USA > Indiana > Jay County > Historical hand-atlas, illustrated : containing twelve farm maps, and History of Jay County, Indiana > Part 43
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
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COLORADO, NEW MEXICO, ARIZONA AND CALIFORNIA.
bave been found in abundance, and there are immense deposits of coal,
Colorado was organized as a Territory on March 2d, 1861, and was formed from parts of New Mexico, Kansas, Nebraska, and Utah, It was admitted into the Union in 1876. The exccutive consists of a govornor and lieutenant-governor, a secretary of State, attorney-general, surveyor-general, and superintendent of public instruction. The legislature is composed of a senate and house of representatives, elected hy tho people. The judicial power is vested in a supreme court, district courts, county courts and various inferior trihunals. An amendment to the constitution, establishing female suffrage, was rejected hy a large majority, October 2, 1877.
Denver, the capital, is a thriving city. Kit Carson, Golden City, and Central City are prosperous towns.
NEW MEXICO.
THE Territory of New Mexico lies between 31deg. 20min, and T 37deg. north latitude, and 103deg. and 109deg. west longi- tude, and is hounded on the north hy Colorado; east hy Texas ; south hy Texas and Mexico; and west hy Arizona, It has an area of 121,215 miles. The face of the country consists of exten- sive elevated plateaus, from which rise occasional bluffs. Through these plateaus the rivers and streams have worn deep channels, and furrowed out valleys which are often picturesque and fertile. The chief rivers-the Rio Grande, the Pecos, the Canadian-are afflueuts of the Arkansas, and the San Juan and Gila affluents of the Colorado. The climate is dry, rather warm, hut very health- ful. It is well suited to the growth of the cereals, and stock-rais- ing. Among the minerals are gold, silver, copper, iron, coal, cin- nabar, and zinc. The yield of gold and silver is very heavy, and coal is hoth anthracite and hituminous.
New Mexico is part of the territory gained from Mexico by the treaty of Guadaloupe-Hidalgo, and was originally settled by the Spaniards before the close of the sixteenth century. It was first erected into a Territory in 1854, and considerable additions were made to its area in 1854. Colorado and Arizona were subse- quently taken off, which reduced it to its present limits. The executive officers are appointed hy the President, and the legisla- ture is elected hy the people. The latter consists of a council with 13 memhers, and a house of representatives with 26 members. The judiciary consists of a supreme court, district courts, pro- bate courts, and justices of the peace,
The capital of the Territory is Santa Fe, which was founded in 1581, and stdl has less than 5,000 inhabitants.
ARIZONA.
THE Territory of Arizona lies between 31deg. 20min. and 37deg. T
north latitude, and between 109deg. and 117deg. west longi- tude, and is bounded on the north hy Nevada and the Territory of Utah; east by New Mexico Territory ; south hy Mexico; and west hy California. It has an area of 113,916 square miles.
The northern and northwestern parts of Arizona are drained hy the Colorado River and its affluents. The Gila and its affluents drain the southern and southeastern parts. Most of the surface is an elevated plateau, from 3,000 to 8,000 feet above the level of the sea, with occasional bluffs, aud volcanic cones rising from 500 to 2,500 feet above the plateau. These high tahle-lands are cut through nearly to the sea level by the canons of the Colorado River and its tributaries. Rain seldom falls, and much of the land is dry and parched for the want of water. In those parts admitting of irrigation, or where there is enough moisture, the yield of crops is abundant. The soil of the valleys is fertile, and fine crops of cotton, wheat, harley, oats, tobacco, fruits, and veg- etables are raised, Considerable pine lumher is found in the inte- rior, together with oak and black walnut.
The mineral resources of Arizona are very great. The surface ores of gold and silver are rich; and copper, lead, and iron are found. Diamonds have been discovered.
