries of $8,000 a year, have no seats in Congress, and are solely responsible to the President, who also appoints directly, or through his subordinates, the officers of the army and navy -of which he is commander-in-chief - the justices of the Federal judiciary, revenue officers, post-masters, etc. -in all about 100,000 persons,
The President, either directly or through the Secretary of State and Foreign affairs, appoints ministers, consuls, and consular agents to foreign countries. There are twelve envoys-extra- ordinary and ministers-plenipotentionary, receiving from $17,- 500 to $10,000 salary; twenty-three ministers resident, $7,500 to $4,000.
The Judiciary consists of a supreme court, with one ehief-justice and eight assistant justices, appointed by the President for life, and district judges in each district. The supreme court bas juris- diction in all cases arising under the Constitution, laws, and treaties of the United States; causes affecting ambassadors and consuls, of admiralty and jurisdiction ; controversies to which the United States is a party, or hetween a State and the citizens of another State, citizens of different States, or citizens and foreign States. It has original jurisdiction in State cases, or those affect- ing ambassadors or consuls- in others appellate. A person may be tried for treason, both against the Federal government and against the State of which he is a citizen. The President can reprieve or pardon a person condemned by a Federal court; but has no power to interfere with the judgments of State tribunals. Besides the supreme court, there are United States district courts, with judges, district attorneys, and marshals, in districts com- prising part or whole of the several States. The citizens of each State are entitled to all privileges and immunities of the several States. Criminals escaping from one State to another are given up for trial on demand of the Executive; and the Constitution declares that "no person beld to service or lahor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in conse- quence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but sball be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or lahor may he due." The Constitution may be amended by a convention called at the request of two-thirds of the States; or amendments may he proposed by a vote of two- thirds of Congress, and ratified by two-thirds of the States; but " no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suf- frage in the Senate."
71
THE UNITED STATES.
In pursuance of the decision arrived at hy the Electoral Com- mission, Rutherford B. Hayes resigned the Governorship of Ohio, proceeded to Washington, and was peacefully inaugurated as the Nineteenth President of the United States, and becamno the Pres- ident de facto, although the Democratic party continued to hold that Samuel J. Tilden was President de jure. After the inaugural, however, the public mind, so long overstrained, relaxed, and political passion cooled. A blessed repose that was much needed fell upon the country. The depression in all the commercial and manufacturing interests throughout the country, which hegan in 1873, still continued, and tho people looked forward with much anxiety to the financial condition of the Republic, and eagerly awaited the dawn of a revival of business interests. In his inaugural the President advocated the first step to more prosper- ous times to be a paper currency resting upon a coin basis, and at all times and promptly convertiblo into coin. To the South he extended the assurance that his earnest efforts would be put forth in behalf of a eivil policy that should forever wipe out the dis- tinction hetween North and South. Ile hacked up his overtures to the South by selecting as one of tho members of his Cabinet, Hon. David M. Key, of Tennessee, who had been identified with the Rebellion. Thus, the Southern policy of the President seemed to give satisfaction for a time to a great majority of the people.
The question of finance and of relief from the business prostra- tion of the country chiefly occupied the attention of our national legislators until the day fixed for the resumption of specie pay- ments-January 1, 1879. The great struggle of political parties for the ascendency was on the question of finance. At a special session of Congress, held in the fall of 1877, the enemies of resumption made a determined effort to defeat the measure. A bill to repeal the act of resumption was introduced into the House by General Ewing, of Ohio, and the financial battle again waxed lierce and hot on the floors of Congress. The roar of conflict on this great issue continued. Ewing, Garfield, Kelley and other great statesmen and leaders in our national councils crossed swords in the arena of dehate on this great question which agitated the country from ocean to ocean.
The bill introduced by Mr. Ewing to repeal the resumption act, after a mighty forensic struggle, passed the House November 22, 1877. It then went to the Senate, which hody made some important amendments, and it came back to the House in June, 1878. Here the attempt to suspend the rules, to concur in the Senate amendments, and pass the bill, failed to receive the requisite two-thirds vote. Nearly two months after resumption was accomplished, another attempt was made to repeal the measure, but the Houso rejected the proposed repeal by a large vote. This ended the long record of financial discussion.
