USA > New York > Gazetteer of the State of New York: embracing a comprehensive view of the geography, geology, and general history of the State, and a complete history and description of every county, city, town, village, and locality, Part 1 > Part 11
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1 3 1
January 1. Date of Elec.
Specl. town meet. Superv. & 2 jns. Specl. town micet.
Percentage. Per diem. 66
Overseers of the Poor Commissioners of Highways ...
Overseers of Highways.
1 to cach road dis. Indef.
1
66
Com. highways. Justices.
Fees.
Town Sealer of Weights and Measures.
Superv. & j. p.
Fees.
SCHOOL DIST. OFFICERS.
Trustres k
3 1
:4
..
Collector .
1
1 1
66
66
16
Librarian
1
a 4 elected for 8 yra., and 4 senior Justices of Supreme Court. 8 4 others are ex officio Regents. e Regulated by special nets. d One in each Assembly district. e In certain counties,
$ 2 inspectors are elected and I appointed from the next high- est ticket. to each election dist. by the chairman of town meet- ings. In cities there is 1 such dist. if under 500 inhabitants : 2. if from 500 to 800; and there may be more if above 800. In towns of over 500, the supervisor, assessors. and clerk meet
ciate justices of neighboring towns in making appointments. 6 Towns in Sullivan co. may have I or 3: and if I. he is chosen ammally. Dyster Bay, Oswegatchie, aud Watervliet have 5. and Sonthold 6.
& Towns may decide upon the number. Manlius has 7.
i In Seneca co. 1 in each town. i See exceptions on p. 36. k Animal school meetings determine whether to eleet 1 or 3.
Among the officers of local jurisdiction. not included in the annually to designate or change these districts. If vacancies of foregoing lists. are harbor masters. wardens. health officers. and supervisors. assessors. commissioners of highways. or overseers ' others connected with sanitary supervision. pilots, wreck mas. of the poor are not filled within 15 days, the justices may up-
cers. superintendent of Onondaga salt springs, and officers goint ; and, if from any cause there be less than 3, they may asso- I charged with duties relating to Indian affairs.
1
County Clerk
1
3
1st Tues.Ang January 1.
..
Superintendents of the Poor. ... Commissioners of Excise ...
3
6
" Judges and ) Just. of Sess.
Judge & Justices
Supervisors.
Fees.
Notaries Public.
Fixed by Gov. 3 3
2
Plank Road Inspectors
0
Inspectors of Elections.
3 to 18
4
Election. ..
Per diem.
Collector ...
66
3
1
1
Superv. & j. p.
..
Supervisor. Trustees.
None. 66
District Clerk
1 No. in each dist. 1 or 3 1
3
January 1. 66
$1.600.
3
3
3
3
$2,000.
No. in each Co.
County Judge.
Surrogate (in certain counties) Special Judges and Surrogatese Justices of Sessions
2
District Attorney.
Sheriff.
1
3
16
Treasurer.
School Commissionered
3
3
1 or 3
3
1
3
2
Lieut. Gov. Pres. p. t. of Sen. Governor.
$4,000 and honse rent. $6.per day and mileage. $2,500.
$2,000. $2,500.
1
2
Supervisor
Per diem.
Justices of the Peace ....
Pound Masters.
2d Tues. Oct .! Election.
¥
3
66
PRISONS.
FOR a great number of offenses criminals are sentenced to be confined at labor for different periods of time, and the State has provided prisons at several places for the security of these offenders against law.1 The principal of these are the three State Prisons, an Asylum for Insane Convicts, two Houses of Refuge, and several penitentiarics and jails.
