USA > Indiana > Jay County > Historical hand-atlas, illustrated : containing twelve farm maps, and History of Jay County, Indiana > Part 38
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
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Products and Commerce. - As a wheat-growing country, Kansas ranks foremost; her limestone soil is well suited to its culture. Tho chief products are corn, rye, wheat, oats, buckwbeat, potatoes, hemp and cotton. A large portion of the State is well suited to the raising of sheep, and wool-growing has hecome an important branch of industry, Stock-raising is carried on very extensively.
Education, etc .- General educational interests are under the supervision of a Stato superintendent of public instruction, and there is a superintendent in each county. The board of education consists of tho State superintendent, the chancellor of the State university, the president of the State agricultural college, and tbe principals of the State normal schools at En_poria and Leaven- worth, A prominent duty of the board is to issue diplomas to sucb teachers as pass the examination, The school fund consists of the annual ineome derived from the interest and rents of the perpetual school fund, proceeds of donated lands, and an annual tax of one mill upon the dollar valuation of all taxable property in the State.
The population of Kansas, from 1860, is as follows:
1880
1875
1870
1860
528349
864399
107206
According to the census of 1875, the total population of Kansas was 528,349.
The leading cities of Kansas are Topeka, tbe capital, Lawrence, Atchison, Wyandotte, Leavenworth City, Fort Scott, Emporia, and Wichita.
143
INDIAN TERRITORY AND SOUTH CAROLINA.
INDIAN TERRITORY.
INDIAN TERRITORY lies between 33deg. 35min, and 37deg. north latitude, and 94deg. 20min, and 103deg, west longitude; and is hounded on the east hy Missouri and Arkansas; north by Kansas and Colorado ; west hy New Mexico and Texas ; and south hy Texas. It contains ahout 70,000 square miles.
Indian Territory originally was a part of the great Louisiana purchase, but is now composed of a tract of country which has been set apart by the United States government for various Indian tribes moved thithor from east of the Mississippi. The Territory has heen very imperfectly explored, so that it is not possible to speak precisely of any of its geographieal or elimatic features. With the exception of a limited extent of mountainous country in the south, the surface of the territory is quite level, and tbe soil in general sandy and dry, though many portions fur- nish good grazing to vast herds of Buffalo, and strips of wood land and fertile valleys are found along the streams. The north- west portion is deseribed as a dreary waste of "bare rocks, gravel and sand," destitute of all vegetation, exeept a few stunted shrubs.
The United States have adopted the poliey of settling the various Indian tribes in this region, as far as praetieahle upon separate reservations, where they may be free from the encroach- ments of the whites, and under the general superintendence and protection of the government. The greater part of tbe inhahi- tants, have tbus at various periods, heen removed from different parts of the Union, hut some are indigenous to the territory. Somo tribes, as the Kiowas and Comanehes, are still in a wild state, while others, as the Cherokees, Choetaws, and Creeks, are well advaneed in civilization. The capital of the Cherokees nation is Tahlequah ; of the Chiekasaws, Tishemingo; of the Chocta ws, Armstrong Academy; of the Creeks, Okmulkeo; of the Semi- noles, We-wo-ka,
Many of the Indians have made considerahle social and indus- trial progress. They live in villages, and have churches and sehools, and in some eases presses and newspapers. They carry on agriculture with some degree of skill, and raise eorn, vegeta- bles, cotton, etc., enough for their own use. They also keep eon- siderahle numbers of horses and eattle, and manufacture their own elothing. The little trade they carry on is down the river with New Orleans.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
SOUTH CAROLINA, one of the original thirteen States, lies between 32deg. and 35deg. 10min. north latitude, and 78deg. 35min, and 83deg. 19min. west longitude; and is hounded on the north and northeast by North Carolina; southeast, hy the Atlan- tie Ocean; and southwest, hy Georgia, from which it is separated hy the Savannah River. It has an area of 34,000 square miles, or 21,760,000 acres. The surface varies; but its changes are, for the most part, gradual. The whole coast is broken into a num- her of low islands, and is flat, sandy and alluvial. It continues so for nearly 100 miles inland, where a range of small and sterile sand-hills stretches across the State northeast to sonthwest, This tract is succceded by a picturesque country of hills and valleys; and further west the country continnes to rise till, at the border of the State, it terminates in a table-land, some peaks of which are estimated to rise to more than 4,300 feet above the level of the Atlantic. The chief rivers are the Savannah, Santee, and Pedee, but all of them are shallow at their mouths; further inland, the river navigation is much hetter than ou the coast,
History and Government,-For many years after its settle- ment, South Carolina was under the same government as North Carolina. In 1715 it had a separate legislature; in 1729 it hecame a royal colony. In 1670 a colony was planted at Beaufort, hut the next year it removed to the hanks of the Ashley River, where the colonists founded old Charleston. In 1680 the colony removed to Oyster Poiut, at the confluence of Ashley and Cooper rivers, where the present city of Charleston was founded, On the set- tlement of Sontb Carolina. the distinguished philosopher John Locke framed a system of government for the colonists, which was composed of aristocratic and feudal elements. It established three classes of nobility-harons, caziques, aud landgraves-the first possessing 12,000 acres of land, the second 24,000, and the third 48,000, which was to remain inalienahlo in their familics. This plan was not suited to the condition of the people, and produced anarchy and discord. At this time, however, dis- putes on matters of roligion was the principal disturbing canse. The Episcopalians were in a majority, and excluding Dissenters from the legislature, the Church of England was established,
