USA > New York > Gazetteer of the State of New York: embracing a comprehensive view of the geography, geology, and general history of the State, and a complete history and description of every county, city, town, village, and locality, Part 2 > Part 12
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10 In 1845 it was fitted up as an academy; but the school was soon after discontinued.
11 Ile died in 1840, at an advanced age. During his ministry . he married 1500 couples .- Simms's Schoharie.
416
MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
. PALATINE-was formed as a district, by the name of " Stone Arabia," March 24, 1772, and its name was changed Maroh 8, 1773. It was formed as a town March 7, 1788, embracing all the territory between "Little Falls and The Noses," and extending from the Mohawk to Canada. Salisbury (IIerkimer co.) was taken off in 1797, Stratford (Fulton co.) in 1805, Oppenheim (Fulton co.) in 1808, and Ephrata (Fulton co.) in 1827. It lies along the N. bank of the Mohawk, w. of the center of the co. Its surface is mostly an upland, 200 to 500 ft. above the valley, much broken by deep, narrow ravines, and descending irregularly toward the river. The principal streams are the Kau-a-da-rauk,1 in the E. part of the town, and the Garoga, in the w. The soil is fertile, and well adapted to grazing.2 Stone Arabia, (p.v.,) near the center of the town, contains about 50 houses, and Palatine Bridge, (p. v.,) on the Mohawk opposite Canajoharie, 40. Palatine Church, (Palatine p. o.,) on the w. border, is a hamlet. The first settlement was made in town in 1713, by German Palatinates, who came over in 1710. The larger part of the Stone Arabia Patent was within the limits of this town.3 Wm. Fox settled near Palatine Church, and Peter Waggoner a little below, on the Mohawk, in 1715. The early records of the settlement are lost." A stockade called Fort Paris, the ruins of which are still visible, was built at Stone Arabia, and another, called Fort Keyser, 1 mi. N. The disastrous engagement resulting in the death of Col. Brown was fought within this town, between Stone Arabia and the river.5 The Ref. Prot. D. church at Stone Arabia is one of the oldest in the valley.6 The stone church (Luth.) at Palatine Church was built in 1770." The census reports 3 churches in town; 2 Ev. Luth., Ref. Prot. D.
ROOT8-was formed from Canajoharie and Charleston, Jan. 27, 1823. It lies upon the s. bank of the Mohawk, near the center of the co. The hills which border upon the river rise abruptly to a height of 630 feet,' and from their summits the country spreads out into an undulating upland. The high hills just below Sprakers, on opposite banks of the river, are called "The Noses." The high ridge near the E. border is known as "Stone Ridge." The principal streams are Platte Kil, and Lashers and Flat Creeks. Mitchells Cave,10 in the vicinity of The Noses, consists of several apartments, with the roof hung with stalactites. The soil is a finc, gravelly loam. Leather- ville (Root p.o.) contains 15 houses, and Currytown," Sprakers Basin, (p. o.,) Flat Creek, (p. o.,) and Browns Hollow, about a dozen each. Yatesville is a hamlet on the canal. The first settlers were Jacob Devendorf, at Currytown, Rudolph Keller, David and Fred. Luce, and Jacob Lainner.12 The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed at Currytown. Rev. Peter Van Buren became its pastor in 1806.13 The principal incursions into this town during the war were those made in the summer and fall of 1781. The weight of the first of thesc, lcd by the tory Doxtader, July 9, 1781, fell upon the settlements in and near Currytown.14 In Oct. of the same year Ross and Butler passed through the town, but committed no depredations, except cap turing part of a funeral procession, and taking a few prisoners at Stone Ridge.
ST. JOHNSVILLERS-was formed from Oppenheim, (Fulton co.,) April 18, 1838. It lies upon the N. bank of the Mohawk, in the w. part of the co. Its surface consists of a broad river intervale and a broken upland gradually rising N. of it. Its streams are East Canada, Crum, Fox, Zimmermans, Caldwell, and Mother Crceks. Upon East Canada Crcek, 1} mi. from its mouth, are a succession of falls and rapids descending 75 feet in a distance of 80 rods. The soil is a fine quality of gravelly loam. St. Johnsville, (p. v., ) on the Mohawk, was incorp. in 1857. It contains a woolen and pitchfork factory, and is an important station on the Central R. R. Pop. 648. The first settlement at the village was made by Jacob Zimmerman, in 1776.16 During the Revolution
1 Said to signify " hroad."
" More cheese is made in this town than in any other in the co. The aggregate is more than 500,000 lbs.