The Auburn State Prison is located upon a lot of 10 acres near the center of the city of Auburn. It consists of the prison proper, containing 800 cells and a large number of workshops, all surrounded by a high and strong wall. The Sing Sing State Prison is located upon a lot of 130 acres upon the Hudson, in the village of Sing Sing. It contains a prison for males and another for females, the latter the only one in the State. It has an aggregate of 1,000 cells and a great variety of workshops.2 The Clinton State Prison is situated upon a lot of 250 acres in the town of Dannemora. About 25 acres are inclosed within the walls of the prison. It contains workshops, forges, and furnaces, and has an aggregate of 396 cells.8
The general supervision of the State Prisons is intrusted to a Board of 3 Inspectors, one of whom is elected each year for a term of three years." They appoint all the officers of thic several prisons and renew them at pleasure.5 The discipline of the several prisons is rigid and uniform, and all convicts are treated alike, irrespective of their former standing in society or of the crimes of which they are convicted. The rules for the general conduct of prisoners are rigidly cnforced. In the administration of discipline a leading object is to secure the reform of the criminal and his return to society with regular and industrious habits and correct moral principles.6 All convicts in health arc required to labor in shops by day, under rigid supervision, and without exchanging words or looks with cach other or with those who may visit the prison. They observe strict silence upon all occasions when not addressed by some person allowed the privilege. In passing to and from the cells, shops, and dining rooms, they march in close single columns, with their
1 By an act of March 26, 1796, John Watts, Matthew Clarkson. Isaac Sloatenburgh, Thomas Eddy, and Jobn Murray, jr. were appointed commissioners to build a State prison in New York City. This prison, styled " Newgate," was located on a lot of 9 acres on the Hudson, at the foot of Amos St. with its principal front on Greenwich Et. It was 204 feet long, and from each end a wing extended to the river. It had 54 rooms, each for 8 persons, and cost $208.846. It was opened Nov. 25, 1797, and continued in use until May, 1828, when it was sold. Convicts were employed in shoe and nail making and other work iu leather and iron, and as carpenters, tailors, weavers, spiuners, and gardeners. A second prison was ordered. in 1796, to be built at Albany, but the act was repealed in 1797. The limited accommodations and wretched moral influences of the New York prison led to the ordering of another prison, in 1816, which was located at Auburn. The south wing was completed in 1818, and in 1819 the north wing was ordered to be fitted up with single cells. The prison was enlarged in 1824.
2 An uct passed March 7, 1824. ordered a prison to be erected at Sing Sing. Work was begun May 14, 1825, and the prison was finished in 1829, with 800 cells. to which 200 were added in 1830. It was finally completed in 1831. The grounds here occupy The acres. and include marble quarries, upon which it was designed to employ the convicts. The State Ilall at Albany is huilt of magnesian marblo or dolomite quarried and dressed at this prison. The prison for females is built of rough marble in the lonie style of architecture. It stands on elevated ground and is entirely distinct from the male prison in its offices and management. Previous to its erection, in 1835-10, female cou- victa were kept by the city of New York at their prison at Bellevue, at an annual cost to the State of $100 each.
8 Clinton Prison was built. in 1844-45, under the direction of Ransom Cook, with the design of employing convicts in iron mining and manufacture.
" These Inspectors must visit all the State prisons four times a year. in company, inspect their management, discipline, and financialaffairs, keep minutes of their proceedings, and report annually to tho Legislature. They establish rules for the ob- servance of the officers of the prisons. and may examine witnesses. une prison is assigned to each Inspector for three months, and he is required to spend at least one week in each month at the prison in special charge, and to inform himself minutele concerning its details. The Inspectors are successively changed to other prisons. Inspectors can make no appoint- ments of relations within the 3d degree, and they can have no interest in coutracts. Tbrir salary is $1600 .- Constitution, Art. V, S.r. 4.
5 The officers of each prison consist of the following :-
the prison. He receives a salary of $1,250 to $1,500, and is re- quired to give a bond of $25,000.
2. A Principal Keeper, who has charge of police regulations and discipline of the prison, and must live upon the premises. He keeps a journal of every infraction of rules, records. punish- meuts, complaints, &c., and reports montbly to tho Inspectors. Salary, $-
3. Keepers under the direction of the Principal are appointed, not to exceed 1 for every 25 prisoners. Salary, $
4. A Clerk, who records all commitments and discharges, keeps tho accounts, and reports annually to the Secretary of State. Salary. $1,000 at Sing Sing and $900 at the other prisons. 5. The Chaplain visits prisoners in their cells. devotes a stated time each Sabbath to religious services, keeps the prison library, and allows the use of books, under proper regulations, and is expected to counsel and assist convicts in the formation of settled resolutions for reform upon leaving the prison. Through him they may obtain whatever is allowed of correspondence with friends. Salary. $900.
