USA > New York > Gazetteer of the State of New York: embracing a comprehensive view of the geography, geology, and general history of the State, and a complete history and description of every county, city, town, village, and locality, Part 1 > Part 86
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1 An Isolated hill in Pamelia formerly bore a crop of red cedar; and, as this timber is now only found upon the islands in the lake, it is supposed that the hill was an island at a time when at least three fourths of the county was covered by water.
2 Indian name Ka-hu-ah'-go, great or wide river.
8 Called by the Indians Te-ka'-da-o-ga'-he, sloping banks.
4 Called by the French " La Famine."
351
352
JEFFERSON COUNTY.
Black River, and Chaumont Bays) has a coast line of great length; and the Thousand Islands present many attractions from their romantic scenery and historical associations. Several small lakes, filling deep gorges, in Antwerp, Theresa and Alexandria,-one in Rutland, two in Hen- derson, Perch Lake in Pamelia and Orleans, and Pleasant Lake in Champion, constitute the other waters of the co. Iron ore abounds in Antwerp. Traces of lead and copper are found in the primary region; limestone, capable of a great variety of uses, water limestone and barytes are also abundant. The Black River enters the co. at Carthage, where commence a series of cas- cades and rapids which continue almost to the lake, with a total fall of 480 feet. Indian River affords water power at half a dozen places, and most of the streams s. of Black River are available for the same purpose.
The flat country along the St. Lawrence at times is affected by drouth, which is never felt on the uplands; while the latter are somewhat noted for the great depth of their snows. The mirage has been frequently seen on the lake, bringing into view places beyond the horizon. One form of this refraction, in which a line of clear sky appears along the shore, is almost a constant attendant upon clear, pleasant days in summer. Waterspouts, attended with dark clouds and a roaring noise, have been seen upon the lake and its bays. In the primary regions the intervales are remarkably fertile, while the ridges are often naked rock. The soil over a part of the sand- stone is too thin for cultivation, but the barren region is comparatively limited. The limestone and slate districts are exceedingly fertile, and particularly adapted to dairying and the raising of spring grains. Of these, barley, within a few years, has become the most important. Winter wheat is raised less than formerly; oats, corn, rye, and peas are staple products. For many years manufactures have received much attention and employed a large amount of capital. They consist of iron from the ore, castings, machinery, cotton and woolen fabrics, paper, leather, and flour, and have been chiefly carried on along the line of the Black River, and in Antwerp, Theresa, Philadelphia, Adams, and Ellisburgh. Rafting, shipbuilding, and lake commerce form prominent pursuits at several points along the St. Lawrence.
- Upon the erection of the co., in 1805, Watertown was selected for the co. seat.1 A com- bined courthouse and jail was erected in 1807 and burned in 1821. Soon after, separate build- ings, of stone, were erected, which are still in use. In 1816 a fireproof clerk's office was built, and occupied until 1831, when the present one was erected. The jail having become unfit for use, and having been officially complained of, a writ was issued, Dec. 1, 1848, by the Supreme Court, ordering its immediate improvement.2 This led to the erection of an additional building, with ex- cellent arrangements for both the security and convenience of prisoners. The first poorhouse was erected on the Dudley Farm, in Le Ray, about 5 mi. N. of Watertown, in 1825; and it was used until 1833, when the present spacious buildings were crected in Pamelia, 1 mi. below Watertown. In 1852 a special act was passed for the supervision of the poor in this co.
The first newspaper in the co., called the " American Eagle," was established at Watertown, in 1814, by Henry Coffeen. Its name was soon after changed to the " American Advocate."3
1 The commissioners appointed for the selection of the co. seat by the Gov. and Council were Matthew Dorr, David Rodgers, and John Van Benthuysen. The first court and the first board of supervisors uret at a schoolhouse on the site of the present Univ. Church. The first co. officers were Augustus Sacket, First Judge; Joshua Bealls and Perley Keyes, Judges ; Thomas White, Lyman Ellis, Wm. Hunter, and Ethini Evans, Assistant Justices; Henry Coffeen, Clerk ; Abel Sherman, Sheriff; Benj. Skinner, Surrogate and Treasurer; and Hart Massy, Ambrose Pease, and Fairchild Hubbard, Coroners. At the time of its erection most of the taxes of the co. were paid by non- residents.
