USA > New York > Gazetteer of the State of New York: embracing a comprehensive view of the geography, geology, and general history of the State, and a complete history and description of every county, city, town, village, and locality, Part 2 > Part 21
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D. K. Miner 1843
New York Farmers' & Historical Repository
1830
New York Farmer & Mechanic ...
W. II. Stewart & J. M. Stearns.
1845 1857
New York Fireman's Journal.
Jolin W. Fowler. 1858 1858
1826
New York Scorpion
Geo. Mearson & Co. 1848 1830
New York Gazette & General Advertiser
Long, Turner & Co. 1831 1840
1802
New York Jeffersonian
E. Charles.
1845
New York Spectator. 8. W.
Francis Hall & Co .. 1830
New York Journal. .8. W. New York Journal of Education
J. Mckean, S. S. Randall & J. S. Denman.
1846
New York Journal & Patriotic
Register.
Thos. Greenleaf. 1757
New York Journal, or Weekly Register .
Eleazer Osgood. 1786
S. Owen
1843
New York Times
Ifolland, Sanford
New York Literary Gazette & + B K Repository
Jas. G. Brooks
1826 1827
New York Transcript d.
Ilaywood, Stanley
& Co ..
1833
New York Traveler.
Simon Hunt.
1832
New York Visitor mo. J. W. Ilarrison 1843
New York Visitor & Parlor Com- panion ..
D. Joseph
1838
New York Washingtonian ..
J. Burns.
1842
New York Machinist .. .. mo. S. C. ITill
1850
New York Magazine & Literary Repository
1790
New York Mechanic
R. Roster & Co .. 1843
D. M. Beese, ed. 1850
B. Baker & Co.
1858
New York Weekly Critic.
Cleaveland & McEl- rath 1855
New York Medical Magazine.mo. New York Medical & Philoso- phical Journal.
Anonymous 1809 1811
New York Weekly Magazine &
Miscellaneous Repository.
John Bull. 1795
New York Medical & Philoso -? phical Journal .quar.
man, & John Beck
Drs. Hosack &
Burnett & Smith 1832
Francis 1822
New York Weekly Mirror ...
Morris & Willis. 1827
H. D. Bulkley 1851
New York Weekly Muscum
M. Harrison 1810
New York Weekly News. 1845
New York Weekly Record ..
Gavin, Rodgers
&
1832
New York Mentor ....... semi. mo. S. Wild
1831
New York Weekly Register & Catholic Diary.
New York Weekly Whig. New York Weekly Whig. . d. & w.
O. L. Ifoiley & II.
D. Ward.
1833
New York Mirror & Ladies" Lite- } rary Gazette.
New York Miscellany New York Missionary Magazine.
mo. T. Swords 1800
1804
New York Monthly Chronicle ....
Association of Phy- ciciana
1824
New York Morning Herald.
A. Nash & Co ........ 1830
New York Morning News.
J. L. O'Sullivan & S. J. Tilden 1844
Olive Plant
1841
Olive l'lant & Ladies' Temperance Advocate.
Pierce & Reed.
1841
New York Morning Post & Daily Advertiser
New York Musical Gazette & Literary Lyceum ..
Chas. Dingley. 1840
New York Musical Review & Gazette .. 8. Ino. Mason Bros. 1855
1843
Parker's Journal & Weekly Gaz. Wm. B. Parker ......
11850
Thos. Ainge Devyn 1844
New York National Reformer New York Patriot & Morning Advertiser
New York Quarterly
C. B. Norton 1852
New York Quarterly
Jas. G. Reed 1855
New York Recorder & Baptist Register
[ E. Wright, jr., & L. S. Cutting 1848
New York Register & Anti Ma- sonic Review .. semi. mo. Henry Dana Ward. 1831
W. Green 1844
New York Expositor mo. New York Family Herald ..
Jas. Warnock 1855
New York Religious Chronicle ... New York Review.
New York Review & Atheneumn Magazine. .mo.
New York Saturday Post.
E. Bliss & E. White. 1825 1827 Henry Clapp & T. B. Aldrich.
New York Galaxy
New York Sentinel. .. 8. W.