8 This purchase extended along East Canada Creek, in the rear of Hansen's and Van Slyke's patents.
4 The German was the language taught in the first schools. - Robinson taught an English school in 1782. and Alexander Ewing in 1783. Chris. Fox built a gristmill in 1750, which was burned in 1780. 6 See page 410.
6 The records of this church commence in 1739, when It had but 10 members. The present edifice was erected in 1785, and the church was reorganized in 1790. A Luth. church built at Stone Arabia in 1770 was hurned in 1780.
7 The subscriptions for this church were mostly furnished hy the Nellis families, who became tories; and in consequence the church was not burned. Several shots were fired into it by the | in the valley. Mary Miller, a little girl, was scalped and found party under Sir John Johnson, one of the shot holes being still vieihle.
4 Named in honor of Erastus Root, of Delaware co.
9 As surveyed by Capt. Thomas Machin.
10 Named from the former owner of the farm on which the cave [8 situated.
11 Named from Wm. Curry, the patentee.
12 The first schools were German. - Glaycher taught an English school at The Noses, in 1784. Albert Vanderworker kept the first inn, at an early day. 13 The census reports 3 churches in town; Christian, M. E., Ref. Prot. D.
14 Upon the alarm heing given, the settlers hastened to a picketed blockhouse near the dwelling of Henry Lewis, closely pursued by the enemy. Every house in the village except one was set on fire; but the flames were extinguislied by the van- guard of Col. Willett's forces, under Capt. Robert Kean. Frede- rick, son of Jacob Devendorf, was scalped, but he recovered. Jacob, jr., another son, was taken prisoner, and was scalped on the retreat of the Indians. He also recovered, and lived to the age of 85 years. He died in 1854, one of the wealthiest farmers
alive, but died soon after. Several other prisoners were mur- dered. Most of the cattle driven Away were abandoned, and found their way back to the settlement.
16 Named from St. John's Church, built in the village at an early day.
16 The first settlers of the town came in long prior to this,
417
MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
the house of Christian Kloek, three-fourths of a mi. w. of Palatine Church, was stockaded and named "Fort House."1 The house of Jacob Zimmerman was also stockaded. These forts were both at- tacked, but never taken. Fort IIill, situated on an eminence E. of East Creek, was erceted during the French War. It was repaired and used during the Revolution. The battle between the forces of Sir John and the advanced guard of Van Rensselaer's army, under Col. Dubois, was fought at " Klocks Field," near "Fort House," Oct. 18, 1780. The enemy forded the river, and retreated up the valley during the night following. The Indians, in small parties, continued to prowl about the settlement during the war, and shot and captured several of the inhabitants.2 A church was built by Christian Klock in 1756: the Rev. Mr. Rosekrantz was the first preacher, and John Henry Dis- land the second. The census reports 2 churches; Ref. Prot. D. and Union.
Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Montgomery County.
ACRES OF LAND.
VALUATION OF 1858.
POPULATION.
SCHOOLS.
NAMES OF TOWNS.
Improved.
Unimproved.
Real Estate.
Personal
Property.
Total.
Mules.
Females.
No. of Dwellings.
No. of Families.
Freeholders.
No. of
Children
taught.
Amsterdam
16,065}
3,989
779,698
75,900
855,958
1,969 2,054
2.043 1,968
749
500
188
13
1,482
Canajoharie.
20,596}
3,701}
849.073
113,200
962,273
Charleston.
21,7101
4,923
311.517
23,100
334,617
952
947
359
385
249
11
8:28
Florida
26,053
5,886₺
588,024
93,400
681,424
1,632
1,522
544
512
395
13
1,196
Glen ...
18,7314
4,4424
501,470
43,150
544,620
1.542
1,414
483
556
304
10
1.137
Minden.
24,156
5,794
938,762
98,280
1,037,042
2,401
2,270
754
850
565
18
1,765
Mohawk
16.517
3,705₺
602,022
56.350
658,372
1,567
1,510
487
560
348
12
1.270
Palatine.