2 In 1807 the jail liberties were first established, which were so extraordinary as to demand a passing notice. "They covered a small space around tire conrthonse and part of the public square, and included most of the houses of the village; while between these localities, along the sides of the roads, and some- times in the center, were paths, from 4 to 8 feet wide, with oc- casional crossings; so that, by carefully observing his ronte, turning right angles, and keeping himself in the strict ranges which the court had established, a prisoner might visit nearly every building in the village; but if the route was, by any ac. cident, obstructed, by a pile of lumber, a pool of mud, or a loaded wagon. he minst pass over, through, or under, or else expose frituself to the peril of losing this precarious freedom, by close imprisonment, and subjecting his bail to prosecution for the violation of hus trust."- Hough's Hist. of Jeff. Co. p. 31.
8 The Jefferson and Lewis Gazette was started at Watertown in 1817 by D. Abbey & J. H. Lord. Jr, and continued until 1819.
The Independent Republican, commenced in 1819 by S. A. Abbey, WAS contiuned until 1825.
The Herald of Salvation, semi-mo., (Univ.) was commenced in 1822 by Rev. Pitt Morse, and continued 2 years.
The Watertown Freeman was established in 1824, and continued until 1833, and was then changed to
The Democratic Standard. In July, 1835, it was united with the Watertown Eagle, and became
The Eagle and Standard.
Thursday's Post was commenced in 1826 by Theron Parsons & Co .. and in 1828 sold to Henry L. Harvey, who changed it to
The Register. It was afterward united with the Genius of Phi- lunchropy, and in 1830 it became the
Watertown Register and General Advertiser. In 1831 it passed into the hands of B. Cory, and in 1835 it was changed to the
North American. It was published by J. Huxton a short time, and afterward by H. S. Noble, by whom in 1839 it was issued as
The Watertown Register. In 1843 Joel Green became proprietor, and changed it to
The Black River Journal, and continued it until 1846.
The Genius of Philanthropy was started in 1828 by Henry L. Harvey, and was afterward united with The Register.
The Censor was started at Adams in 1828. by Theron Parsons, and was soon after removed to Watertown. In 1830, Enoch E. Camp became its proprietor, and changed it to
The Anti- Masonic Sun. Shortly after, Dr. R. Goodale, becoming proprietor. changed it to
The Constellation, and continned it until 1832, when it passed into the hands of Abner Morton, who published it as The Jefferson Reporter until 1834. It was then discoutinued.
353
JEFFERSON COUNTY.
This eo. is all embraced in the Macomb purchase1 of 1791, exeept the islands in the lake and river, a small reservation at Tibbetts Point near Cape Vincent, and a tract 10 mi. square, with one corner extending to the St. Lawrence at French Creek, reserved by the Oneida Indians in the treaty of 1788 for Peter Penet, and ealled "Penets Square." That part N. of a line running E. from Chaumont Bay, in the line of the s. bounds of Diana, was known as Great Tract No. IV., and was sold to the "Antwerp Company," of Holland. Gouverneur Morris became the first agent, and afterward Jas. D. Le Ray de Chaumont became extensively interested in the title, and under him mueh of it was settled. The land between No. 1V. and Black River (210,000 acres) was purchased by Peter Chassanis, of Paris, for a company of capitalists; a romantic scheme of eolo- nization was formed, and settlement begun at its southern point, near the High Falls, in Lewis eo. A few years after, the emigrants returned to Franee. Ellisburgh was mostly purchased by Marvel Ellis, of Troy, in March, 1797, but it afterward reverted to Constable. A tract known as the "Eleven Towns" was purchased in 1795 by Nicholas Low, Wm. Henderson, Richard Harrison, and Josiah Ogden Hoffman: it was divided by them and sold by their agents. Penets Square was mostly settled by squatters, with whom the owners afterward had much difficulty. With the exception of Carlton Island, the first settlement in the eo. was made in Ellisburgh, in 1797, and within 10 years nearly the whole of this town and of the "Eleven Towns" was taken up by actual settlers. Settlement commenced under Le Ray in Wilna, Antwerp, Le Ray, and Philadelphia, about 1806, and in the N. part of the co., along the St. Lawrence, after the war of 1812-15. But a small part is now owned by the original purehasers or their heirs, mueh the greater portion having long been owned in fee by actual settlers.2
The embargo and non-intercourse laws were quite unpopular along the N. frontier, and met with open hostility or seeret evasion in many eases. The declaration of war filled the eo. with alarm, and some families hastily prepared to leave. Ft. Carlton,3 within the American bound- ary, had been held until this time by the British, and was immediately captured by a small volunteer party and the buildings burned. A regiment of drafted militia, under Col. C. P. Bel- linger, was stationed at Sackets Harbor in May. A fleet of 5 sail of the enemy was repulsed from that place July 19, with loss. On the 30th Capt. Forsyth was stationed there with a fine company
The Independent Republican and Anti Masonic Recorder was published at Watertown, from 1828 until 1830.