New York Shamrock
Michael Tookey.
1822
New York Herald.
New York Shanghai. 1855
New York Sporting Magazine.mo. New York Spy 1807 New York Spy 1820
New York Standard John G. Mumford .. 1831 ... 8. mo. New York Standard & Statesman New York Statesman .. 8. w. A. Nash & Co ... 1822
New York Telegraph
Bev. A. Dickinson ... 1845
New York Telescope ..
Wooster Beach 1830
New York Literary Journal & Belle Lettre Repository
1819 1821
New York Literary Magazine & American Atheneum
Jas. S. Brooks 1825
New York Luminary & Weekly Messenger
1843
New York Washington Reformer & Literary Journal. 1$43
New York Watchman ...
1836
New York Medical Gazette ... mo. New York Medical Inquirer .. mo.
Association of Phy- sicians & Sur-
geons
1830 1810 1811
New York Weckly Globe.
Geo. R. Hazewell ... 1846
New York Weekly Leader
Cleaveland & McEl- rath 1853
P. Donaldson.
1840
New York Medical & Philoso -? phical Register.
New York Medical Times ..... mo. New York Medical Repository ...
S. L. Mitchell, E. Miller, & E. II. 1797 Smith.
Co.
New York Mercantile Journal
tri-w. Lyon & Hillyer. 1854
A. L. Stimson 1839
D. Fanshaw 1843
(S. Woodworth & G. P. Morris ... 1823 1842 1850
Nichols' Monthly
Thos. L. Nichols. 1855
1848
Nisbitt's American Times. Norton's Literary Advertiser ..... Norton's Literary Gazette &
Publishers' Circular.
Chas. B. Norton 1854
1848
Odd Fellows' Literary Magazine .. Old Countryman
1829
Olio, The ...
S. Marks
1813
New York Morning Post
Morton & HorDer .. 1781
W'm. Morton. 1788
L'Oracle, L'Echo du Jour, & Daily Advertiser .. J. J. Negrin.
1808
Organ of the Washington Soc. & Auxiliaries.
Association 1834
J. S. Wilson ... 1833
New York Messenger & Traveller New York Mirror.
Nineteenth Century
G. F. Nisbitt & Co .. Chas. B. Norton ... 1851
1849
John W. Francis. Jacob Dyck- 1810 1814
1831
New York Weekly Messenger ... New York Weckly Messenger ... New York Weekly Messenger & Young Men's Advocate ..
Henry House.
New York Legal Observer.
1810
C. R. Colden 1835
Gray & Bunce
1823
1837 |1843
New York Ecclesiologist ... mo. II. M. Onderdonk,
1842
J. J. Negrin 1808
& Davics. 1835
New York Waverley and Lite- rary Home Circle.
447
NEW YORK COUNTY.
Papers and Periodicals discontinued since the Revolution, continued.
NAMES OF PAPERS.
Publishers.
When com- menced.
When dis-
continued.
NAMES OF PAPERS.
Publishers.
When com-
menced.
When dis-
continued.
Parley's Magazine ... .mo.
C. S. Francis & Co .. 1843
Parlor Annnal. .. mo.
Rev. D. Newell .. 1845
Parlor Magazine.
John W. Moore ..... 1835
Passion Flower.
Miss A. Reed. 1836
Sober Second Thought. Spectator.
1844 Daniel E. Sickles ... Geo. F. Hopkins .... 1798
Spirit of the Age
1845
Peabody's Parlor Journal
Peabody & Co ..... 1834
Spirit of tho Age
1847
Pekin Tea Company's Gazette ...
People's Democratic Guide ...
James Webster 1841
People's Friend and Daily Ad- vertiser.
J. Frank. 1806
Sporting Chronicle.
Wm. T. Porter
1852
Penny Dispatch, Penny Gazette.
Dr. J. M. Lovell. 1854
Petit Courrier des Dames, or Monthly Journal of Fashion ...
1836
Star Spangled Banner.
Dexter & Bro ... 1857
Star in the West, or Marion Chronicle
T. W. Cummings ... C. C. Tunison.
1812
Statesman ...
Stimmet's & Pettigrew's Ameri- can Report of Fashions. 1851
Student & Young Tutor.
