USA > New York > Gazetteer of the State of New York: embracing a comprehensive view of the geography, geology, and general history of the State, and a complete history and description of every county, city, town, village, and locality, Part 2 > Part 15
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YEARS.
Admitted.
Discharged.
Remain- ing.
Died.
1849
2,148
1,919
192
292
1850
2,009
1,923
198
80
1851
2,343
2,177
267
97
1852
2,767
2,651
27.2
111
1853
3,136
2,864
314
109
1854
3,744
3,415
499
144
1855
2,158
2,241
350
66
1856
1,733
1,697
348
38
1857
2,810
2,549
535
74
1858
4,140
4,175
388
113
Almshouses .- Of these thero are two separate and similar structures, 650 ft. apart, entirely distiuct in their arrange- ments, and each deveted to one sex only. They are each com- posed of a central building 50 ft. square, 57 ft. high to the roof, and 87 ft. to the top of the cupola, and two wings, cach GO hy 90 ft. aud 40 ft. to the roof. They sre devoted to the care ef the aged and infirm, and present the following result of operations :-
YEARS.
Admittyl.
Discharged.
Remuin- ing.
Died.
1849
1,672
1,115
1,197
95
1850
2,355
1,995
1,304
169
1851
2.783
2.535
1,349
203
1852
2,624
2.510
1.282
181
1853
2.198
2.186
1,143
151
1854
2,981
2.434
1,402
258
1855
3,096
2.730
1,511
257
1856
3.359
3,137
1.458
255
1857
4.204
3.782
1.561
319
1858
3,890
3,369
1,696
393
Less than oue-fourth of the whole number thus thrown upon the charities of the city are of native birth ; and more than one- half are females. The present almshouses have been in use since 184S.
Workhouse .- This establishment was authorized by act of April 11, 1849, and grew out of a recommendation of the Prison Association of New York, in which the Society for Improving the Condition of the Poor concurred. A plan for buildings was adopted the succeeding season, and work was begun Oct. 3, 1849. The N. wing, 3 stories high, has 150 rooms, opening upon galleries around a comuon central hall, and capable of lodging 600 per- sons. At the x. end is a cross arm 4 stories high, containing workshops. A central building contains the residenco of the Superintendent, the kitchen, storerooms, offices, chapels; and a s. wing, for females, is constructed upon the plan and of the size of the N. wing. This establishment was designed for those ahle to werk and who, not finding means of support, were will- ing to be committed. as well as such paupers, vagrants, and others as might be deemed fit subjects For employment. The males are usually kept employed as circumstances permit, in quarrying and grading. and as carpenters. coopers, wheelwrights, painters, boat builders. blacksmiths. tinsmiths, shoemakers, and tailors. The females are employed in knitting, sewing, and other light ocenpations. This institution has scarcely resulted in the benefits anticipated, and of all the charities under the care of the Governors is perhaps the only one that inight pos- sibly be dispensed with. It is found impracticable to keep all hands profitably employed; and the name of " workhouse" loses Its terrors when conjdled with the idea of leisure hours, comfort- able quarters, and sufficient food.
Its statistics have been as follows :-
YEARS.
_Idmitted.
Discharged.
Remain- ing.
Died.
1850
757
504
328
28
1851
637
501
986
8
1852
515
89
210
11
1853
1.458
921
529
15
1854
3.694
3.237
1.186
110
1855
4.447
4.482
956
41
1856
4.034
3.890
1.022
63
1857
4.347
3 669
1.701
1858
4.164
4.585
1,240
40
The numher discharged does not includo tlioso escaped or sent to other institutions.
The Lunatic Asylum, near the N. end of Blackwells Island, consists of an octagonal building 80 ft. in diameter and 50 ft. high, with a cupola and two wings at right angles to each other, each 245 ft. long. One wing is deveted to either sex ; and the arrangement of the wards ailinits of classificatien. Apart from this, on the E. side of the island, is a building of stone, 59 by 90 ft. and 43 ft. high, with a veranda on each side, which is ex- clusively devoted to the noisy and violent class, where they cannot disturb the more quiet. This structure is named .. The Lodge," and, for obviens reasons, Is not usually open to visiters. The Lunatic Asylum proper was begun in the spring of 1835, and. after some months of suspensien, the work was resumed in 1837, and the w. wing was finished June 10, 1839. 'T'lie s. wing was huilt in 1847; and this, with "The Lodge," was finished in 1848. The statistics during 10 years havo been as fellows :-
YEARS.