The Forty-sixth Congress, from 1879 to 1881, will he recorded in history as one of the most excited and troubled that the country had witnessed since the perilous times of 1860-'61-'62. A num- ber of exciting questions had arisen since the winter of 1878-'79. The Forty-fifth Congress had failed to pass two of the twelve great appropriation bills, viz : the army bill, and the legislative, executive and judicial hill, together disposing of $45,000,000. . This amount was needed to carry on the Government, and the failure to make the appropriation was extreme and unprecedented in our nation's history. Thus an extra session of Congress hecame an absolute necessity. This hegan March 18, 1879, and was the first session of the Forty-sixth Congress. For more than three months the struggle continued, ending with the appropriation of the $+5,000,000, except $600,000, wbich was also appropriated, less $7,400 in December following.
During the summer aud fall of 1879, the Southern States of the Union were swept with the scourge of yellow fever to an extent without precedent in the history of that dread contagion. The frightful pestilence swept with its foul hreath the most fertile fields and valleys, and tho inost isolated villages, as well as the crowded marts of trade and most densely populated cities of the South. Its heavy hand was laid upon New Orleans with a withering touch, while Memphis became literally the City of Des- olation. The dire suffering of the people in hamlet and city appealed with muto eloquence to the people of the North, and met with a hearty response, and money, provisions, life's neces- saries of overy description, with medical skill, were lavished abundantly. It was one moro link in uniting the two extremes of the Union in the bonds of sympathy and fratornity of feeling.
Although a portion of the American people have always ques- tioned Hayes' titlo to the Presidency, yet there is an united verdict that his administration has heen less tainted with the corruption of government officials than that of any previous administration perhaps in the annals of the Republic, at least since the days of Andrew Jackson. His wife, too, left her impress upon Washing- ton circles, in wholly and absolutely discarding the use of intox- icating drinks from the Whito House. Her example is a monument
to her integrity of character and conscientious love of principle that will not soon be forgotten.
The year 1880 witnessed one of the most significant and im- portant campaigns the country has ever known in the history of political parties. The Republican National Convention assembled at Chicago on the 2d of June, and continued in session seven days. In that convention was compressed the giant intellects of the, party, and for seven days, forensic tactics, logic and eloquence were marshaled in mighty conflict hefore a result was obtained. General Grant, Ilon. James G. Blaine, IIon. John Sherman, Sen- ators Windom, Edmunds and Washhurne were successively named as nominees for the Presidency. Senator Conkling, of New York; Cameron, of Pennsylvania, and Logan, of Illinois, were the intel- lectual giants who urged the claims of General Grant. They presented a strong front. and their favorite went into the contest with a following of three hundred and four votes on the first ballot. Day after day the halloting proceeded, with varying fortunes among the several candidates, and throughout that stormy siege of seven days' duration the phalanx of Grant stood firm and unshaken, going down in the decisive hallot with their ranks unbroken. The last two or three hallots indicated the change in the tide, when State after State wheeled into line in favor of Hon. James A. Garfield, of Obio, and who, on the 8th day of June was declared the Republican nominee for the Pres- idency of the United States. Clicster A. Arthur, of New York, was chosen as the candidate for Vice President.
On the 9th day of June the National or Greenhack party held its convention also in Chicago, and chose as its standard-hearers, General James B. Weaver, of Iowa, for President, and Hon. A. J. Chamhers, of Texas, for Vice President.
June 22d, the Democratic National Convention assembled in Cin- cinnati, and chose General Winfield S. Hancock, as its candidate for President, and William H. English, of Indiana, for Vice President.
No political campaign was ever prosecuted with more intense earnestness, more partisan hitterness, more lavish display. It eclipsed the great campaign of 1860, and weut far abead of the great hard-cider campaign of 1840. The result of the election in November, according to the official returns, showed that the Garfield electors received 4,439,415 votes; Hancock. 4,436,014; Weaver, 305,729; Dow, 9,644; scattering, 1,793, giving a net majority in favor of Garfield over Hancock, on the popular vote, of 3,401. The electoral count confirmed the vote of the people, and on the 4th of March, 1881, General James A. Garfield was inaugurated as the Twentieth President of the United States. It was the most imposing iuauguration ever conferred upon any President, and the grand pageant and ceremonies wero witnessed hy more than one hundred thousand people, attracted thither from every section of the Union. Conspicuous among the notahles of the nation was General Hancock, the defeated can- didate of the Democratic party, who hy his presence showed his nohility of character in thus honoring the new chief magistrate.
The last days of the Forty-sixth Congress will be rendered notable iu history on account of the passage of an act known as the funding bill, hy which a certain portion of the government honds was to be refunded at three per cent. interest, and which measure met with such intense opposition from tho national hankers throughout the country, that they threatened to wind up their institutions, if the bill should become a law, and many of them returned their legal tenders. The bill was vetoed by Pres- ident Hayes, however, and this brought out against him the most hitter invectives from tbe friends of the bill, who declared that tho action of the hanks was threatening and revolutionary, and that it was a concession to the money. power, that would result in untold evil to the great mass of the American people.