19,512}
4,329₺
607,813
68,073
675,886
1,291
1,234
231
428
349
11
1,095
Root
23,043}
7,372
657,033
50.975
708.008
1,476
1,272
464
519
309
14
1,012
St. Jolinsville
8,065
2,577
279,479
41,651
321,130
903
841
277
327
208
4
677
Total
194.457}
46,720₴
6,114.891
664.079
6,778,970
15.787 15,021
4,960
5.310
3.306 | |121 12.028
LIVE STOCK.
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.
BUSH. OF GRAIN.
DAIRY PRODUCTS.
NAMES OF TOWNS.
Horses.
639
960
1,059|
2.402
1.399
3,894₺
121,000₺
3.497
14.207
16,532
91,993
1.320
154
Canajoharie
901
1.779
1,967
2,641
2.007
4,313
155,944
4.208}
14.367
11.187
140.765
184,512
4632
Charleston.
850
1,411
1.204
4.855
1,168
1,783
127.914}
2,905+
6,500
18,237
114,398
16.050
3.344
Florida
1,212
1.694
1,356
2,887
2,050 10.240
213.334
4,937 }
13.676
23.776
125.140
4,836
306
Glen
966
1.199
1,132
3.824
2,033 10,469
181.592}
3,962
14.749
15.983
105,410
13.290
1,097
Minden.
1,074
1,691
3.120
2,197
2.641 - 5,658
192,221Į
6,461}
24,923
15,756
187.345
465,417
1,451
Mohawk
857
1,381
1,558
3.818
2.620
10,648
171,619
5,490
23.194
21,024
173.952
13,490
1,309
Palatine ..
865
1,525
2,676
1,692
2,457 10,070
134,371
6,405₺
14,824
10.746
117,548
494,923
1,829
Root
1,036
1,549
1,582
4.885
1,628
: 3,294
146,218}
3,4341
11.449
18.070
120.124
79,016
1.992
St. Jolisville
366
512
1,147
460
811
2.647
27,611
3,230
7,256
4.550
34.710
265,800
341
Total.
8,836 13.701 16,801 29,661 18,834 63,017
1,471,8264 44,5324 145,154
1155,861 1,211.385 1,538,654 12,2864
but the precise date is unknowu. They were Germans, and | He had previously been paying his addresses to a daughter of among them were families namned Hellebralt, Waters, Getman, Van Riepen, Walrath, and Klock. A German school was taught by Henry Hayes at an early day. The first English school was taught by Int Ryan, an Irishinan, in 1792. Chris. Nellis kept an inn in 1783, and a store in 1801. Jacob Zimmer- man built the first gristmill, during the Revolution, and Geo. Klock the second, in 1801.
1 Named in compliment to Christian House, the builder.
" In the spring of 1780 Philip Helmer deserted to the enemy.
Winter.
Spring.
Tons of Hay
Bushels of
Potutoes.
Bushels of
Pounds
Butter.
Pounds
Cheexe.
Domestic Cloths, in Yards.
Amsterdam
Working
Oren and
Calves.
Cows.
Sheep.
Sicine.
of
15
1,566
612
673
391
Districto.
Apples.
Philip Bellinger, and upon a plan being formed to take the family of the latter prisoners, he forewarned them in time to rally a party to their assistance. An ambuscade was formed, and the Indians would have been killed or captured, had it not been for the indiscretion of one of the party, who, upon their approach, yelled ont, at the top of his voice, " Lord God Almighty, friends, here they are!" The Indians filed with the loss of only oue.
27
£
NEW YORK COUNTY.