The Voice of Jefferson was published during the summer and fall of 1828.
The Watertown Eagle was commenced in Sept. 1832. by J. Cal- houn. In 1833 Alvin IInnt became associate editor; and in 1835 it was united with the Democratic Standard, and issned as
The Eagle and Standard. In 1837 it was changed to
The Jeffersonian, and afterward to
The Watertown Jeffersonian, and continued until 1855, when it was united with the Democratic Union, and appeared as
The Jefferson County Union. By this title it is now published by E. J. Clark & Co.
The Veto was published during the campaign of 1832. The Spirit of Seventy Six was published a few months in 1834. The Patriot and Democrat was published during the campaign of 1838.
The Aurora was published by Alvin Hunt during the campaign of 1840.
The Daily Journal was started in 1843, by Joel Greene. It was soon after changed to
The Watertown Journal, tri-w., and continued until 1846. The Democratic Union was started in 1846, by T. Andrews, and continued until 1855, when it was united with The Jeffersonian.
The Northern State Journal was started in August. 1846, hy Ambrose W. Clark. It was afterward changed to
The Northern New York Journal, and is now published by A. W. Clark.
The Watertown Spectator was established in Jan. 1847, by Joel Greene, and continued until 1849.
The New York Reformer was cominenced in Ang. 1850, by Ingals, Burdick & Co., and is now published by Ingals & Haddock. They also publish
The Daily News, commenced in March, 1859. The Daily Jeffersonian was published abont 6 mo. in 1851. The Monitor and The Student were issued a short time. All of the above were published at Watertown.
The Sachets Harbor Gazette and Advertiser, the first paper pnb- lished at Sackets Harbor, was commenced in March. 1817, by Geo. Camp. In Feb. 1821, it was changed to
The Jeffersim Republican, and was continued about a year. The Farmers Advocate was started in 1824, by Truman W. Has- call. and continued until 1828.
The Courier, afterward called
The Sachets Harbor Courier, was published by J. Howe.
The Sackets Harbor Journal was established in Oct. 1838, hy E. N. Luff, and continued until 1851.
The Harrisonian was published by E. M. Luff during the cam- paign of 1840.
The Sachets Harbor Observer was founded in March, 1848, by O. H. Harris. In 1852 it was chinnged to
The Jefferson Farmer, and continued 2 or 3 years.
The Carthaginian was started at Carthage in Dec. 1839, and in 1843 it was changed to
The Black River Times. It was discontinued soon after. The Prople's Press was commenced in 1847 by M. F. Wilson.
The Carthage Standard has been published siuce Jan. 1858, by W. R. Merrill.
The Jefferson County Democrat was established at Adams in June, 1844, by E. C. Hlatch. In 1847 it passed into the hands of E. J. Clark. It is now published, as
The Jefferson County News, by J. Eddy.
The Theresa Chronicle was started Jan. 14, 1848, by E. C. Burt, at Theresa, and continued about 6 months.