J. S. Denman. 1848
Price Current.
Progressive Democrat.
E. Stranahan 1849 Sunday llerald
Geo. Glentwortlı.
1851
Propagaudist. .mo. John F. Trow 1850 Sunday Leader.
Protestant Episcopal Pulpit .. mo.
11. Dyer 1831
Protestant Magazine.
L. D. Dewey 1834
Protestant Vindicator
Bowne, Wisner &
Co.
1835
Public Advertiser.
J. Frank & Co .. 1807
Public Ledger
1842
Publishers' Journal & Teachers & Parents' Companion ....
Pulpit Reporter
Ilolbrook,
Buck-
Putnam's Monthly Magazine .....
Geo. P. Putnam ....
1853 1856
Quarterly Anti Slavery Magazine
Quarterly Paper of Foreign Evangelical Society.
John S. Taylor 1843
Z. Colborn. 1857
1S09
Temperance Advocate.
Temperauce Budget .......... s. mo. W. Goodell & S. P.
1 lines 1832
Thalia, or tho Gentleman's Com- pany.
llerman.
1820
Register and Spirit of the Press .. Register of the Times
V. B. P'almer. 1849
The Great City
H. Greeley.
1840 1840
Religions Magazine. mo. O. Batcbeler, ed ... 1835 The Man.
Reporter & Banking Circular
1831
The Nation
Tho New Yorker
II. Greeley & Co .... 1835
The New Yorker.
Stuart & Webster .. 1850
The Old Countryman J. T. Pickering, ed. 1842
The Parthenon
S. Woodworth. 1827
The Parthenon.
1851
The People.
J. Devin Riley & W. E. Robinson .. 1849
The People's Press
R. & T. Ilamilton ...
1841 1856
The People's Rights. Windt & Evans ...
1844
1857 Richardson's Jourual Rough & Ready 1847 The Pick
Rush Light
Wni. Cobbett. 1799 1799 1835
Sabbath Monitor.
mo. Myron Finch. 1845
The Plow, the Loom, & the Anvil J. S. Skinner & Sons
The Prophet
S. Brannon. 1845
The Protestant, or Exposer of |Rev. Geo. Conrne & Popery.
Dr. Brownlee. 1830
1841
The Ramushorn.
Van Rensselaer & Rogers 1847
The Recruit
Gallagher & Morrell 1848 Jonas Winchester .. 1843
The Rights of All
S. E. Cornish .. 1830
The Rising Sun.
1850
The Rover
Labra & Dean 1844
The Sun ..
Day & Wisner. 1834 1837
Tho Transcript
Ilaywood, Lyud & Stanley 1835
The Town
Andrews,
Beau-
The Uncle Sam
Dexter & Bro. 1847
The Union.
d. J. Phillips & Co. 1843
The Union
d. M. M. Noalı 1842
The Unit 1850
S. Woodworth& Co. 1812
Edgar & Herries ... 1858
The Whig
1850
The Whip.
Geo. B. Wooldridge 1843
1836
The Plain Dealer.
W'm. Van Norden .. C. M. Saxton.
1836 1852 1848 1861
Sabbath School Monitor .... s. mo.
Myron Finch & Chas. Parker ... 1841
Sachem.
Thos. Picton .. 1853
Sacred Circle.
Judge Edmonds, Dr. Dexter, & O. G. Warren. 1852
Sargent's New Monthly.
Saturday Emporium
Saturday Evening Gazette
Epes Sargent .. 1843 F.dmund B. Green .. 1844 T. W. Clarko & S. Painc. 1827
Saxoni's Musical Times ........ mo. Sears' Family Visitor .mo. Sears' New Monthly Magazine ... Self Instructor mo. School Fellow
School and Ilome Journal. School Mate.
Marcins Willson ... Rev. A. R.Phippen .. 1850
1857 1858
Scientific Correspondent.
A. C. Morey 1-46
Scientific Mechanic.
Rufus Porter. 1947
Scottish Journal.
J. G. Cummings .. 1840 Scottish Patriot .... 1840 The War ..
Scovill's Family Gazetteer. 1850 The Way of Life
Scrutinizer. s. w.