Admitted.
Discharged.
Remain- ing.
Died.
1849
459
283
401
212
1850
391
251
464
77
1851
441
308
517
80
1852
495
357
527
130
1853
487
357
542
115
1854
486
283
555
190
1855
371
253
573
100
1856
366
276
597
66
1857
326
296
627
75
1858
355
235
655
92
This institutien is admirably managed; but the proportion of recoveries is necessarily less than in those asylums in which only recent cases are admitted and the patients discharged when there is no longer a hope of recovery. This is, iu one sense, an asylum of the incurable.
The Potters Field, on Randalls Island, was placed under the charge of the Governors of the Almshouse Juue 19, 1850; but its location and quality of soil were made a subject of com- plaint, and it was repeatedly presented by grand juries. A tract of 69 acres was purchased on Wards Island, and brought into use in June, 1852, since which time the former field has not been used. Ahout 2,500 interments are made anumnally at the public charge.
The Nurseries and Nursery Hospitals on Randalls Island consist of about a dozen detached buildings, not arranged on any systematic plan. The grounds are inclosed and of amplo extent; and a farm is connected with the institution, which goes far toward furnishing it with culinary vegetables. The institution is provided with ample schools and playgrounds. The numbers remaining here at the beginning of 1:59 were 88 men, 96 womeu, 833 boys, and 303 girls. The children aro indentured. given for adoption, or returned to friends, as cir- cumstances warrant.
The Colored Orphan Asylum was hegun in the fall ef 1836, and was incorp. April 16, 1838. It is situated on 5th Avenue, between 43d and 44th Sts., and is under the immediate charge of lady managers, who repert to and receive funds from the Governors of the Almshouse Department. The numbers re- maining at the close of the several years since, under this ar- rangement, have been as follows :-
1849
156
1854 237
1$50
176
1855
233
1851
201
1856
234
1$52
207
1857
225
1553
219
185S
219
In 22 years it has received in the aggregate 970 colored or- phans. This institution is partially supported by benevolent contributious and partially by occasional appropriations from the State.
The Colored Ilomne, on Ist Avenue, between €4th and 65th Sts., has 44 lots of ground, on which substantial buildings are erected. It was originally intended as a House of Industry. In Oct. 1858, the foundations of a new building were laid, 00 ft. by 40, with a corridor from 6 to 12 ft. wide on the s. side, extending from each wing of the present building nearly 120 It., so that access may be hand from all parts of the house with- out exposure to the weather. It contains department- for male and female hospitals, home for the aged and infirm. schools. and lying-in and nursery accommodations. This is also under the im- mediate care of lady managers, and is sustained by contribu- tions, legacies, and grants from the State. In point of order and neatness it equals any hospital in the city. The male hospital usually has about 30 inmates, the Female hospital 75. the lying- in department 40, and the home of the aged 150. The average number of births is abont 90 annually.
The City Prisms-four in muuber, under charge of the Governors-are situated as follows :-
The Halls of Justice, or " Tombs," is situated on Center St. between Leopard and Franklin. A portion is occupied by court- rooms and prisons for persons awaiting sentence. The house
427
NEW YORK COUNTY.
The Commissioners of Emigration were incorp. by an act of May 7, 1847, and con- sist of 6 commissioners appointed by the Governor of the State, and of the Mayors of New York and Brooklyn, and the Presidents of the German Society and the Irish Emigrant Society. They have charge of the Marine Hospital at Quarantine, the Emigrant Depot at Castle Garden, and numcrous buildings on Wards Island for the accommodation of the sick.1
The Law Department is under a chief officer called the "Counsel to the Corporation," elected for three years. He has charge of all the law business in which the city is interested, when so ordered by the corporation, and institutes all legal proceedings necessary for the opening and widening of streets. IIe draws all lcases, decds, and other papers connected with the finances of the city. This department has a Burcau of Corporation Attorney, and another of Public Administrator.