Le Phare des Lacs (the Beacon of the Lakes) was com- menced at Watertown. in May, 1859, by Petit & Grand pre. The Cape Vincent Gazette was commenced in 1858 by P. A. Leach.
1 Alexander Macomb, Daniel McCormick, and Wm. Constable, of New York, were the parties owning this purchase. The first two failed, aud Constable became chief agent and party to the sales that were subsequently made .- Hough's Hist. St. Law. Co. 2 The present names of these towns are in most cases differeut from those applied by the landholders. Their names, numbers, and owners under the allotment of 1796 are as follows. Harrisou and IToffman held their interests in common several years later.
No. Original Names. Present Names. Cheners
1. Ilegiod. Hounsfield. Ilar. & Hoff.
Leghorn. Watertown. Low.
3. Milan. Rutland.
Henderson.
4. Howard. Champion. llar. & lloff.
5. Mantna. Denmark. Iiar. & Hoff.
6. Ilenderson.
Henderson. Adams.
Ilendersou. Low.
7. Aleppo.
8. Orpheus.
Rodman. Ilar. & Hoff.
Handel.
Pinckney. Ilenderson.
10. Platina.
11. Lowville.
Lowville.
Harrisburgh. Ilar. & Hoff. Low.
The several tracts were appraised by Benj. Wright, of Rome, the surveyor, and their value equalized from a part of Worth. 8 On Carlton or Buck Island. It was built by the French,
The Jefereom County Whig was published in 1837, by E. H. and during the Revolution was an important rendezvous for Purdy. scalping parties of tories ard Indians.
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354
JEFFERSON COUNTY.
of riflemen, and, Sept. 20, made a descent upon Gananoqui, Canada, and destroyed a large quantity of provisions. The details of the operations upon the N. frontier belong to general history. Sackets Harbor became the principal seat of military and naval preparations, and from this post were fitted out the armaments that captured Little York and Ft. George, and the disgraceful expe- dition, under Gen. Wilkinson, that descended the St. Lawrence late in the fall of 1813.1 Large bodies of troops were stationed here during most of the war; and a fleet of frigates of the largest elass was fitted out at this point, to cope with one, equally formidable, built at Kingston. The enemy were repulsed in an attack upon Sackets Harbor, May 29, 1813, and were subsequently defeated at Cranberry Creek and Sandy Creek and in several minor engagements. After the war the costly navy was left to rot, or was sold for commercial purposes; and, in accordance with the provisions of the convention of April, 1817, but one armed vessel was left afloat upon the lake. Extensive barracks were built in 1816-19 at Sackets Harbor. A considerable body of regular troops was stationed here until withdrawn for service in the Indian wars of the Northwest and of Florida. In the abortive scheme known as the "Patriot War," in 1837-40, this co. became the scene of intense excitement, and the seat of many grave as well as ludicrous events. "IIunter Lodges" were formed in every village to promote the Patriot cause, and large sums raised for the same purpose found their way into the pockets of the leaders, most of whom evinced a cowardice as little creditable to their honor as was their financial management to their honesty.
The earliest market of this co. was down the St. Lawrence, which has ever been the route of the lumber trade. Several State roads were built through the co. before the war, and a military road was laid out and partly worked from Sackets Harbor to Plattsburgh. Soon after the introduction of canals and railroads many projects of internal improvement were formed, and surveys were made in this co., without result. The Watertown and Rome R. R. extends from Cape Vincent s. through Lyme, Brownville, Pamelia, Watertown, Adams, and Ellisburgh, connecting with the N. Y. Central at Rome. The Sackets Harbor and Ellisburgh R. R., a branch of the preceding, extends from Sackets Harbor through Henderson to Pierrepont Manor. The Potsdam and Water- town R. R. extends N. E. from Watertown through Pamelia, Le Ray, Philadelphia, and Antwerp, forming a connection with the Ogdensburgh R. R. in Potsdam. In 1848-51 about 170 mi. of plank road were built within the co., by over 20 companies; but most of the lines have been surrendered to the towns in which the roads were laid. Steam navigation commenced upon Lake Ontario in 1816, and commodious lines have since been run, touching at Sackets Harbor, Cape Vincent, Clayton, and Alexandria Bay, within this co.