6. A Physician and Surgeon, who has charge of the Hospital and attends at all times when his services are required. Salary, $700 at Sing Sing and $600 at the other prisons.
7. Instructors, of which there are 2 each at Auburn and Sing Sing. 1 at Clinton, and 1 at the Female Prison, who give all ne- cessary instruction to the prisoners in their several occupations. 8. A Store Keeper, who has general charge of the provisions and clothing and other property belonging to the prisou.
9. A Guard, under the command of a sergeaut, who are stationed in the prison and upon the walls to prevent escapes. The number of privates is 20 at Auburn, 25 at Clinton, and 30 at Sing Sing. They are armed and equipped from the State arsenals, and aro held legally justified if they shoot down prisoners attempting to escape.
10. A Matron, who has charge of the Female Prison. Assistant matrons are appointed. not to exceed 1 for every 25 prisoners.
6 Solitary confinement without labor was tried at Anburn in 1821. but with the most nnhappy results, and in 1823 the present system was adopted upon the suggestion of Capt. Elam Lynds and John D. Cray. Capt. Lynds deserves particular notice from the energy and firmness with which he brought his favorite system into successful operation and to a degree of perfection scarcely conceivable to one who had not witnessed it. This plau has been adopted in many prisons and ba? received the name of the " Auburn System." The labor not required in the domestic affairs of these prisons is hired upon contract to manufacturers, who put up the requisite machinery and employ agents and foremen to superintend the work. Willful violation of the rules is punished by the lash. ball and chain, yoke,
1. An Agent, or Wurden, who is the principal fiscal officer of strait jacket, shower bath. dark cell, and similar means.
41
42
NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER.
faces turned to the side on which their keeper walks. Their shops have narrow openings in the walls, through which they may be seen without the possibility of knowing it. They are con- fined at night in solitary cells ; and guards with woolen socks tread silently around their eells at all hours of the night. The fare is abundant, but coarse; and all convicts are required to wear a costume peculiar to the prison.1
An Asylum for Insane Convicts is located at Auburn, in the rear of the prison. It is under the general charge of a medieal superintendent.2
The New York House of Refuge, situated upon Randalls Island, near New York City, is an establishment for the reformation of juvenile offenders. It is partly a State and partly a city institution.3 The Western House of Refuge, located upon a farm of 42} acres in Rochester, is another juvenile establishment of a similar kind. It is entirely under State patronage. These institutions are under rigid discipline ; and the inmates receive instruction in the elementary branches of education during certain hours of the day, and are required to labor during certain other hours The New York institution was established in 1824, and receives both sexes. The Rochester institution was started in 1849, and receives boys only.4
The Prison Association of New York was formed Dec. 6, 1844, and incorporated May 9, 1846. It has for its objects the amelioration of the condition of prisoners, whether detained for trial or finally convicted, or as witnesses ; the improvement of prison discipline and of the govern- ment of prisons, whether for cities, counties, or States; and the support and encouragement of reformed convicts after their discharge, by affording them the means of obtaining an honest liveli- hood and sustaining them in their efforts at reform.5 The association is supported entirely by private contribution. The members pay $10 annually. The payment of $25 constitutes a member
STATISTICS OF STATE PRISONS.
AVERAGE NUMBER OF CONVICTS.
TOTAL YEARLY EARNINGS.
EXPENSES INCLUDING IMPROVEMENTS.
Sing Sing.
TEARS.
Auburn.
Male.
Female.
Clinton.
Total
Auburn.
Sing Sing.
Clinton.
Total.
Auburn.
Sing Sing.
Clinton.
Total.