Clas. Y. Baldwin ... 1827 Shamrock. or Hibernian Chron ... Edward Gillespie ... : 1$30
Shekinah ...
Partridgo & Brit- ton ...
1853
Shilling Gazette mo.
Moore & Jackson ... 1845
Path Finder. Park Godwin 1843 Paul Pry.
A. Noonan & Co .. 1840
Spirit of the Age.
Spirit of Seventy-Six.
Scovill & Hyatt .. Fowler & Wells ... 1849 J. G. Brooks & E. V. Sparhawk 1835
Fay & Carr.
1843
Photographic Art Journal .... mo. Picture Gallery
1851
Plain Dealer.
Wm. Leggett ... 1830
Pooler & Co.'s Weekly Dispatch ..
Popular Educator. mo.
A. Montgomery. 1853
Alex. Miny. 1807 Sunday Era. 1850
Ingraham & Sweet 1855
Sunday Mail 1831
Sunday Morning News
Sam. Jenks Smith. 1836 J. Leavitt. 1840
Sunday Morning News.
Sunday News 1847
Sunday Reporter
S. Vail ..
1832
Sunday School Journal ..... s. mo.
Amer. S. S. Union. 1829
Sunday School Visitor ..
P. E. S. S. Uniou ... 1835
Sunday Times & Noah's Weekly Messenger.
Sylvester's New Reporter
Sylvester & Co. 1840
Sylvester's Reporter. Counter- feit Detector, and New York Price Current.
S. J. Sylvester. 1832
1845
Tailor's Eclectic Repository .. mo. D. S. & G. Williams Teachers' Advocate & Journal of |J. M. Mckean & E. Education.
P. Allen. 1846 Goodell & Ilines. 1831
Rechabite aud Temperance Bugle
mo. Reformed Dutch Magazine.
M. & T. J. Strong ... 1845 R. P. D. Clergy- men ... 1834
Reports of Practice Cases in New York Courts ........ .. mo. Republic, A Monthly Magazine of Am. Lit. Pol. & Arts ....
Thos. R. Whitney ... 1851 1855
Republican Watch Tower ... s. w. Reviser mo. Rev. Silas E.
Shepherd. 1854
Revue Française des Familles et des Personnages.
1844
The People's Weekly Journal. R. Walsh Joseph E. Scovill ....
1850
Sabbatlı Magazine mo.
The Plow .. ulo.
The Rainbow.
The Republic,
1849
1851
Robert Sears ... 1846 Josiah Holbrook 1843
J. S. Dickerson .. 1855
Elizur Wright, jr ... 1836
Rail Road Advocate ... Rambler's Magazine & Histori- cal Register. .. 010. Real Estate Gazetto.
Joseph Barlow. 1855
The German Correspondent.
3845
J. Crooker. 1797 The Log Cabin
Geo. II. Evans. IS34 1849
Abbott Bros
Jas. Chatham .. 1801
Standard Bearer. mo. Rev. II. Dyer. 1847
1847
Starns & Co.'s Monthly Bulletin ... Stars and Stripes.
1844
(Formerly Wilson's Dispatch) 1851
O. Ilutchinson. 1847
ingham & Co ...... 1850
1847
Pooler & Co .. 1850
mont & Co. 1845
448
NEW YORK COUNTY.
Papers and Periodicals discontinued since the Revolution, concluded.
NAMES OF PAPERS.
Publishers.
When com-
menced.
When dis-
continued.
NAMES OF PAPERS.
Publishers.
When com- menced.
When dis-
continued.
The World
J. M. Church.
1837
Weekly Inspector
Thos. G. Fessenden 1806 1807
The Yankee.
Williams Bro.
1848
Weekly Journal.
N. R. Stimson ... ... 1850
Time Piece ...
Philip Frenesu ...
1797 |1800
Transactions of American Eth- nological Society
Society
1845
Traveller, Times, & Journal.
Hunt & Adams ..... [1831
Weekly New Yorker.
True American
Wm. E. Blakeney .. 1852
True Flag.
Dexter & Bro. 1857
True Sun, Daily
Assoc'n of Printers 1843 1845
True Sun .