FEW Y
O
THE city of New York1 was incorp. by Gov. Stuyvesant in 1652, and its municipal powers were confirmed and enlarged by Gov. Dongan, April 22, 1686, and by Gov. Montgomerie, April 19, 1708. An act was passed Oct. 14, 1732, confirming its rights ; and sub- sequent enaetments were embodied in one aet in the revised laws of 1813 and in the revised statutes of 1828. Numerous changes in the details of the municipal government have been made from time to time.2
The co., from the beginning, has embraced Manhattan, Gover- nors, Bedloes, Ellis's, Blaekwells, Wards, and Randalls Islands, and the lands under water to low water mark on the shores opposite, in Westchester, Queens, and Kings cos., and in New Jersey.' Manhattan Island is 13} mi. long, by 2} mi. wide at the broadest part. It is centrally distant 130 mi. from Albany, and contains an area of 22,000 acres.4 It is separated from West- ehester co. by a strait known as Spuyten Duyvil Creek,5 and Harlem River. The surface of the island was originally quite broken by ridges of gneiss and hornblendic slate, especially in the N. part ; and immense masses of rock and earth have been removed in grading.6 A deep valley extended across the island on the line of Canal St. ; " another near Carmansville ;8 a third at Man- hattanville; and a fourth at Tubby Ilook, near the N. extremity. The s. part of the island was covered with drift and boulders, presenting conical hills, some of which were 80 ft. above the present grade of the streets. Fresh water was readily obtained by wells sunk to the surface of the rock ; and the porous nature of the soil has greatly favored the construction of deep foundations and vaults without annoyance from water.9
Along the E. shore, from 94th St. northward, and around Harlem; the surface is very level, and to some extent covered with salt marshes. On the w. side, toward the x., the valleys are often deep and the hills precipitous. The highest point, at Fort Washington, is 238 ft. above tide.
Both sides of the island afford ample facilities for commerce ; and the noble harbor embraced within the shores of New Jersey, Staten Island, Long Island, and the city has scarcely an equal for extent, safety, and facility of access, and for the amount of its commercial transactions.10
The preservation of this harbor from injurious encroachments has been a subject of solicitude ; and investigations which these have occasioned have developed many interesting facts connected with its interests.11
1 Named from the Duke of York. afterward James II. By the Dutch named " New Amsterdam," and by the Indians " Manhattan."
" Important acts were passed in 1830, 1949, 1851, 1853, and 1857, the last mentioned embracing all the essential features of the city government.
3 The question of jurisdiction upon the river was long a sub- jeet of dispute with New Jersey. A summary of the contro- versy is given in our account of the Boundaries of the State, pp. 17,18
4 The widest part of the island is at SSth St., where it is 12,500 fcet across.
5 The creek flows from Hudson to Harlem River, at Kings- bridge.
6 White limestone of coarse quality appeared at the surface on the E, aide, between 13th and 16th Sts. and on the w. front 29th to Olst Sts. The strata of gneiss are nearly vertical. often bent and contorted. and in places they contain interesting minerals.
7 A tuuly of water known as the Collect Pond. (fromn Kolk, a pit.) bordered hy a marsh, extended from near Pearl to Franklin St. and from Elim to Orange St. It was 50 feet deep. and was connected with the Hudson by a narrow inlet nearly on the present line of Canal St. It was a favorite resort for skating in
winter ; and upon it experiments in steam navigation were made ! tide. The approaches by way of Long Island Sound have no
by John Stevens in 1796-97 and '98, and by John Fitch in 1796 and '97. The Halls of Justice, known as the Tombs, and the " Five ! Points" district. now weempy the site of the ancient pond; and a large rewer under Canal St. represents the position of the outlet.
8 Known as the Glendening Valley. The Croton Aqueduct crosses this on a magnificent series of arches and piers of solid ' of these grants have been as follows :-
masonry.
Until 1842 the city was entirely dependent upon wells for ite supply of fresh water. Ece p. 424.
10 The strait known as Harlem River and Spuyten Duyvil Creek is too shallow and crooked to be available for commerce. Various plans have been proposed to improve it; but uone have been carried into effect. Harlem River is abont 800 to 1.000 ft. wide, and mostly bordered by narrow, marshy flats. behind which the banks rise into hills. At Kingsbridge the bank is 150 ft. bigh and nearly perpendicular. The Hudson River R. R. and the Harlem R. R. cross these waters, and also the High Bridge, (used only for the Croton Aqueduct and foot passengers.) and the Harlem Bridge, at the head of 3d Avenue. The latter was a toll bridge until the expiration of the charter in the spring of 1858. Macomb's Bridge, formerly at the head of 7th Avenue, was much used; but it is now down. A dam was constructed at this place for using tide water; but, being found to impede navigation, it was removed. In 1927 a company formed to build a canal across the upper end of the island, and in 1836 a similar plan was proposed. and a canal was partly built, traces of which may be seen on the E. side of the island, at 106th St. One of the objects of this canal was to gain arcess to a marble quarry ; but the stone was found to be of inferior quality, and the project was abandoned. The capacity of the harbor of New York is limited only by the depth of water on the bars at its entranco near Sandy Hook. Vessels of about 23 ft. draft can pass at high
practical limitation of this kind; and vessels of 60 ft. draft could approach the mper jart of the island and land on the West- chester abores adjacent without difficulty.