1848
497
664
80
146
1,387
$53,456.71 $51,652.77
$5.549.46 $110.658.94
$66,960.41
$97,221.41
¿39.900.98 $204.082.80
1849
512
637
76
157
1.382
63,021.54
63,052.83
13,210.97
139,285.34
56,777.99
81,850.28
50.126.47
188.754.74
1850
661
661
84
119
1,525
68.737.31
71,178.99
18.451.95
158,36S.25
71,164.07
95,828.64
37,698.97
204.686.68
1851
752
7:23
73
114
1,662
73.494.91
88,385.27
17.664.10
179,544.28
88,546.25
79,506.82
37.958.13
206.011.20
1852
759
788
81
125
1,753
64,986.29
99,380.12
29,736.20 37,207.77
217,440.90
80,516.37
120.818.73
49.483.14
250.818.24
1854
747
933
110
199
1.989
81,994.74
95,345.34
41,674.04
219,014.12
72,417.82!
136,142.24
61,088.75
269.648.81
1855
730
915
111
249
2,005
74,948.53
90,904.71
32.372.19
198,225.43
67,783.15
116.774.37
45,832.42
233.389.94
1856
686
862
101
304
1,953
72.763.48
86,440.89
38,100.76
197.305.13
69.915.46
100,523.39
65,032.74
225.471.57
1857
678
976
278
2,016
69,954.08
94,946.97
26,882.58
191,783.63
74,180.35
109.586.53
47,947.29
231,714.17
The surplus expenses of the State prisons are paid from the general fund. For a fuller account of these institutions, sce Introduction to Natural History of New York, Vol. I, pp. 181-188.
2 Until 1859, persons charged with crime and proved insane wero sent to the State Lunatic Asylum at Utica. An act for the erection of the present asylum was passed April 13, 1855, and the building was completed in 1858.
3 Tl:e New York Asylum is conducted by a close corporation, consisting of 30 managers, who serve without pay and report anDu- ally to the Common Council of New York and to the State Legis- lature. It is supported by the labor of its inmates, an annual appropriation from the Marine Hospital fund, theater and circus licenses, school moneys from the Board of Education. and grants from the City and State of New York. It can accommodate 1,000 inmates. In 1858 there were received 378; of which num- ber 304 were boys and 74 were girls. The former are engaged in making shoes. chair-seats, wire cloth, weaving. &c .; aud the latter in needlework. Each day 7 hours are devoted to labor, 4} to school, 1; to meals, 9} to sleep, and 1} to recreation.
4 Statistics of Houses of Refuge for 1857.
New York.
Rochester.
Cost per capita ..
$85
$96
Officers employed ..
31
Aggregate salaries.
$9,119
Revenue from labor.
$13,414
$8.315 $12,000
Per cent. reformed
75
75
Average period of detention.
16 mo. 59
24 mo. 1.4
"
in last 12 months
3
1
Escapes since opening.
97
9
in last 12 months
4
Number supplied with clothing.
131
147
138
Average age of inmites.
134
131
Number provided with situations.
52
155
112
Cost of location and buildings.
$110.000
Annual expenses ...
$330,441 $42,005
30,000
Total. 413
741
632
1853
753
865
96
186
1,900
81,150.24
99,082.89
194,102.61
86,291.73
85.414.42
39,825.20
211,531.35
The Western House of Refuge is supported by the labor of its inmates. the product of its farm, and an annual State appro- priation. Its managers are appointed for a term of 3 years by the Governor and Senate, and are so classified that 5 are ap- pointed annually. Its rules require half an hour more at labor and an hour less at school than is required at the New York Asylum : and 10 hours are allowed for sleep. In 1859, 508 boys were received at this institution. Of these. 128 were employed in making chains. 171 in making shoes, 37 in making brushes, 7 upon the farm, 20 in the sewing rooms, and 23 as domestics.