The City Inspector's Department is under a chief officer styled the City Inspector, who has cognizance of all matters affecting the public health, pursuant to the ordinances of the Common Council and the lawful requirements of the Commissioners of Health and of the Board of Health. It has a Burcau of Sanitary Inspection and Strect Cleaning, of Records and Statis- tics, and of Superintendent of Markets. Coroners report to this department all inquests made by them. The Inspector is required to report all births, marriages, and deaths within the city. He also appoints 2 Inspectors and Sealers of Weights and Measures, who hold office upon the same terms as Chiefs of Bureaus. One Street Inspector is appointed to cach of the 22 wards, 1 clerk to each of the 11 markets,2 and a keeper and assistant to each of the corporation yards.
The Judiciary Department compriscs the First Judicial District of the Supreme Court
of detention adjacent is an isolated building, containing 14S | purposes, until leased in 1855 to the Commissioners of Emigra- cells.
The Jefferson Market Prison, at the corner of Greenwich St. and 6th Avenue, was enlarged in 1856, and 36 new cells were built.
The Essex Market Prison, at the corner of Grand and Ludlow Sts., was completed in 1857.
The Prison at Yorkville was abolished in March, 1856; but it has since been revived.
The commitments during the year 1858 were as follows :-
1st Dist.
2d Dist.
3d Dist.
4th Dist.
Males
13,955
3,091
2,876
589
WHITE.
Females ..
11,477
1,334
693
191
BLACK.
Females.
301
45
31
3
Total. General Total
26,211
4,534
3,633
794
35,172
The Outdoor Poor receive aid upon application at the office of the Governors, in the Rotunda, on the Park. These poor are under the care of a superintendent and visitors; and some of the principal items for a series of years have been as follows :-
YEARS.
Donations.
Children's Nursing.
Trans'n of Paupers and Children.
Total of every kind.
1850 ...
$25,793.18
$5,934.41
$ 978.30
$ 60.507.05
1851.
27.408.13
7.925.06
1,521.57
59.336.54
1852 ...
31.119.86
9,560.37
980.05
91,189.88
1853 ...
27.449.75
10,158,50
1.005.94
82,136.74
1854 ...
26,516.76
9,284.00
1.687.41
83.704.09
1855 ...
29.217.88
9.900.25
1,647.78
121,861.14
1856 ...
41.334.13
12,803.73
2.448.15
95.522.00
1857.
24.700.25
10.585.47
2.479.21
108,756.75
1858.
19.171.31
10,774.75
1,283.37
140.924.71
Large items are incinded in the last column for eoal and wood, transportation of coal. and wages. The total expendi- tures of the department for all the charities and other institu- tions connected with them have been as follows :--
1850 .... $406.652.60 | 1853 .... $541.280.66 1856 $839.172.58
1851 .... 481.967.36
1854 .... 653,874.46
1857 896.204.45
1852 .... 501.896.IS 1855 .... 816,672.00 1858 ..... 835.228.52
1 Glasfle Garden. (formerly " Castle Clinton,") at the lower point of the Battery. on the Hudson, was granted by the cor- poration of the city to the United States, in May, 1807, for the purpose of erecting a fortification. The present structure was built soon after: but the foundations were found not sufficiently strong for heavy ordnanee, and the site was re-conveyed to the corporation under an act of Congress passed March 30. 1822. The building was subsequently used for the public reception of distinguished strangers, and for coneerte. operas. public meet- ings, the annual fairs of the American Institute, and similar
tion as a landing place for emigrants.
The Emigrant Refuge and Hospital, upon Wards Island, consists of several large buildings for hospitals, nurseries, and other purposes, located upon a farm of 106 acres. The total number of emigrants who have arrived in the port of New York since 1846 has been 2,480,463, distributed as follows :-
1847
129,061
1851. 289,515
1855 136.233
1848
189,176
1852.