11 The Colony and State have at sundry times granted to the city lands under water adjacent to its shores. the riparian owners "being usually secured in the right of pre-emption. The principal
1686 .- All vacant lands on Manhattan Island to low water mark, with rivulets, roves, and ponds, were secured by the charter granted by Gov. Dongan.
418
419
NEW YORK COUNTY.
Although the city forms but a single organization, it has localities known by distinet names as villages or neighborhoods ; but the number of these is gradually becoming obliterated as popula- tion increases ; and most of them will soon be known only to the student of history.1
Of the several islands, other than Manhattan, comprised in New York City and co., those in the harbor are owned by the General Government and occupied as military posts, and those in the East River are chiefly owned by the city and devoted to charitable and penal institutions.2 .
1708 .- All vacant lands nn Long Island shore, between high and low water marks, between the Navy Yard and Red Hook, were granted.
1730 .- Land under water, 400 ft. wide, between junction of Charlton and Washington Sts. and Marketfield St. on the Hudson, and from Whitehall to Houston St. on the East River, was secured. These grants, with the pre- vious nnes, comprise 209} acres.
1807 .- Land under water, 400 ft. wide, extending northward from previous grant 4 mi. on the lludson and 2 mi. on the East River, was granted.
1826 .- The same was extended tn Spuyten Duyvil Creek on the w. and llarlem R. on the E.
1821 .- Land 600 ft. wide in front of the Battery was added. 1837 .- Land under water on the w. to 13th Avenue line was secured.
1852 .- Land under Harlem R. from such exterior line as the corporation might fix, to the shore, was granted. Other extensions were authorized in 1828, 1830, 1835, 1846. Assem. Doc. 8, 1856.
In 1811 the exterior line was fixed by the conunissioners for laying ont the city into streets; but changes of their plan and the extension nf streets led to encroachinents upon the channel, requiring remedial measures. An act was accordingly passed, March 30, 1855, appointing 5 commissioners in pursuance of advice of a Senate committee of the year previous, and these persons, associating with themselves several officers of the General Government, proceeded to examine the subject. The harbor and shores were surveyed and sounded, the effects of tides and currents examined, maps constructed, and lines for the limitation of piers and bulkheads recommended, and mostly confirmed by law, April 7, 1857. These surveys were performed by 10 parties of about 200 persons from the U. S. Coast Survey, at a cost of $85,000. The reports of the commission embrace a large amount of statistical and historical iuformation .- Assem. Dr. 8. 1856; Sen. Doc. 40, 126, 1857.
The first dock was built from Broad to Dock St., on the East River. There are now 66 piers on the w. and 78 on the E. side of the city. A part of these are built and owned by the corpora. tion. others by individuals or companies, and others jointly hy the city and individuals. Of the last class the city pays one-third the cost of building and receives one-half of the revenues. The city owns 39 piers and 7 half-piers on the Hudson, and 31 piers and 20 half-piers on the East River,-the former valued at 81,426.500. and the latter at $1,829,000. They are under the care of the Street Department.
The wants of commerce led to the erection of a lighthouse on Sandy Ilook, at the expense of the colony of New York, in 1762. which was supported by special duties upon commerce until ceded to the U. S. Feb. 3, 1790. The commissioners for its erec- tion were John Cruger, Philip Livingston, Leonard Lispenard, and Win. Bayard. It was burned in 1776. Within the Ilook are liglits at Princes Bay, Fort Tompkins, Robins Reef, and White- hall Landing, and numerous buoys to mark the channels.
The tide enters at Sandy Hook at Th. 29in. past the moon's sonthing, aud rises at Governors Island from 2.2 to 6.1 ft., the menti rise being 4.3 ft. The harbor was frozen over in 1780, and again in 1820. On the former occasion persons passed on the ice to Staten Island. It sometimes happens that the Hudson and East Rivers will be closed for a few hours in intensely cold seasons, and people have on these occasions rashly attempted to cross: fint the occurrence is not common.