5 The condition of prisoners has from a roruote period enlisted the sympathies of the benevolent and led to associated efforts for their relief. A society was formed in New York, soon after the Revolution, for the relief of imprisoned debtors. "The Philadelphia Society for alleviating the miseries of Public Prisons" was formed over 80 years since by the Friends; and the Prison Discipline Society of Boston is nearly 20 years older than that of similar objects in New York. The Prison Associa- tion of New York for some time issued a bulletin called the "Monthly Record." The female department for some years maintained a Home for the temporary residence of discharged female prisoners until other means of support could be fourd. This association has for several years appointed committees for visiting county jails; and the facts reported show abundant reason for continning efforts for reform in their management. The aid furnished by this association to discharged convicts during the last three years reported has been as follows : -
230 Number of discharged persons aided with 1854. 1855. 1856. money 439 282
Deathy since opening
43
MILITARY.
for life; of $100, an honorary member of the Executive Committee for life, and $500 a life patron. A department, consisting of ladies, has in charge the interests of prisoners of their sex. The managers of the association receive no pay for their services. They usually report to the Legisla- ture annually ; but no reports were made in 1856 and 1858. Office, 15 Center Street, New York.
MILITARY.
THE Governor is Commander-in- Chief of the land and naval forces of the State. In time of peace the supervision of the militia and mili- tary establishments is intrusted to the Adjutant General, who has AI an office of record at the capital, issues, under his seal, all military TALL CIOR CENTS commissions, keeps a register of the names and residences of the officers of militia throughout the State, issues all orders on behalf of the Commander-in-Chief, prescribes the manner of reporting from the several subordinate divisions, and reports the statistics thus obtained-through the Governor-to the Legis- lature annually.1 He has the rank of brigadier general; and his assistant has the rank of colonel. The militia of the State is composed of 8 divisions, 26 brigades, and 62 regiments, embracing 220 companies of infantry, 126 of artillery, 41 of cavalry, 37 of rifles, and a total of 18,107 officers and privates.2
All able-bodied white male citizens between the ages of 18 and 45, not exempt by law, are
1 OFFICERS OF THE NEW YORK STATE MILITIA.
Colonels
60
Major Generals
8
FIELD
OFFICERS.
Lieutenant Colonels
60
Brigadier Generals ..
26
Majors.
58
[ Adjutant General
1
LINE.
COMPANY
OFFICERS.
Second Lieutenants
460
Non-Commissioned Staff
143
Inspector General.
Company Non-Commissioned Officers, Mu- sicians, and Privates. 15,874
COMMISSARY GENERAL'S DEPART.
Commissary General
1
STAFF CORPS.
Sappers and Miners (attached to Engineer Department)
103
Assistant Commissary General
1
Total
18,107
1
The office of the Adjutant General was made an office of record in 1827. previous to which commissions were issued by the Secretary of State. uuder the privy seal of the Goveruor.
2 In Jan., 1859, the division districts were as follows :-
1 1. New York and Richmond cos.
2. Kings, Orange, Putnam, Queens, Rockland, Suffolk, and Westchester cos.
Division Judge Advocates (Colonels).
8 3. Albany. Columbia. Dutchess. Greene, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Sullivan. Ulster. and Washington cos.
1
5. Broome, Chenango, Cortland. Delaware, Fulton, Hamilton, Ilerkimer. Madison, Montgomery, Otsego, Schenectady, and Schohario cos.
6. Caynga. Oncida, Onondaga. Oswego, Schuyler, Seueca. Tioga, and Tompkins cos.
Quartermaster General.
1
7. Chemung, Livingston. Monroe, Ontario, Steuben, Wayne, and Yates cos.
Division Quartermasters (Lient. Cols.).
Brigade Quartermasters (Captains)
Regimental Quartermasters (Lieutenants) ..
8. Allegany. Cattarangns, Chantauqua. Erie, Genesee, Niagara, Orleans, and Wyoming cos. The estimated number of enrolled militia, at the beginning of 1859, was 350.000. Those inchided in regiments were as follows :-
1
5
221 Infantry. .... 7.490 privates. and 8,094 including officers.
Artillery .... 5.365 ..
.. 5.700
..
Regimental Paymasters (Lieutenants).
Cavalry ... .. 1.390 4.
: 1.733
66
1 Aids-de-Camp
41
Riffes .. ..... . 1.429 .. 1.528
E
LSTOR
ADJUTANT GENERAL
GENERAL'S
DEPART.
Assistant Adjutant General.
1
Division Inspectors (Colonels)
8
Brigade Inspectors (Majors) ..
23
Adjutauts (Lieutenants) ..
57 1
ENGINEERS.
Engineer-in-Chief.