The national debt reached its highest point July 1, 1866, show- ing the enormous sum of $2,773,236,173.69. From that time each year showed a steady decrease of the principal to July 1, 1876, when the indehtedness, less cash in the treasury, had been reduced to $2,099,439,344.99, a decrease in ten years of 8682,796,828.70. The decrease continued throughout the administration of Pres- ident Haycs, as follows: July 1, 1877, the debt less cash in the treasury was $2,060,158,223.26; July 1, 1878, it was $2,035,786,- 831.82; July 1, 1879, $2,027,207,256.37, and on the 1st of July, 1880, the reduction reached to $1,942,172,293.34.
The census of the United States for the decade ending with 1880, is still in preparatiou, and some time wdl yet elapse hefore it is thoroughly completed, and placed hefore the people. Ad- vance sheets, however, from the Census Department show that the United States has increased from a population of 38,533,191 in 1870, to 50,152,866 in 1880, and that the incroase in commorce, manufactures, agriculture and industrial enterprise of every char- acter is correspondingly large, giving evory indication that as a people we are making rapid strides on tho road of national pros- perity and renown,
72
Map of Maryland, Delaware
1
2
8
1928
4
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7
6
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10
11
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Longitude fruto Wa ktığı
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Gettysburg
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Map of Maryland, Delaware and the District of Columbia.
THE STATES AND TERRITORIES.
THE New England States occupy the extreme northeastern corner of the United States, and have an aggregate area of 63,882 square miles- not half as large as some of the Westorn Territories. It was settled hy the English at Plymouth Roek in 1620, and for tho first eentury or more progressed more rapidly than any other portion of the country. It comprises six States : Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connectieut.
MAINE.
M AINE, the tenth State admitted under the Federal Constitu- tion, is situated hetween latitude 42deg. 57min. and 47deg. 32min. north and longitude 66deg. 52min. and 71deg. 06min. west, and is hounded on the north hy Canada ; east, hy New Brunswick ; south, by the Atlantic Ocean; and west, by New Hampshire and Canada. It has an area of 31,766 square miles, or 20,330,240 aeres. A ridge of brokeu eminonces, apparently a continuation of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, runs along the western part of Maine for some distance, and then erosses the State in a north- easterly direction, terminating in Mars Hill, on the horders of New Brunswiek. Of the mountain summits, the highest is Katahdin Mountain, which attains an elevation of 5,385 feet above the sea. The most marked natural feature of the State is its rivers and lakes, which eover ahout one-tenth of the entire area. Maine has a great extent of eoast and many good harhors. Its shores are all along indented by deep hays; and the adjacent sea is studded with numerous fine islands, some of considerable size, Near the coast the surface is level, hut it rises on proceeding inland.
History, Government, and Finances .- Monhegan, one of the first settlements in Maine peopled hy Europeans, was settled in 1622, and Saco in 1623. Ahout 1629, the Plymouth Company, which obtained a new patent by Sir Ferdinando Gorges under James I., granting to the company all the country hetween latitude 40deg. and 48deg. north, hegan to parcel out their territory to applieauts. In 1621 the company trausferred to William Alexan- der, subsequently Earl of Stirling, tho country east of the St. Croix, thus establishing the present eastern houndary of the State. In 1629, John Mason came into possession of the territory lying between the Merrimac and Piscataqua rivers, which he called New Hampshire, thereby establishing the western houndary of Maine. In 1635, the Plymouth Company, having resolved to surrender its eharter to the government, divided the territory among its members. Gorges took the whole region between the Piseataqua and the Kennehec, and in 1639 received a formal charter of it from Charles I, under the title of the Province of Maine. He was made governor-general of New England, with boundless authority. On the death of Gorges, Maine deseended to his heirs. It was now placed under four different jurisdictions : that of Gorges extending from the west line to Kennebunk; that of Righy, from Kennebunk to the borders of the Kennehee Valley, held under grant from Gorges; the Sagadahoe, from the Kennebec to the Penobscot ; the French (Acadia), from the Penobscot to the St. Croix. In 1651, from politie reasons, Massachusetts set up a claim under her charter to the province of Maine, and sent com- missioners to admit the people of Gorge's and Righy's grants into the jurisdiction of the Bay colony, After a strong remonstrance, and an appeal to Parliament, the colonies put themselves under the government of Massachusetts. The change proved heneficial to the colonies.
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