1 Tlwe following is a list of the principal of these localities :- Bloomingdale, on Broadway, between 100th and 110th Sts., 7 mi. front the City Hall, presents a very neat appearance. and consists mostly of suburban dwellings. It is the seat of an orphan and a lunatic asylum,-the latter forming a brauch of the N. Y. Hospital. It was called by the Dutch "Bloemend Dal."-Flowery Valley.
Carmansville, on 10th Av. above 155th St .. named from families named Caruian, former owners of the adjoining lands, is chietly made up of country seats.
Corlaers Hook, at the angle in the East River near Grand St., named from Arent Van Corlaer, was called by the Indian " Nechtank."
Daminies Hook lies on the Hudson, between Duane and Caual sts .. embracing 62 acres. It was acquired by ground brief from Stuyvesant July 4, 1654, and was afterward granted to the Endlich Church.
Fart Washington, (Washington Heights p. o., ) a short distance abovo Carmansvilie, is an elevated site, once fortified, and now occupied by fine dwellings. The Deaf and Dumb Asy- Inin is located near this place.
Greenwich, now merged in the city, was 3 mi. above the City Hall. on the Hudson. It was nanted by Capt .. afterward Ei Peter. Warren, who owned it. The Indian name was
"Sapokanigan." The N. Y. State Prison was forinerly located lere. Harlem (p. o.) lies between 8th Avenue and East River, about 106th St. The principal business is on 3d Avenue. It has several churches, important mannfactories of India rubber, chemicals. candles, ale, beer, carriages, and row boats, and several private schools.
Kings Garden, west of Broadway, between Fulton and Reade Sts., is now partly held by Trinity Church and leased.
Lispenards Meadows was an irregular tract on both sides ot West Broadway from Reade to near Spring St., and along Canal St. from the Hudson to Orange St.
Manhattanville, (p. o.,) on the IIndson, between 125th and 132d Sts., w. of 9th Avenue, contains a convent, Catholic college, and manufactories of iron, paint. and refined sugar.
Strykers Bay, on the lludson, at 96th St., is & R. R. station.
Tubby Hook lies on the Ilndson, one-half mi. 8. of Spuyten Duyvil Creek.
Turtle Bay is on the East River, 2 mi. N. of Corlaer Ilook. Its name is a corruption of the Dutch "Deutel Bay," or Wedge Bay.
Yorkville, on the east side of Central Park, extends to the East River, fromn 79th to 90th Sts.
2 Governors Island was formerly called " Nulten Island," and by the Indians "Pag-ganck." It lies 1,066 yards 8. E. from the Battery, and contains 72 acres. It is separated from Long Island by Buttermilk Channel. formerly shallow, but now of sufficient depth for the largest ships. This island was bought by Gov. Van Twiller, and has always been reserved for public defense. Quarantine was located here from 1794 to 1797. In the settlement of accounts with the U. S., New York undertook to erect fortifications liere as payment for her pro- portion of the expenses of the Revolution. Jurisdiction was ceded to the U. S. Feb. 15, 1800, with Fort Jay. then partially erected. By the authority of an act passed March 26, 1794, £30,000 were expended by the State in fortifications, under the supervision of Geo. Clinton. Matthew Clarkson. James Watson, Richard Varick. Nicholas Fish. Ebenezer Stevens, and Abijah Ilunmond. A further smn of $20,000 was granted April 6, 1795, to complete the works on this and " Oyster" (now Ellis) Islands. Castle William (named from Gen. Williams of the N. Y. Militia) is a ronud tower on the w. shore of the island. 600 feet in circumference and 60 feet high, mounting 80 casemato and 40 Iambette guns. The land side is open, and a covered way leads to the works in the center of the island. Fort Co- Inmons is a star-shaped work of 5 points on the summit of the island. mounting 105 guns; and South Battery, fronting But- termilk Channel, has 13 guns. These works from 1830 to 1858 cost $285,897 ; and they are adapted to a garrison of 800 mnen. The island is used as a receiving station for newly enlisted troops, and a school for instructing hoys in music. About 60 lads of 14 years and upward are usually under instruction upon the drum. bugle. and other instruments.
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