Arizona was cut off from the western part of New Mexico, and organized into a separate Territory in 1863. There were flourisb- ing Spanish settlements in the valleys of the Colorado, Gda, and Rio Verde in the seventeenth and eighteentb centuries, and the relics of their civilization are still seen,
The seat of government is at Tucson, and all the governmental officers are appointed by the President of the United States. Ac- cording to the census of 1870 the population of the Territory is 9,658; of which 26 are colored, 20 Chinese, and 31 Indians. Tbe number of tribal Indians is estimated at 32,000.
CALIFORNIA.
CALIFORNIA, the eighteenth State admitted into the Union, lies between 30deg. 32min, and 42deg. north latitude, and 114dcg. 20min. and 124deg. 22min. west longitude; and is hounded on the north hy Oregon; east hy Nevada and Arizona; south hy Lower California; and west hy the Pacific Ocean, It has an area of 158,687 square miles. Two great mountain ranges run- ning northwest and southeast traverse this Statc. They are the Sierra Nevada, and the coast range. The former shoots off from the latter on the south, the snow-capped Mount San Bernardino, 17,000 feet in height, heing the connecting link, It then runs northwest to about latitude 38deg. 45min., longitude 120min., whence it extends due north, forming from that point the eastern houndary of the State. Between the coast range and the ocean are numerous smaller ranges and isolated bills, inclosing heautiful valleys. The range of the Sierra Morena, or Brown Mountains, on the south, lies between the Pacific and tho Salinas, or Buen- aventura, The chief rivers are the Sacramento and San Joaquin. The other streams are the Rio Pajaro, the Eel and Russian rivers, and the Colorado, forming a portion of the southeast boundary of the State. The largest lake in the Stato is Lako Tulare, in the South. California has over 700 miles of sca coast. San Fran- cisco Bay is connected with the ocean hy a strait ahout one mile wide and five miles long, inclosed hy long mountains on either side. It has hcen appropriately named the Golden Gate.
History and Government .- When the Peninsula, at present known as Lower California, was discovered in the year 1534, the name California was given to it, and for upwards of two hundred years it was the California known to Europeans, though the namo was also applied to the coast farther north. The present State of California was visited in 1542 hy Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, a Por- tuguese navigator, and hy Sir Francis Drake in 1570. In 1767 it was invaded by Franciscan friars, the successors in Mexico of the newly-expelled Jcsuits. These zealous apostles planted various missions, bringing under their influence, such as it was, the great mass of the ahorigines. Under such circumstances, the new pro- vince hecame pre-eminent, even in Spanish America, for every- thing that could paralyze the progress of a community. Anglo- Saxon speculators engrossed most of the trade; American trap- pers walked through the land as if it had heen their own; the Muscovites established, in the north, a town under the ominous title of Ross or Russia; and a Swiss adventurer of tho name of Sutter, who had carved out for himself a New Helvetia, virtually set the government at defiance.
California was part of tbe territory ceded to the United States at the close of the war with Mexico in 1848, and in 1850 it was admitted into the Union as a State. Gold was first discovered in January, 1848, hy James W. Marshall, in the employ of Captain Sutter, already mentioned, and from this date the unprecedented progress of the State commenced, In less than a year and a half after the discovery was announced, more than 100,000 people bad started for the new land of gold.
A new constitution, making complete changes in the govern- ment of the State, was adopted at the September election, 1879.
Geology and Mineralogy,-The mountainous portion of the State is composed of granitic, jurassic, and triassic and cretaceous rocks; and vast heds of lava, in some places 10,000 feet thick, overlie a considerable portion of the surface, showing that vol- canic agencies were once very active. There is no old red sand- stone, only a little limestone, and some metamorphic rocks yield- ing marhle.