300.992
1856 .. 142.342
1849
220,603
1853. 284,945
1857 183.773
1850.
212.796
1854 318.438
1858. 78.589
The greater number of these proceed to their destination without expense to the Commissioners.
The Marine Hospital is noticed under Richmond County. See page 566.
2 The Markets of New York are owned by the city, and leased in small portions to occupants. They are as follows :- Cittharine-Catharine St., East River.
Center-Grand and Center &ts.
Clinton-Washington and Canal Sts.
Esser-Grand and Ludlow Sts.
Franklin-Old Slip, East River.
Fulton-Fulton St., East River.
Gouverneur-Water, corner of Gouverneur St.
Jefferson-Sixth Avenne, corner of Greenwich Avenue. Tompkins-Third Avenue and Sixth St. (now building of iron.) Union-Second and Houston Ets.
Washington-Fulton St., Hudson River.
The principal market for wholesale is the Washington Market; and thither most of the teams from the surround- ing country resort for the sale of produce. The principal fish market is adjacent to Fulton Market, where facilities are pro- vided for unloading fishing vessels. The immense supply of animal food required by the population of New York has led to enormous investments of capital for the production, and corre- sponding arrangements for the bringing forward, of this class of provisions. Cattle are now seldom driven to market on foot. Illinois is the greatest beef producing State in the Union, and its market cattle are brought by R. R., stopping on the way only 3 or 4 times to rest and feed. About $12,000.000 are annually expended by New York and its submbs for beef alone. The measures taken for supplying the city with fish, oysters, and game are correspondingly great, and have each in their several departments led to organized systems for furnishing their pro- portion with great regularity and in quantities proportioned to the demand.
The markets for live stock in New York are provided entirely by individual enterprise; and the principal ones are now on 44th St. and 5th Avenue. The great market days are Tuesdays and Wednesdays; and, since supplies can reach the city at all sea- sons with equal facility, the amount is distributed throughout the year in a proportion nearly uniform. This market occupies 14 acres, and has 150 yards, and. with its stalls, can accommo date 5.000 bullocks, and an equal number of sheep and calves The largest hog markets are at the w. end of 40th St .. and on the Ilndson, at the foot of 37th St. There are 2 other market places,-one on 6th St. E. of 3d Avenne. and one in Robinson'St., where nearly 450,600 sheep have been sold, besides cows and calves. There are also extensive markets at Bergen Hill.
Males.
478
64
33
11
428
NEW YORK COUNTY.
of the State, with 5 justices, the Superior Court, with a chief justice and 5 justices, the Court of Common Pleas, with 3 justices, the Marine Court, with 3 justices, and the Surrogate's Court. The criminal courts consist of a Court of Oyer and Terminer, held by a justice of the Supreme Court, a Court of General Sessions, held by the Recorder or city judge, Courts of Special Sessions, held by the police justices, 4 Police Courts, and 6 Justices' or District Courts.
The Burials from the city are regulated by law; and none can take place without a cer- tificate from the Inspector's Department, and a record of the time, cause, and circumstances of the death, as far as can be ascertained.1
The Board of Health consists of the Mayor and Common Council. The Mayor is Presi- dent. The Mayor, the Presidents of the two branches of the Common Council, the IIcalth Officer, the Resident Physician, the Health Commissioner, and the City Inspectors, are constituted a Board of Commissioners, who render advice to the Board of Health. The Health Officer is appointed by the Governor and Senate. The Mayor, with the advice of the Board of Aldermen, appoints an Inspector of Vessels. It is the duty of the Board of Health to watch over the health of the city and port, and conduct and attend to the business of the Quarantine establishment.2
Ferries are established from New York to Brooklyn, Jersey City, the islands, and to numerous points around the harbor. Up to 1810 the ferry boats were propelled by horse and man power ; but during that year steam was introduced, and now it is exclusively used on all important routes. A few of the islands are rcached only by row boats.3
The facilities for passing from one point to another in the city are numerous, cheap, and con-
The number of animals sold during 5 years at the New York live stock markets has been as follows :-
YEARS.