Gallagher & Kettell 1849
True Wesleyan
O. Scott. 1845
Weekly Universe
Williamson& Burns 1845
Weekly Visitor
Daniel Cady .... 1832
Weekly Western World.
J. F. Bridge. 1837
Welcome Guest.
Winchester & Hack- staff.
1851
West's Sunday News
Frederick West 1846
United States Farmer & Journal of American Institute ...... mo. S. Fleet.
1843
Whig Union.
S. De Witt Blood- good, ed. 1848
United States Law Journal .. mo. George F. Ilopkins 1825
United States Magazine ...
J. M. Emerson& Co. 1854
United States Military and Na- val Argus.
John Crawley, ed ... 1838
Wide Awake.
R. Bonner 1854
United States Nautical Magazine & Naval Journal ..
Griffiths & Bates ... [1855
United States Review " Demo- cracy" mo. Lloyd & Campbell .. 1853
United States Service Journal ...
S. W. W. Tompkins 1825
Univercolum & Spiritual Philo- sopher
1847
Universal Traveller.
Daniel Hewitt. 1843
Universalist Union
P. Price 1836
Vial of Wrath; Junk Bottle of (Satire upon Mil- Destruction. lerites)
1843
Geo. H. Evans. 1830
Yankee Doodle.
W. II. Graham ..
1847
Voice of the People.
W. S. Hawley. 1846
Young America
Geo. If. Evans. 1844
1556
Wall Street Reporter. 1842
Youth's Cabinet. 8. mo.
N. Southard. 1838
Washingtonian
Herrick & Ropes ... 1843
Washingtonian Daily News
L. Starr & Co .. 1843
Washingtonian Organ
James Burns. 1843
Youth's Friend. .mo.
1843
Washington Republicau ..
Youth's Penuy Gazette
Amer. S. S. Union ..
1851,1858
Water Cure Visitor & Health Journal
Joel Shew.
1832
Weekly Chronicle
Hudson & Co.
1840
Zion's Watchman.
Le Roy Sunderland 1836
1807
Weekly Review
Weekly Tattler
Weekly Times.
N. T. Eldredge 1849
Two Worlds.
John W. Moore ..... 1843
United States Advertising Cir- cular
1851
United States Economist ..
J. P. Kettell 1852
White Man's Newspaper.
1851
Whittlery's (Mrs.) Magazine.
A. G. Whittlery, ed. 1849
Wilson & Co.'s Dispatch .. ..... mo. Woman's Temperance Paper ...... Wood's Quarterly Retrospect of American & Foreign Practice of Medicine & Surgery.
R. & G. S. Wood .... 1847 1848
Woodworth's Youth's Cabinet .. Workers' Journal.
F. C. Woodworth ... 1839 1849
Working Farmer. .. mo. Kingman, Cross & Co. J. J. Mapes, ed.
Visitor & Ladies' Parlor Maga- zine .
1840
Y Cyfail (The Friend) ..
W. Rowland.
Wall Street Journal
Fred. Robinson. 1851
Young America ...
Youthi's Companion & Weekly Family Visitor
Burnett & Smith 1832
1810
Youth's Temperauce Lecturer Goodell, Hines & mo. Niles
Weekly Memorial & New York Pickering, Beau-
City Record
mont & Oakes .... 1812
Weekly Museum ..
Wm. Fairman & C. D. Stuart. 1851
VanWinkle& Riqua 1845 Dillon & Hooper. 1842
MaryC.Vaughan,ed 1854
Working Men's Advocate.
NIAGARA FALLS FROM THE AMERICAN SHORE
NIAGARA COUNTY.