Gold is the principal mineral, and California is the chicf gold- producing country of the world. The gold region is ahout 500 miles long hy 50 wide, and occupies the lower mountains between the loftiest Sierra and the Sacramento valley. In 1848 the amount of gold obtained was worth about $60,000, In 1850 it was over $40,000,000 ; and it realized its maximum in 1853, when it amounted to $99,864,753, From the first, California has con- tributed over a thousand millions worth of gold to the wealth of the world. Other minerals are copper, asphaltum, platinum, lead, antimony, aud cohalt; none of which are much worked. Coal is found in abundance, and of good quality. Diamonds and opals have been found; and mineral springs of all kinds are numerous,
Climate and Soil,-In the southern part of the State the cli- mate is semi-tropical, and in the northern, or the mountainous regions of the interior, it is analogous to the colder zone of the temperate regions. On the coast, however, the thermometer varies far less than on the Atlantic slope. The climate is gener- ally very dry, though the wintery rains are often copious, and cause much damage. In nearly all parts, during the long, dry, and warm season, the soil hecomes so hard as to be incapable of heing broken up until the first rains have rendered it soft. The sod, when it is capable of heing tilled, is composed of a deep rich
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CALIFORNIA, NEVADA, IDAHO AND OREGON.
loam, and almost everywhere needs only irrigation to make it highly productive. Irrigation is necessary to cultivation in almost all parts of the State, as the whole surface is parched up during the long dry season, A considerable portion of the surface is covered with extensive forests of pine, spruce, oak, and cedar. The sequoia gigantea, or mammoth cedar, which grows on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, is the largest product of the vegetable kingdom.
Products, Commerce, and Manufactures,- California pro- duces wheat, oats, barley, beets, flax, hops, cbickory, tobacco, and some cotton and Indian corn. The root crops and garden vegetables grow to an enormous size. The climate and pasturage are well suited to the raising of sheep, and wool-growing is an extensive interest. Fruit-culture and the manufacture of wine are important industries. Tropical fruits succeed well, Of late years, the manufacture of heet-sugar bas opened a new branch of industry, and there are several manufactories of that article. The mulberry-trce is easily grown, and the manufacture of silk is suc- cessfully carried on. The culture of tea bas heen introduced by the Japanese.
The commerce of the State is immense.
California has woolen-mills, sugar-refineries, iron and steel man- ufactories, foundries, machine and locomotive works, flouring- mills; wire-rope, cordage, and wire-cloths are extensively manu- factured, The leather of California has a high reputation. Other manufactories are numerous.
Education, etc .- There is an admiralile system of education in California, not surpassed in the Eastern States.
The decennial population of California, from 1850, is as fol- lows:
1880
1870
1800
1850
500247
370994
02597:
In 1870 the total population was 560,247, In 1860 there were 34,933 Chinese in the State. According to the last census there are 49,277 Chinese, and 33 Japanese. The Indian population is 7,241; the colored population is 4,272.
The principal cities arc San Francisco, Sacramento, the capital, Marysville, San José, and Stockton.
NEVADA.
NEVADA, tbe twenty-third State admitted into the Union, and the thirty-seventh in population, lies between 35deg. and 42deg. north latitude, and 114deg. and 120deg. west longitude ; and is hounded on the north hy Oregon and Idaho; east hy Utab; south by Arizona; west and southwest by California. It has an area of 81,539 square miles. The entire State has an altitude of 4,000 feet or more ahove the level of the sea, but most of it con- stitutes a portion of the great Utah Basin. In the northern cen- tral part are the Humboldt mountains, and in the eustern part the East Humboldt mountains, aud westward are the Toiyahe mountains, a long, parallel range, All the streams except the Virgin, and a few unimportant ones, empty into lakes or sinks within the limits of the State. The largest river is the Humboldt ; the other streams are Walker and Carson rivers, There are sev- eral lakes in the State that have no visible outlet.
Nevada was included in the territory acquired from Mexico at the same time as California. It was organized into a Territory in 1861, and admitted into the Union October 31, 1864. The executive officers of the State, including the governor and lieuten- ant-governor, are chosen for a term of four years. The legislature consists of 25 senators and 50 representatives, and meets at Carson City hiennially on the first Monday in January. The judiciary consists of a supreme court, district courts, prohate courts, and justices of the peace. The three supreme court judges are elected by the people for a term of four years.
The climate of the State is generally healthful, and the soil sterile, except a few fertile valleys. Agriculture is limited, but Nevada is one of the richest mining districts in the world, Gold exists in 'considerahle quantities, and the silver-lodes are of incom- parable richness and extent, Copper and iron mines have also been opened and are worked with profit. Lead and coal are found in various parts of the State.