1 The following is a chronological list of the principal events which took place at Sackets Harbor and vicinity during the war :-
1812, May .- The Lord Nelson, a British schooner, was taken, and condemned, for violating the revenue laws. Her name was changed to " Scourge."
Col. C. I'. Bellinger was stationed here with a regiment of militia.
" June 14, Schooner Ontario taken, and discharged.
" July 19, Village attacked by 5 vessels of the enemy. No injury done to the Americans, and the British retired with loss.
" July 30, Capt. Benj. Forsyth arrived with the first regular troops.
" July 31, Schooner Julia sailed for Ogdensburgh, and en- countered 2 hostile vessels at Morristown.
" Aug. 20, Col. Bellinger's regiment were disbanded before they were paid.
" Sept. 20, Capt. Forsyth started upon an expedition against Gananoqui.
" Sept. 21, Gen. Dodge arrived, and ordered Gen. Brown to proceed to Ogdenshurgh.
" Oct. Commodore Chauncey and Gov. Tompkins ar- rived, the former having been appointed com- mander of the naval forces on the lake.
" Oct. 12, Capt. Forsyth's company and others were seut to Ogdensburgh.
" Nov.8-14, Com. Chauncey cruised npon the lake before Kingston, and took several vessels.
" Nov. 26, Ship Madison was launched 45 days after commence- ment. Fort Tompkins and barracks were com- pleted about the same time.
1813, March .- Gen. Dearborn arrived and took command.
April 7, Brig Jefferson launched.
" 10, Brig Jones launched.
66 " 19, The Growler sailed to reconnoiter.
" 22, Gen. Pike's forces embarked for Little York.
" 25, Expedition sailed.
May 13, Expedition returned laden with spoils.
" 22, Com. Chauncey sailed with the fleet for Niagara.
4 " 29, Sackets Harbor attacked by the enemy, who were repulsed with the loss of 150 men. The Americaus lost a large quantity of military
stores, including the spoils of Little York, from the accidental burning of the storehouse.
1813, June 1, Com. Chauncey returned with the fleet. " 12, Ship Pike launched.
" 14, Lient. Wolcott Chauncey went on a cruise, and took a schooner laden with stores and arms.
" July 2,-Maj. Gen. Morgan Lewis arrived and took com- mand.
4 " 3, A secret expedition to burn the Pike was defeated. " 14, The Neptune and For sailed on a privateering expedition down the St. Lawrence. (See p 355.)
" 20, Com. Chauncey, with the Pike, sailed for Nia- gara. The Sylph (built in 33 days) accompanied him.
" Ang. 26, Gen. Wilkinson held a council to decide upon offensive measures.
" Sept. 5, Gen. Armstrong, Sec. of War, arrived.
Oct. 26, Gen. Wilkinsou sailed on an expedition down the St. Lawrence, with disastrous results.
" Nov. 2, The Pike and other armed vessels sailed on a cruise among the Thousand Islands.
Dec. and Jan. The remaining part of tho fall aud winter was spent in ship building and in strengthening fortifications.
1814, May 1 .- Frigate Superior, of 66 guns, was launched in 80 days from the commencemont of building.
" Jnne 15, The crew of the ship Congress began to arrive froin l'ortsmonth.
" An expedition under Lieut. Gregory sailed, and a few days after captured the gunboat Black Snake in the St. Lawrence, for which act Congress awarded $3000 in 1834.
" " 26, Another expedition, under the same, sailed, and in a few days burned a vessel on the stocks and a quantity of stores near Prescott.
" July 31, The American fleet sailed for Niagara.
" Sept. 14, Gen. Izard arrived from Lake Champlain.
' 30, A gig belonging to the Superior captured several boats laden with goods for Kingston.
" Oct. Great alarm was felt for the safety of the harbor, which led to the assembling of large bodies of militia.
355
JEFFERSON COUNTY.