Breves on sale market
Total No. of
beeves soll in
the city.
No. of cows.
No. of veals.
No. of sheep.
No. of swine.
Total No. of
slaughtered animals.
1854
115.846
169.864
13,131
68.584
555,474
252,328
1.058,690
1855
97,654
185,574
12,110
47,969
588.741
318,107
1,147,509 1,051.655
1856 125,505
187,057
12.857
43,081
462.739
345,911
1857 116.546
162.243
12,840 34,218
444.036
288,984
1858|144,749
191.374 10.12S
37.675
447,445
551.479 |1,238,101
The number of bollocks from the several States sending to this market, in 1858, was as follows :-
No.
Weekly Average.
No. Average.
New York .30,980
595
Virginia.
895
17
Pennsylvania .... 1.664
45
Connecticut 590
11
Ohio .. 4.389
81
Texas
1.214
23
Indiana 11,130
214
New Jersey 603
11
Illinois
52.818 1,015
Iowa .. 2,724 52
Kentucky
9.409
181
Michigan. 1,682
32
The mode of reaching market was as follows :-
Bullocks, by Harlem R. R .. 10,558
Hudson River R. R 50,916
New York & Erie R. R. 93,820
2.863
Swine, by New York & Erie R. R .. .301,671
The above statistics do not include barreled beef and pork, and animals slaughtered elsewhere and sent thither for sale. In some seasons over 3.000 sheep are slaughtered per week. at Albany, for the New York market; and the amount from other places is very large.
1 The Burial Places of New York were originally around the churches : and in 1822 there were 22 places of intermeut s. of the City Ilall. The practice was found to be offensive to the senses and prejudicial to the public health, and was accordingly prohibited in the older parts of the city. The plan of marble cerurteries within the city was proposed, and two were con- structed between 2d and 3d Sts. and the Bowery and 2d Av. These contained 234 aud 156 vaults respectively, were built entirely of stone, and intended to receive each a large number of bondlies. The plau was found unsuccessful, and soon after was superseded by that of rural cemeteries. This appropriate cus- tom. introduced at Greenwood in 1842, has led to the laying ont of many similar grounds, each rivaling the otber in beauty of location and in plans for the adornment of the restiug places of the dead. The principal of these are Greenwood, Cypress Hills. Evergreens, Mount Olivet, Calvary, Citizens' Union, Friends. Shearch Israel, and Washington. on Long Island; Trinity, on New York Island : Beechwood. at New Rochelle ; Dale, at Sing Sing; Oak Hill, at Nyack ; and Machpelah, in West- chester co .; and New York Bay and others, in New Jersey. The Potters' Field belonging to the city is on Wards Island. By an ordinance of Feb. 3. 1851. no burials are allowed s. of 86th St .; and Trinity Church Cemetery, embracing 23,94 $16 6 acres between the Hudson and 10th Av. and 153d and 155th Sts., is the
principal one now in use on the islaud. It was purchased in 1842.
2 Pestilence has on several occasions committed frightful ravages among the population of the city. Among these visita- tious the following are worthy of record :-
1702 .- A pestilence, probably yellow fever, was brought from St. Thomas, of which 500 died up to Sept., and 70 more during the first week of that month, out of a popula- tion of 6,000 to 7,000.
1732 .- In autumn an infectious fever prevailed, of which 70 died in a few weeks.
1743 .- A " bilious plague" broke ont, of which 217 died in one season. It was confined to swampy ground. This is the first official report on mortality to the Mayor.
1747 .- The bilious plague re-appeared.
1791 .- The yellow fever prevailed. of which 200 died.
1794 .- Yellow fever again appeared, occasiouing much alarm,- though ouly 20 to 30 died.
1795 .- The yellow fever prevailed, carrying off 730, of whom 500 were foreigners recently arrived.
1796 .- A malignant fever prevailed, from filling in of docks, of which 70 died.
1797 .- The yellow fever occasioned 45 deaths.
1798 .- Memorable for its pestilence, -- probably yellow fever,- which appeared in New York in the first week in August, aud proved fatal to 2.086 persons, of whom 1,110 were men, 589 women, and 885 children.
