USA > Indiana > Jay County > Historical hand-atlas, illustrated : containing twelve farm maps, and History of Jay County, Indiana > Part 16
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In 1856 the Republicans, composed of the Northern, Free-Soil, and Abolition parties, nominated John C. Fremont for the Presi- dency, while the Democratic and States' Rights party nominated James Buchanan. Ex-President Fillmore received the Know- Nothing nomination. The popular vote was-for Buchanan, 1,838,169 ; Fremont, 1,341,264; Fillmore, 874,534. Mr. Buchanan was inaugurated March 4, 1857, with John C. Breckinridge, after- wards a General of the Confederate army, as Vice-President.
A difficulty with the Mormons, which caused the President to send a military force to Utah, was settied without bloodshed. The efforts of the government to execute the Fugitive Slave Law kept up an irritated feeling. There were savage fights between the Northern and Southern parties in Kansas, and on the western horders of Missouri, Resolute and well-armed settlers were sent ont hy New England emigration societies. In October, 1859, John Brown, known as "Ossawattamie Brown," who, with his sons, had been engaged in the struggles in Kansas, planned and led an expedition for freeing the negroes in Virginia. He made his attempt at Harper's Ferry, on the Potomac, where, after a vain attempt to induce the negroes to join him, he and his small party took possession of one of the government workshops, where he was taken prisoner hy a party of United States soldiers, and handed over to the authorities of Virginia, tried and executed,
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Oyater Joana D
Magnolia
PASSAT
Pottstown
DilAngers
Perklomeurile
Collegevillog-
ACETON
Mahopac
66
THE UNITED STATES.
December 2. His body was taken to his home in New York for burial,
In 1860, the Democratio party, which, except at short intervals, had controlled the Federal government from the election of Jef- ferson in 1800, became hopelessly divided. The Southern dele- gates withdrew from the convention at Charleston, and two Democratio candidates were nominated, Stephen A, Douglas, of Illinois, and John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky; while the Republicans, or United Whig and Abolition party, nominated Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois; and the Union or American party nominated John Bell, of Tennessee. The Republican convention adopted a moderate and even conservative "platform" of princi- ples, denounced the John Brown raid, and put forward as a prin- ciple, " the maintenance inviolate of the rights of the States, and especially the right of each State to order and control its own domestic institutions according to its own judgment exclusively." Still, the country was sectionally divided, and all who had labored to limit or destroy the Southern institution of slavery were acting with the Republican party,
At the election of November, 1860, Mr. Lincoln received every Northern vote in the electoral college (excepting three of New Jersey, which were given to Mr. Douglas), 180 votes ; Mr. Breok- inridge received 72 electoral votes ; Mr. Bell, 39; Mr. Douglas, 12. The North and South were arrayed against each other, and the South was beaten. Of the popular vote, Mr. Lincoln received 1,857,610 ; Mr. Douglas, 1,365,976 ; Mr. Breckinridge, 847,951; Mr. Bell, 590,631. Thus, while Mr. Lincoln gained an overwhelm- ing majority of the electoral votes given by each State, the com- hined Democratic votes exceeded his by 356.317, and the whole popular vote against him exceeded his own hy 946,948. A small majority, or even plurality, in the Northern States was sufficient to elect him.
The South lost no time in acting upon what her statesmen had declared would he the signal of their withdrawal from the Union, On the 10th of November, as soon as the result was known, the Legislature of South Carolina ordered a State convention, which assembled December 17, and on the 20th unanimously declared that "tbe union now suhsisting het ween South Carolina and other States, under the name of the United States, is hereby dissolved ;" giving as a reason that fourteen of these States had for years refused to fulfil their constitutional obligations. The example of South Carolina was followed hy Mississippi, January 9, 1861; Florida, 10th; Alahama, 11th; Georgia, 19th ; Louisiana, 26th ; Texas, Feb. 1; Virginia, April 25; Arkansas, May 6; North Carolina, 21st ; Tennessee, June 8. Kentucky and Missouri were divided, and bad representatives in the governments and armies of both sections.