Trouhle resulted, and although England repealed the odious law, tranquillity was not restored; and a short time afterwards (in 1729) the king purchased the right of the proprietaries, and the colony became a royal government. The colony now hegan to increase in population, many seeking it as an asylum from per- seeution. The Freneb Protestants, when the edict of Nantes was revoked, and the Duteh, when expelled from New York, hesides many others, settled in the colony, At the end of the seventeenth century, riee was introduced, and ever since the State has derived great wealth from its cultivation. The wars of the French, Span- iards, and Indians for the extermination of the settlers retarded the progress of the country hetween 1700 and 1763, the time of the general peace. The thirteen years preceding the Revolution were peaceful and prosperous. During the war the State suffered mueh both from the British and Indians, and the tory interest among themselves. Many important hattles were fought on the soil of South Carolina, and mueh individual valor was displayed. Marion, Sumpter, and Lee were distinguished for their bravery and patriotism. In 1776 Charleston was unsuccessfully besieged, hut in 1780 it fell into the hands of the British. The following are the engagements that took place in South Carolina in their order of tinie ;
Fort Moultrie, 28th June, 1776; Port Roval, 1779; St. John's, 1779; Monk's Corner, 14th April, 1780; Charleston, 12th May, 1780; Camden, 16th August, 1780; Broad River, October, 1780; Tyger River, October, 1780; Cowpens, 17th January, 1781; Fort Watson, 14th April, 1781; Hlohkirk's Hill, 25th April, 1781; Ninety-Six, 18th June, 1781; Eutaw Springs, 8th September, 1781,
The people of South Carolina have always been imhued with the doctrine of State rights, and previous to the late war they several times went so far as to threaten separation from the Union, The first gun fired in defence of their principles was touched off in this State. At thirty minutes past four o'clock on Friday morn- ing, April 12, 1861, the howitzer hattery on James' Island dis- charged a sbell at Fort Sumpter, thus beginning the fierce struggle between the North and the South. The State had previously (Deeember 10, 1860) passed an ordinance of secession. The State was re-admitted into the Union by the Omnibus hill, June 25th, 1868.
The government is founded on the revised constitution of 1868, which provides that slavery shall never exist in the State; that every citizen owes paramount allegiance to the United States; that the State shall ever remain a member of the American Union ; no property qualifieation shall be necessary to eligibility to offiee; distinetion on account of raee or eolor shall he prohibited, and all eitizens shall enjoy all eommon, public, legal, and political privi- leges; no deht contractcd hy the State in behalf of the rebellion shall ever be paid, The governor and lieutenant-governor are eleeted for two years. An atheist is not eligible to either offiee. The comptroller-general, treasurer, and secretary of state hold office four years. The general assembly is composed of a house of 124 members, eleeted for two years, and a senate composed of 31 members, one from each county, except Charleston, which has two, elected for four years, The judicial power is vested in a supreme court, consisting of one chief justice and two associates, chosen hy a joint vote of hoth bouses for six years; two circuits, viz., a court of common pleas and a court of general sessions, with criminal jurisdiction only; probate courts; and justices of the peacc. The circuit judges hold office four years, and are also elected by the legislature. The probate judges are elected, one in- each county, for two years. South Carolina sends five represent- atives to Congress, and casts seven electoral votes.
Geology and Mineralogy,-The State is about equally divided between primitive and alluvial formatious, the former extending along the coasts for ahout 80 to 100 miles inland, while the latter occupies the remainder. The primitive portion affords abundance of marhle, granite and other building material, mica slate, soap- stone, porcelain clay, and limestouc. Gold is found in considerable quantities, and lead aud iron of excellent quality ; hut there is no coal.
Climate and Soil .- In the lower parts of the country the winters are very mild, and snow does not lie long on the ground, Hurricanes and heavy periodical rains occur there; the summer is extremely bot, and pestilential fevers and other diseases are then generated. The northern and western part of tho State, on the contrary, is very healthy ; frost and snow occur annually, from November to Jauuary, The changes of temperature are, how- ever, everywhere very sudden ; and at Charleston the thermome- ter has been knowu to vary 46deg. in a day. The soil is gener- ally extremely fertile, especially in those tracts lying along the courses of the rivers. Much of it consists of a swampy land, applied to the culture of cotton and rice; more of the latter heing produced in South Carolina than in any of the other States, The low, sandy islands along the coast, though apparently of very
144
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146
SOUTH CAROLINA AND GEORGIA.
little valuo, furnisb wbat is called the "sea-island " cotton, being the very best description of cotton that is anywhere produced.