1799 .- Yellow fever again prevailed. but much less aggravated. 1801 .- About 160 died of yellow fever.
1803 .- From 600 to 700 died in New York of yellow fever. Since this year regular statistics of mortality for the city are preserved for each year, from which it appears that yellow fever in 1805 destroyed 270, and in 1822, 166; and that cholera destroyed 3.513 in 1832; 971 in 1834; 5.071 in 1849; and 374 in 1852. The mortuary tables show during the 50 years euding with 1-53 a total of 364,698 deaths.
8 The ferries running to and from New York are under the exclusive jurisdiction of the corporation. and derive their authority by Icase, usually for a term of years. The following is a summary of those now running :-
Staten Island Ferry, from Whitehall St. to Quarantine, Clifton, and Stapleton. Also extends to New Prighton. Factory Vil- lage, and Port Richmond. It is leased to the Staten Island & New York Ferry Co. until 1865. at an annual rent of $5.100. Hamilton Avenue Ferry, from Whitehall St. to Hamilton Av., Brooklyn, 1,765 yards in length, is leased to the Union Ferry Co. nutil 1861.
South Ferry. from Whitehall St. to Atlantic St .. and Long Taland Rail Road. Brooklyn, 1,476 yards in length, is leased to the Union Ferry Co.
Wall Street Ferry, from Wall St. to Montague Place. Brooklyn. 1,150 yards iu length, belongs to the Union Ferry Co., and is leased until 1862, at an annual rent of $5.000.
Fulton Street Ferry. from Fulton St. to Fulton St. Brooklyn, 730 yards, belongs to the Fulton & Union Ferry Co., and. including the South and Hamilton Avenue Ferries, rents for $35.000. It is leased until 1861.
Peck Slip Ferry. from Peck Slip, foot of Ferry Street. to Sonth &th Street. Williamsburgh, 2,800 yds .. is leased to 3. V. Merserole & Co. until 1869, at an annual rent of $21,000.
on foot
Weekly
days.
940.819 1745 .- Malignant yellow fever prevailed.
429
NEW YORK COUNTY.
venient, and the establishment of all of them is so reeent as to be within the memory of every adult citizen. They consist of 5 eity rail roads and 29 lines of omnibuses.1 Since the introduction of rail roads and the multiplication of steam ferries and steamboat routes, a large number of persons transacting business in the city have been enabled to provide residences in the country adjacent, where they can enjoy the comforts and luxuries of a rural home without a sacrifice of business interests. A large proportion of the inhabitants of Brooklyn, and great numbers residing within 30 mi. of the eity, on Long Island and Staten Island and in the adjacent parts of Westchester county and New Jersey, are in this manner closely identified with the business of the city, and might in one sense be included in its population. New York and its immediate suburbs are thus so united in interests that they virtually constitute one great metropolis, and would probably at this time number, within a radius of 10 mi. from the City Hall, about a million and a quarter of inhabitants .?
The institutions of New York designed to meet the intellectual and social wants of the people in extent and variety have no equals in America ; and many of them surpass all similar institutions in the world. These institutions, noticed under special heads, are devoted to education, both general and special, to benevolent objects in various forms, to religion and morality, to intellectual culture, and to the promotion of the useful and fine arts. They do not strictly all belong to the city, nor do they adequately represent the wants of the eity population. Many of the schools and other in- stitutions, from their peculiarities and excellence, attraet great numbers from abroad; and, on the other hand, a great number of educational institutions in the adjoining counties depend for support almost entirely upon eity patronage. A reciprocity of interests between city and country is thus kept up in intellectual as well as in business affairs.
The Public School System of New York now constitutes one of the most important in- terests of the city, both in regard to its effect upon the social position of the people and in the amount of its annual expenditures. There were reported, at the close of 1858, a free academy3 for the complete collegiate educations of boys, 4 normal schools for the instruction of teachers, 57 ward schools, including 51 grammar schools for boys, 48 grammar sehools for girls, and 55 primary departments for both sexes; 35 primary schools, 42 evening schools, of which 23 are for males and
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