On the 4th of February, 1861, delegates from the seven then seceded States met at Montgomery, Alahamna, and formed a pro- visional government, under the title of the " Confederate States of America." A constitution was adopted much like that of the United States, and the government fully organized, February 18, 1861 ; President, Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi; Vice-President, Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia ; and May 24, established at Richmond, Virginia.
President Buchanan, doubting his constitutional power to eom- pel the seceding States to return to the Union, made a feehle and ineffectual attempt to relieve the garrison of Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harhor, closely besieged by the forces of South Caro- lina. Commissioners were sent to Washington to negotiate for the settlement of claims of the Federal government, and great efforts were made to effect compromises of the difficulties, but without result.
On the 4th of March, 1861, President Lincoln was inaugurated at Washington. In his address, he said : "I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to intorfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe that I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so." On the 7th of April, a naval expedition set sail from. New York for the relief of Fort Sumter; and its arrival off Charleston Harbor was the signal for the commencement of a hombardment of the fort hy the Confederate hatteries of General Beauregard. The surrender of tbe fort, April 13, was followed hy a sudden outhurst of indig- nation in tho North. The government called out 75,000 volun- teers, large numbers of whom were in a few days marching to the defence of Washington, April 18, the Confederates seized the government arsenal at Harper's Ferry, and. took or destroyed a large quantity of arms and machinery. On the 20th, the navy- yard, near Norfolk, Va., was destroyed hy the Federal officers, and five large men-of-war hurned or sunk, to provent their falling into the hands of the Confederates. Opposed to the Federal volun- teers assemhled at Washington, the Confederates took up a posi- tion at Bull Run, a few miles distant from the Potomae, under General Beauregard, where they were attacked by General
McDowell, A severe action resulted in the repulse and complete panic of the Federals, who hastily retreated to Washington. Con- gress saw that it must act in earnest, and that the rebellion was not to be put down in ninety days by 75,000 volunteers. It voted to call out 500,000 men. The Confederate States had a popula- tion of 5,582,122 free inhabitants, and 3,519,902 slaves; total, 9,102,024 ; and though the negroes were not called into the field except as laborers, they were not less useful in supplying the armies, by carrying on the agricultural lahor of the country. The Confederates had also the strong sympathy and aid of the four slaveholding border States, prevented by their position from seceding-Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri.
Holding their position in Virginia, the Confederates erected fortifications on the Tennessee and Cumherland Rivers, and on important points of the Mississippi, from Columhus, in Kentucky, to its mouth. They also made a strong effort to secure the State of Missouri, as well as to defend the seaports through which they must receive their most important supplies from abroad. The Federal government, on its side, blockaded the whole line of coast from Virginia to Texas, and sent large forces to secure the doubtful States. Gunhoats were rapidly built for the rivers of the West, and vessels purchased and constructed for the navy. In December, 1861, the Federals had 640,000 men in the field; and the Confederates had 210,000, and had called for 400,000 volunteers,
The first important operation of 1862 was the taking the defences of the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers (February 6 and 16), which led to the occupation of Nashville, the capital of Tennessee, henceforth held by the Federals- Andrew Johnson, formerly Governor and Senator, having heen appointed Military Governor, Roanoke Island was also captured, on the coast of North Carolina. In March, General Mcclellan, who had suc- ceeded the aged Lieutenant-General Scott as commander-in-chief, commenced a movement on Richmond, the seat of the Confed- erate government, now defended by General Lee.