ADAMS'-was formed from Mexico, April 1, 1802, and named in honor of John Adams, Ex- President. Rodman was taken off in 1804. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling, and generally inclined toward the lake, and, with the exception of its s. E. border, is underlaid by Trenton limestone. Several remarkable upheavals of this formation oeeur along its N. and w. borders, and a bold terrace extends into Watertown and Rutland. It is well watered by the N. Sandy and Stony Crecks. The soil is a elayey loam, withi oeeasional sand and gravel, especially along the ancient lake ridge, which may be traced through this town. It is very productive, and equally adapted to dairying and the cultivation of grains. Manufactures are ear- ried on to some extent. Adams, (p. v., ) situated on North Sandy Crcek and the W. & R. R. R., eon- tains 4 ehurehes, a bank, a seminary, printing office, and several small manufactories. Pop. 1,268.2 Adams Center (p. v.) and Smithville (p. v.) have each about 250 inhabitants. Appling3 and North Adams (p. o.) are hamlets. The town was mostly settled under Isaac W. Bostwiek, agent of Nicholas Low, the proprietor." The first sermon was preached in 1802, by Rev. Mr. Wood- ward, a missionary.5 A private academy-now called the Philharmonie Institute-has been taught at Adams Village for many years. The remains of several ancient fortifieations are found in town.
ALEXANDRIA-was formed from Brownville and Le Ray, April 3, 1821, and named from Alexander Le Ray, a son of the proprietor. Theresa was taken off in 1841. It lies on the St. Lawrenee, in the N. extremity of the co., and embraces the E. part of Wells Island and a con- siderable portion of the Thousand Islands. The surface underlaid by gneiss is rough and rocky, but that portion underlaid by sandstone is level, with a thin, elayey and sandy soil. A rein of lead has been discovered near Redwood, and examined to the depth of 40 feet. Alexandria Baye (Alexandria p. o.) contains 24 houses, Plessis7 (p. v.) 32, and Redwood8 (p. v.) 429 inhabit- ants. Settlement eommeneed in 1811, under Le Ray. An engagement took place within the limits of this town during the war of 1812.9 An elegant Ref. Prot. D. church was erected at Alex- andria Bay in 1848-51.20
ANTWERP-was formed from Le Ray, April 5, 1810, and named from the Antwerp Com- pany.11 It is the extreme E. town in the eo. The N. and E. portions are broken by low roeky ridges parallel to the river. The s. w. part is more level. The soil in the valleys is a clayey loam, and is very fertile.12 The ridges are made up of masses of gneiss,13 white crystalline limestone, 14 and sandstone.15 Between the gneiss and sandstone in this town are several of the richest iron mines in the State. The " Sterling Mine"16 lies about 3 mi. N. of Antwerp Village; another, of less extent, 1 mi. N .; a third, known as the " Keene Mine,"17 on the borders of St. Lawrence eo .; and a fourth, known as the " Parish Minc,"18 immediately adjacent. In this same range are found the mines of Rossie and Gouverneur, which have furnished most of the ore used at the furnaces in this region. Bog iron ore is found near Ox Bow.19 One or two sulphur springs are found in town. Antwerp, (p. v., ) on the P. and W. R. R., was incorp. July, 1853. It contains
1 Aleppo, or No. 7 of tho Eleven Towns.
2 This village was first settled by David Smith. about 1800. and for many years it was known as " Smiths Mills." Incorp. Nov. 11. 1851.
8 Named from Maj. Daniel Appling. the hero of the battle of Sandy Creek.
4 The first settlers came on for permanent residence in 1800; aniong them were Nicholas and Alexander Salisbury, Solomon Smith, Daniel Comstock. Daniel Smith. Abram Ripley, Jonathan Cable, Stephen Shippey, and Enon D'Estaing. The first inn was kept by Abel Ilart, and the first store by Jesse Hale. Daniel Smith erected the first grist and saw mills in 1801-02, the former snperseding the stump mortars of the first season. The first birth was that of Edmund Salisbury : the first marriage, that of Daniel Ellis to Mrs. A. Salisbury, widow of Alexander Salis- bury, in 1802; and the first death, that of Alexander Salisbury, drowned in 1801. Schools were first taught in 1803.
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