Products, Commerce and Manufactures .- The swamps on the banks of the rivers are well adapted for hemp, corn and indigo. The culture of wheat, barley, oats, aud Indian corn was, until lately, much neglected; and largo quantities were annually imported. Tobacco is now more generally cultivated than indigo, which was formerly next in importance to cotton and rice; the sugar-cane is chiefly confined to the district of Beaufort in tbe south.
The coastwise trade is extensive, employing a large tonnage. Steamsbip lines run hetween Charleston and points north and south. Charleston communicates directly hy railroad with Mem- phis, on the Mississippi River, thus affording facilities for the transportation of the products of the State to the Mississippi val- ley, the Ohio valley, and the Atlantic coast. Cotton, rice, maize, lumher, and naval stores are extensively exported.
South Carolina manufactures cotton yarns, coarse cotton stuffs, etc., hut her manufacturing interests are comparatively small,
Education, etc .- The State superintendent of education is elected by the people for four years, and he, ex-oficio, with the county school commissioners, constitute the State board of educa- tion. A county commissioner holds office two years, and he, with two others appointed by him, form a county hoard of examiners wbo examine teachers, and grant certificates valid one year in the county where given. Every township is a school district, and each district bas a board of trustees appointed for two years by the county hoard of school examiners.
The decennial population of South Carolina is as follows :
1880
1870
1860
1850
705606
703708
668507
According to the census of 1870 the total population of South Carolina was 705,606; of which 415,814 were colored, 124 Indians, and 1 Chinese.
Charleston, the largest city in the State, and one of the most flourishing in the South, and Columbia, the capital, are tbe prin- cipal cities,
GEORGIA.
EORGIA, one of the original thirteen States, lies between lat- U itude 30deg. 22min, and 35deg, north, and longitude 81deg. and 85deg. 30min. west ; and is bounded on the north hy Tennessee and part of North Carolina ; northeast and east by South Carolina and the Atlantic; south by Florida; and west by Alahama. It bas an area of 58,000 square miles, or 37,120,000 acres. Along the coast of Georgia lies a range of low, flat, sandy islands. The mainland, for about fifty miles towards the interior, is perfectly level; and, for several miles from the shore, consists of a salt marsh of recent alluvion ; the whole of the flat country is inter- sected hy swamps, which are estimated to constitute one-tenth part of the whole State. Beyond the swamps which line the coast, occurs an extensive range of pine harrens, similar to tbose of South Carolina. At the extremity of the low country thero is a harren sandy tract of greater elevation, wbich extends north as far as the river falls, and is generally regarded as dividing the upper from the lower country. Farther north the surface becomes gradually more hilly and hroken, and tho northern extremity of the State comprises some of the most southern ridges of the Appa- lachian mountain cbain, which here rise to about 1,500 feet ahove the level of the Atlantic. There are only three harbors on the coast capable of receiving vessels exceeding 100 tons hurden, viz., those formed by tho moutbs of the rivers Savannah, Altamaha, and St. Mary's. The first of these is navigable by large sbips a's far as the city of Savannah, seventeen miles from its mouth.
History and Government .- Georgia was the last settled of the original thirteen States, It was named in bonor of George II., who, in 1732, granted a charter for establishing the "Colony of Georgia." General Oglethorpe made the first settlement at Yamacraw Bluff, now Savannah, in 1733, and soon after many Germans and Highlanders came over; the former founding Ehe- nezer, on the Savannab River, a few miles ahove Savannah, aud the latter Darien. The lands were beld by military tenure. The country was often visited by the Spaniards of Florida, with wbom the young colony were involved in some severe contests, In 1752 Georgia became a royal colony. In the Revolutionary War Georgia took an active part, and entered with warmth into the contest, and during parts of 1778, 1779, and 1780, was in tbe hands of the British troops. Savannah was ta'. 1 in December, 1778, and the combined American and French forces were repulsed in an attempt to retake it. After the war the State was troubled
by tbe incursions of the Creek Indians on ber frontiers, In 1790 a treaty with the Creeks established the boundaries of the State. In 1838 the Cherokees were removed from the State to the Indian Territory, and Georgia became possessed of tho long-wisbed-for Indian reservation, considered as among the hest lands in the State, This State passed an ordinance of secession January 19, 1861, and was restored to the Union hy the Omnibus hill, June 25th, 1868. Georgia suffered severely during the war,
The basis of the government is the revised constitution of 1877, wbich ordains that there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, that the social status of the citizens shall never be the subject of legislation ; that there shall be no imprisonment for debt, and declares that every citizen owes paramount allegiance to the constitution and government of the United States. The goveruor is elected for four years. The general assembly consists of a senate and house of ropresentatives. The secretary of state, comptroller-general, treasurer, and sur- veyor-general are elected hy the general assembly. All male citi- zens, twenty-one years of age, except idiots, insane persous, and criminals, are entitled to vote.
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