On the 8th of March, the Confederate iron-clad "Virginia," constructed from the United States steamer "Merrimac," which had been sunk at Norfolk, and raised hy the Confederates, attacked the Federal fleet in Hampton Roads, and in forty minutes sunk the "Cumberland," and set on fire and captured the "Congress" (frigates); while the other vessels took refuge in shoal water or in flight. The next day the "Monitor," a war- vessel of entirely novel construction, low and flat, with a revolv- ing turret, invented by Captain Ericsson, engaged the "Virginia." The battle ended in the repulse of the "Virginia." On the 6th of April, a sanguinary but indecisive battle was fought near Corinth, Alahama, the Federals being protected by gunboats. Soon after, Admiral Farragut, with a fleet of forty-five vessels, carried the forts at the mouth of the Mississippi River, and took New Orleans; while the armies and gunboats captured the forti- fications on the upper part of the river as low as Memphis, Ten- nessee. In the meantime General Mcclellan had besieged and taken Yorktown, and fought his way up the peninsula of the James River, until within five miles of Richmond, when he was beaten in a series of sanguinary hattles, and driven, with a loss, in six days, of 15,000 men, to the shelter of his gunhoats; while Generals Banks and McDowell, sent to co-operate with him in the Shenandoah Valley, were defeated and driven back by General "Stonewall" Jackson, On the 1st of July, the President called for 300,000 men, and August 4th, 300,000 more men for the Fed- eral army. Congress aholished slavery in the District of Colum- bia, prohibited it in the Territories, and passed a resolution to compensate the masters in any State that would abolish slavery, They also authorized the President to employ negroes in the army, and to confiscate the slaves of rehels. In August, the Federals were a second time defeated at Bull Run, and General Leo crossed the Potomac into Maryland, creating great alarm in Washington, and even in Philadelphia. General Mcclellan made a rapid march, and met him at Sharpsburg or Antietam. The battle resulted in the defeat and retreat of General Lee, covering an immense train of provisions, horses, cattle, etc., which was proh- ably the ohject of his expedition, A Confederate invasion of Kentucky, about the same time, was attended with similar results. Another advance on Richmond was led by General Burnside, who had superseded General Mcclellan; hut he was confrontod by General Lee at Frederickshurg, and defeated in one of the most sanguinary battles of the war.
Shortly after this, President Lincoln issued the " Emancipation Proclamation," declaring the freedom of all the slaves in the rehel States. This measure, though not strictly constitutional, was justified hy military necessity. While tho army of the Potomac was vainly endeavoring to advance on Richmond, the army of tho Tennessee, under General Rosecrans, with its hase at Nashville, was trying to sever the Atlantic from the Gulf States,
67
THE UNITED STATES.
and eut off the railways that supplied the Confederate armies in Virginia. At Murfreeshorough, Tennessee, the Confederate Gen- eral Brage attacked General Rosecrans, hut was repulsed in the battle of Stone River, and fell back to Tullahoma.
Early in May, 1863, General Hooker, who had succeeded Gen- eral Burnside in the command of the army of the Potomac, crossed the Rappahannock, and was defeated hy General Lee at Chancel- lorsville with great slaughter ; but this victory was dearly hought hy the loss of General Jackson, mortally wounded in mistake hy his own soldiers. General Lee now took the offensive, and invaded Pennsylvania, advaneing as far as Harrishurg; hut heing met hy General Meade, the new commander of the army of the Potomac, he attacked him in a strong position at Gettyshurg, was defeated, and compelled to recross the Potomac. In the mean- time, the two principal fortresses of the Mississippi, Vicksburg and Port Hudson, attacked hy land and water, after a long siege, were starved into capitulation, and the entire river was open to Federal gunboats. Charleston, hlockaded since the beginning of the war, was now strongly besieged-its outworks, Forts Gregg and Wagner, taken, Fort Sumter hattered in pieces, hut still held as an earthwork, and shells thrown a distance of five miles into the inhabited part of the city. In September, General Rosecrans bad taken the strong position of Chattanooga, Tennessee, and penetrated into the northwest corner of Georgia, where he was checked hy General Bragg at the battle of Chickamauga. At this period there were great peace-meetings in the North, terrible riots in New York against the conscription and the negroes ; while the banks having suspended specie payments, the paper-money of both Federals and Confederates was largely depreciated. The Confederates were, however, cut off from all foreign aid, except what came to them through the hlockade; and their own resources, hoth of men and material, were hecoming exhausted. The rail- ways were worn, many destroyed or occupied hy the Federals, and it became difficult to transport supplies and feed armies. The Federals bad command of the sea, and access to all the markets of Europe.
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