Division Engineers (Colonels).
7 25 50
Brigade Engineers (Majors) ...
Regimeutal Engineers (Captains).
25 4. Clinton. Essex, Franklin, Jefferson, Lewis, St. Lawrence, and Warren cos.
Surgeon General
Hospital Surgeons (Colonels).
7
Surgeons (Captains)
Surgeon's Mates (Lieutenants).
5.7
Paymaster General
Division Paymasters (Majors) ...
Brigade Pavmasters (Captains).
OF DEPART. DEPART. DEPART. PAYMASTER Q'RMASTER SURGEON JUDGE ADV. DEPART. GENERAL'S GENERAL'S GENERAL'S GENERAL'S DEPART.
Judge Advocate General.
Brigade Judge Advocates (Majors)
GENERAL STAFF.
OFFICERS.
Captains 402
First Lieutenants
379
44
NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER.
liable to military duty. An enrolment is made annually by the assessors.1 Militia officers are chosen by election ;2 excepting major generals and the Commissary General, who are appointed by the Governor and Senate. Staff officers are appointed by the commanding officer of the forces to which they are attached.' The Adjutant General, Judge Advocate General, Quartermaster General, Paymaster General, Surgeon General, Engineer-in-Chief, and one Instructor of Artillery and one of Cavalry to each division, are appointed by the Governor."
Arsenals. An arsenal is provided for each division of the Militia, and an armory for each regiment. The general custody and supervision of the military property of the State is intrusted to the Commissary General, who has his office in New York, and. reports annually through the Governor to the Legislature.5
1 The laws of the U. S. exempt from military service the Vice President, the Judicial and Executive officers of the Govern- ment of the U. S., members and officers of both Houses of Con- gress, customhouse officers and clerks, post officers and stage drivers In charge of mails, ferrymen on post roads, inspectors of exporta, pilots and mariners in actual sea service. The State exempta, besides the above, persons In the army and navy and those honorably discharged therefrom, preachers of every sect, commissioned officers and privates of uniformed companies who have resigned after seven years' service, and certain firemen. All others may commnte by paying 50 cts. annually, except in Kings and New York cos. and the cities of Albany and Buffalo, where the commutation is fixed at 75 cts.
These moneys are paid to the collectors of taxes and applied to the military fund,-from which the officers and men of regi- ments are paid, from $1.25 to $4, according to rank, for every day's military service. Persons going to, remaining at, or re- turning from military duty are exempt from arrest npon civil process. Previous to the act of 1846, the State contained 33 divisions, 66 brigades, 272 regiments, and 1836 companies, and numbered 141,436 officers and men. The number of enrolled militia had been as follows, at different periods :-
Fears.
Infantry.
Artillery.
Cavalry.
Light Artillery.
Riflemen.
Total.
1805
74,429
1,700 2,619
1,852 3,385
...
77,982
1810
86,673
...
92,677
1815
90,383
6,364 6,538
2,158
123
98,905 122,553
Horse Artill'y.
1825 131,561
4,432
2,505
646
146.805
1830 166,514
12,803
- 5,814
1,763
188,610
1835 168,786
11,698
7,317
1,174
192,083
1840 163,300
9,082
7,336
......
183,100
1845 141,436
9,369
3,849
4,276
162,427
2 Under the Constitution of 1777, nearly every military as well as civil officer in the State received his appointment from the Conncil of Appointment, and mostly held during their pleasure. The Constitution of 1822 introduced the following system, now in nee :- " Militia officers shall be chosen or appointed, as fol- lows : Captains, subalterns, and non-commissioned officers shall be chosen hy the written votes of the members of their re- spective companies; fleld officers of regiments and separate hattalions, hy the written votes of the commissioned officers of the respective regiments and separate hattalions; brigadier generals and hrigade inspectors, by the field officers of their re- spective brigades ; major generals, brigadier generals, and com- manding officers of regiments or separate battalions shall ap- point the staff officers to their respective divisions, hrigades, regiments, or separate hattalions."-Constitution, 1822, Art. 1V, Sec. 1; Constitution, Art. X1, Sec. 2.
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