The State superintendent of public instruction is elected hy the people for two years. The State hoard of education is composed of the governor, the surveyor-general, and the superintendent of public instruction. A county superintendent of public schools for each county, is elected for two years; and a hoard of trustees of three or five members for each district, elected by classes for four years.
Carson City is the capital ; Virginia City is the leading town.
IDAHO.
T NIE Territory of Idaho, organized in March, 1863, lies hetween longitude 109deg. and 117deg. west, is bounded on the north by the British possessions, east by Montana and Dakota; south by Neva.la and Utah ; and west by Oregon and Washington Ter- ritory. It has an area of 90,932 square miles. The whole Ter- ritory is bigh land, and part of it mountainous, varying in eleva- tion fromn 2,000 to 5,000 feet above the sea. There are numerous fertile, and well-timhered valleys in the Territory. It is well waterod, tbe Clearwater, Salmon, Snake, and Boise Rivers, and their numerous affluents, affording an ahundanco of pure water from their sources in the perpetual snows of tho Bitter Root and Rooky Mountain summits. The table-lands are covered with a profuse growth of wild grass, and the mountains with forests of pinc and fir,
The climate is mild and pleasant during the summer and fall, but during tbo winter the weather is severe, and the fall of snow is very great, Idaho belongs to the "dry " regions, The annual fall of rain is ahout one-fourth of that of the Atlantic States; however, tho soil in the valleys is deep, and may he successfully irrigated, thus allowing the crops to he depended upon with as much certainty as in regions where the fall of rain is greater.
In the valleys the cereals, fruits, and root-crops succeed well, and the rest of the Territory is well suitsd to grazing.
The chief wealth of Idaho lies in its mines. Some of the richest deposits of gold and silver in the country are found there, and are worked with great success. Limestone and gray sandstone are also found in considerable quantities,
Idaho was organized in 1863 from portions of Nebraska, Oregon, Utalı, and Washington, The governor and secretary are appointed hy tho President, and a legislature, consisting of 10 councillors and 20 representatives is chosen by tho people. A good public school system is in operation.
The total population in 1870 was 14,999; of which 4,274 were Chinese, 60 colored, and 48 Indians, The number of tribal Indians is officially estimated at 5,584. Boise City is the capital,
OREGON.
OREGON, the twentieth State admitted into the Union, and thirty-sixth in population, lies hetwecn latitude 42deg. and 46deg. north, and longitude 116deg. 40min. and 124deg. 25min. west, and is bounded on the north hy Washington Territory ; east hy Idaho; south hy California and Nevada; and west by the Pacific Ocean, It has an area of 95,274 square miles. Oregon is usually divided into three sections, respectively denominated the lower, middle, and upper countries. The chief river is the Col- umhia, which is the largest on the Pacific coast, The others are the Snake or Lewis, a branch of the Columbia River, and its afflu- ents the Powder, Malheur, and Owyhee, The surface is divers- ified with valleys of excellent agricultural and grazing lands, alter- nating with abrupt mountain ranges, the peaks of which rise to an altitude of 16,000 feet above the sea-level, and are covered with perpetual snow.
Oregon was first visited hy Europeans about 1775, when a Spanish navigator visited Juan de Fuca Straits. Cook coasted along its shores in 1778. The Columbia River was probably first made known to the world in 1791, by Captain Gray, of the ship Columbia, of Boston, who saw the mouth of the river, hut did not enter it till May of the following year, when be named it after his ship. In 1804 Thomas Jefferson, the President, dis- patched an exploring expedition under Lewis and Clarke, who spent the winter at the mouth of the Columbia River. The treaty of 1846 gave to the United States all the country below 49deg, north latitude. People began to emigrate to the newly-acquired territory in 1839, and Oregon was admitted into the Union as a State on February 14, 1859. The legislature is composed of a senate and house of representatives. The governor is elected for four years. The legislature meets biennially on the second Monday in September, and the State elcction is held on the first Monday,
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