THIS county was formed from Genesee, March 11, 1808. Erie was RA C taken off April 2, 1821. It lies upon the w. border of the State, in the angle formed by the junction of Niagara River and Lake On- tario. It is centrally distant 255 mi. from Albany, and contains 558 sq. mi. The surface is generally level or gently undulating. It is divided into 2 distinct parts or terraces by a ridge extending E. and w. The lake shore is a bluff 10 to 30 feet high, and from its summit the lower terrace slopes gradually upward to the foot of an elevation known as the mountain ridge, where it attains an elevation SEA of 100 to 150 feet above the lake. This ridge extends E. and w. through the N. part of Royalton and Loekport, and near the center of Cambria and Lewiston, and forms the N. declivity of the s. ter- race. At its w. extremity it has an elevation of 250 feet above the lower terrace, and is nearly perpendicular. This height gradually deelines toward the E., and upon the E. line of the co. it has an elevation of 80 to 100 feet. Through the central part of the co. the ridge is divided into two declivities, separated by a plateau from a few rods to a half mi. in width. The upper ridge is limestone, and for many mi. presents the face of a perpendicular eliff. Throughout the co. the. ridge is too steep for cultivation. The s. half of the co., extending s. from the summit of this ridge, is very level. It has a slight inclination toward the s., and terminates in the Tonawanda Swamp. The whole inelination of the slope within the limits of the eo., however, does not exceed 30 fect. The lake ridge-supposed to have been the ancient shore of the lake-extends w. from Orleans eo. through Hartland and Newfanc, thenee turns s. w., and appears to terminate near Lockport Village. It appears again farther w., and at Cambria it is divided into two parts, the N. extending N. W. about 3 mi. and gradually deelining to a level of the general surface, and the s. extending s. w. and uniting with the mountain ridge 4 mi. E. of Lewiston.1 This ridge is composed of sand and gravel and the usual debris thrown up by a large body of water, and in character is essentially different from the surrounding surface. It varies from 5 to 25 feet in height, and is 20 to 150 feet in width. The N. descent is generally slightly longer and stecper than the s. The lowest roek in the eo. is the Medina sandstone, which crops out in the ravines along the shore of the lake. It is the underlying rock of the w. half of the co., and extends to the foot of the mountain ridge. This ridge is composed of the sandstones and limestones belonging to the Niagara and Clinton groups, the heavy masses of compaet limestone appearing at the top. The Onondaga salt group occupies a narrow strip along the s. border of the eo. Nearly the entire surface is covered with deep deposits of drift, the rocks only appearing on the declivities of the mountain ridge and in the ravines of the streams.
Springs of weak brine are found in the ravines throughout the . half of the co. They exude from the Medina sandstone; but none of them are sufficiently strong to be profitably worked. The Medina sandstone which lies at the foot of the mountain ridge has been quarried at several places for paving and flagging. Above the sandstone is a layer of impure limestone, about 4 feet thick, from which water cement is manufactured. The Niagara limestone furnishes an excellent building material and a good quality of lime. The principal quarries are situated in the vicinity of Lock- port, and from them were obtained the stone for the construction of the canal locks at that place.2 A vein of this stone filled with fossils admits of a high polish, and is used for ornamental purposes, presenting a beautiful variegated appearance.
Niagara River forms the w. and a part of the s. boundary of the co. It flows alinost due w. front the E. extremity of Grand Island to the Falls, and thence nearly due N. to Lake Ontario. It con- tains several small islands belonging to this co., the principal of which are Tonawanda, Cayuga. Buckhorn, and Goat Islands. In its passage from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, a distance of about
1 This deflection in the courso of the lake ridge must have | head of the latter ravine is a nearly perpendicular precipice, at been caused by a large bay that extended s. toward Lockport; which point must have been a waterfall. and the x. branch of the ridge which terminates so abruptly in 2 This stone is found along the whole course of the mountain ridge, and can be quarried in every town. The deep cut in the canal w. of Lockport is through this strata, and the perpendicular ledges of rock on each side present the most favorable location Cambria was undoubtedly a bar extending into the lake. Two large streams probably discharged their waters into this bav,- one through the ravine in which the Erie Canal is located, and one through a deep ravine about 2 mi. w. of Lockport. At the | in the co. for quarrying.
23
449
450
NIAGARA COUNTY.
30 mi., the river deseends 334 feet, the difference of level between the two lakes. Above Sehlosser and below Lewiston the current of the river is not very rapid, and the deseent is trifling, so that nearly the whole fall is condensed into a space of about 8 mi. The plateau in which the basin of Lake Erie is situated extends to the mountain ridge at Lewiston, the summit of the ridge being 34 feet higher than Lake Erie. The river originally must have flowed over the faee of this preei- piee, at which time Niagara Falls were 7 mi. below their present position. By the wearing away of the rocks the falls have gradually receded, becoming lower at each period of their progress, and leaving a deep, roeky channel, with ragged and precipitous banks 200 feet high, to mark their course and attest their power.1 At the present time the falls are at the abrupt angle where the river changes from a w. to a N. course, and the water is precipitated in part over the front or ex- tremity of the eliasm and in part over the side, the two parts of the fall being at nearly right angles to each other. Goat Island, having an area of about 70 aeres, lies between the two falls, its w. edge being a continuation of the preeipiee over which the water flows .? The principal fall at the head of the ehasm on the w. side is known as the Canadian or Horse Shoe Fall, and the fall E. of Goat Island as the American Fall. The Canadian Fall is 2000 feet wide and 154 feet high, and the American Fall 900 feet wide and 163 feet high; and it is estimated that 100 million tons of water flow over the two falls every hour. A mi. above the edge of the falls a series of rapids eommenees, the water deseending 60 feet before taking the final plunge.4 From the foot of the eataraet the river flows about 2 mi. in a comparatively still eurrent, but from that point to Lewiston it is compressed within narrow banks, and flows through the tortuous, roeky channel in a perfectly tumultuous and resistless torrent. The immense body of water in Niagara gives to the falls, and to the rapids both above and below, a grandeur seareely equaled by any other of nature's works. Here one of the largest rivers in the world, forming the outlet of the great internal fresh water seas of North America, plunges down the shelving rapids and leaps into the profound ehasin below, and then whirls and struggles with an apparently almost irresistible foree in its roeky channel for 7 mi., and at last emerges from its mountain barrier and spreads out into the ealm and peaceful waters of Ontario. Seenes of surpassing sublimity and grandeur open upon the view at every point, and pilgrims from every part of the world floek hither to offer their devotions at one of the great shrines of universal nature.
Tonawanda Creek forms the greater part of the s. boundary of the eo. Along its course are a series of extensive marshes known as the Tonawanda Swamp.5 The other principal streams are
1 The precipice over which the water flows is composed of solid, compact limestone, with shale above and below. The wearing away of the shale above has formed the rapids, and the disintegration of that below has left the limestone in over- hanging masses until they break off with their own weight. The dip of the rock is toward the s .; and as the falls recede the surface of the limestone will come nearer and nearer the present bottom of the fall, until, at a distance of 4 mi. farther back, it will entirely disappear, and, the soft shates wearing away irre- gularly, the river will at some distant period of the future fall in a series of rapids.
2 Luna Island lies upon the precipice N. of Goat Island, and is separated from it by a stream 65 feet wide, which forms a dis- tinct fall. Beneath the shelving rock over which this small cataract flows is a recess of 30 feet, known as the Cave of the Winds. Three sinall islands lying near the head of Goat Island are called the Three Sisters. Bath Island lies between Goat Island and the American shore, about 50 rods above the falls. A bridge extends from the American shore to Bath Island, and another thence to Goat Island. The first bridge was built in 1817 ; but the next spring it was swept away by the ice. The one built in 1818, and rebuilt in 1839, was replaced by the pre- sent iron bridge in 1857. The cribs were sunk in the rapids from the end of a long platform projectiug from the shore and heavily loaded with stone to keep it firm. As one crib was sunk and filled with stone, the platform was pushed forward and another suuk at its extremity ; and so on to the island. Before the bridge was built, access to the istand was attended with great peril, and very few persons had attempted it. It was done by shooting down In boats from above, a strong rope being fastened to the shore, by which the boat in returning was swung back. It is related that the first white person who visited the ialand was Israel Putnani, in 1755, while on a campaign against Fort Niagara .- Dwight's Travels, IT'. 88. The Indians appear to have crossed occasionally, and traces of their graves are still Been. On the 23d of Feb. 1811. Angustus Porter applied for the purchase of the island. upon which to keep sheep. and alleged in his petition that the wolves that infested the settlement ren- dered this business next to impossible without some asylum like this for their preservation. It was afterward bought by the Porters.
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