USA > New York > Gazetteer of the State of New York: embracing a comprehensive view of the geography, geology, and general history of the State, and a complete history and description of every county, city, town, village, and locality, Part 1 > Part 72
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1811; and the first death, that of a son of Henry Godfrey, in 1814. | lowing circumstance concerning it. About the time of the first Sumner Warren built the first mill, in 1811 ; Geo. Richmond kept the first inu, in 1811; and Clark & Co. the first store, iu 1816. The first school was taught by Melinda Abbey, in 1814.
1 Large quantities of lumber are received at this port from Canada and the Western States. The quantity re-shipped by canal in 1857 was, of timber, 841,011 cubic feet; of sawed stuff, 4,815.411 ft .; and of wood, 16,007 cords.
2 This elevator has a storage capacity of 250,000 hush., and facilities for elevating 2000 bush. per hour.
8 3 sawmills, 3 shingle mills, a planing mill, and a furnace and machine shop.
" This is the pop. of that part of the village in Erie co. A part of the village is across the creek, in Niagara co .; and the pop. of this is not known.
6 Alex. Logan, John King, and John Hersey settled in the town iu 1805; Emannel Winter, Jos. Haywood, Oliver Standard, John Cunninghamn, Josiah Guthrie, Ebenezer Coon, Thos. Ilon- nan, and Joseph Hersey, in 1806; Henry Anguish, in 1808; and Frederick Buck, In 1809. Henry Anguish kept the first inn. in 1811, and Judge Wilkinson the first store, iu 1823. The first mill was built by -- Osborne, in 1819.
6 Disciples, Evang. Lutb., M. E., R. C., and Wes. Meth. at Tona- wanda Village, and Evaug. Luth., M. E., and R. C. in other parts of the town.
Ethan and Wm. Allen and Jacob Turner settled in the town in 1806. and Chas. and Alex. Mckay, Ebenezer Holmes, and Wm. Iloyt in 1807. The first hirth was that of Win. Pettengill, in June. 1806. Isaac and Eli Hall built the first mill, in 1811; Isaac Hall kept the first inn, in 1816; and Orsamus Warren the
in 1811. In 1813 an Indian hatchet was found imbedded in a tree at Wales Center, and in 1825 John Allen related the fol- i
settlement of Buffalo an Indian came to that place and exhibited the skin of a white child, and boasted that he had murdered and Akinned the child for the purpose of making a tobacco pouch. Truman Allen, (brother of the narrator,) hearing the boast, became so enraged that he followed the Indiau to Wales and shot him. He buried the body and rifle in the sand, and stuck the tomahawk into a tree, where it was afterward found as above stated.
8 Named from an Indian who resided near its mouth and who was an inveterate smoker.
9 This community purchased 7,622 acres belonging to the Buf- falo Indian Reservation in 1844, and commenced their settle- ments the same year. They are largely engaged in agriculture and manufactures; and their wares have obtained so excellent a reputation that they fiud a ready market at Buffalo and else- where. They have a community of property, reside in villages, and several families usually occupy the same house. They are governed by a board of trustees; and their business is done through an agent, who appears to have almost unlimited control of matters. They are honest, industrious, aud frugal; and in tbe contented and peaceful tenor of their lives they present a model which miglit well be copied by some of the restless and ambitions Yankee race.
10 Among the other early settlers were Artenius W. Baker. John G. Wells, Isaac Earlle, and Geo. Hopper, who located in 1828. The first child born was a daughter of Joel Decker, in Aug. 1828; and the first death, that of Peter Beal, in 1834. Geo. E. Elderkin taught the first school, in 1839; Reuben Sackett kept the first inn, in 1826; the Ebenezer Society, the first store,
first store, in 1824. The first school was taught by Jas. Wood. ! in 1845 ; and Ballou & Tuhell built the first mill, in 1837.
11 2 Lutheran aud 2 Community of True Inspiration.
294
ERIE COUNTY.
Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Erie County.
ACRES OF LAND.
VALUATION OF 1858.
POPULATION.
SCHOOLS.
NAMES OF TOWNS.
Improred.
Unimproved.
Real Estate.
Personal
Property.
Total.
Males.
Females.
No. of Dwellings.
No. of Families.
Frecholders.
No. of
Children taught.
Alden.
11,721
8,960
$643,985
$15,400
$659,385
1,230
469
469 1,016
395
13
987
Amherst
17,298}
12,003
1,274,820
86,500
1,361,320
2,565
Aurora.
19,363}
13,9342
452,240
52,120
504,360
1,872
1,793
733
759
578
14
973
Boston .
13,6044
6,153
290,300
11,600
301,900
908
8€1 523
196
211
169
9
378
Buffalo City
10,612}
2,3364
29,334,840
6,182,220
35,517,060
37,561
36,653
10,613
14,715
6,153
34
28,000
Clarence ..
17,770
14,637
1,032,130
96,675
1,128,805
1,695
1,558
587
630
459
14
1,116
Colden
9,716
12,702
221,250
3,575
224,825
709
672
289
283
286
10
549
Collins
18,174
11,692}
610,090
75,900
685,990
1,013
1,012
362
408
287
13
633
Concord
23,9504
17,080
524,648
20,950
545,598
1,409
1.396
531
535
527
19
1,166
East Hamburgh.
15,1844
8,170
560,470
49,160
609,630
1,012
934
394
388
330
13
825
Eden ..
15,2614
7,814
490,430
23,125
513,555
1,241
1,185
470
470
414
13
961
Elmiaª
14,4004
10,977
701,088
19,900
720,988 237,567
1,194
1,058
452
463
384
14
969
Grand Island
4,017
13.684
237,567
114,375
849,060
1,617
1,420
550
564
385
13 1,020
Holland.
12,0354
9,369
222.403
6,500
228,903
691
630
265
255
260
12
586
Lancaster.
14,660}
16,303}
890,275
73,400
963,675
2,854
2,635
1,0€5
1,080
794
11
1,649
Marilla
7,037 }
652
300,175
16,600
316,775
704
673
292
294
257
9
546
Newstead.
19,491
11,886
954,055
30,375
984,430
1,576
1,411
596
595
486
15
1,165
North Collins
18,69]}
8,353}
498,076
60,080
558,156
964
895
358
367
340
12
748
Sardinia ..
16,0324
13,994
337,500
15,475
352,975
888
877
360
369
328
15
682
Tonawanda
8,6994
3,772}
516,477
61,100
577,577
1,385
1,184
450
507
323
8
916
Wales.
14,5384
7,025
330,315
14,600
344,915
870
819
336
341
329
11
641
West Seneca.
6,632
11,743₴
555,293
2,250
557,543
1,333
1,190
416
493
602
6
923
Total.
340,3074 253,344} |43.256,039
7,060,480
50,216,519
67,658
64,673 21,674 26,193 15,566 328
51.503
LIVE STOCK.
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.
NAMES OF TOWNS.
and
| Working
-1 Oren and
1,011
2,306
7:28
10,556
46,890
3,547
16.412
5,853
55,424
4.000
410
Amherst.
1.004
1.230
1,294
1,568
1,975
36,170}
82,6161
3,173
19.496
8.740
69.605
100
3101
Aurora.
1,033
1,191
1,236
6,828
1,233
5.934
77,6112
6.3881
31,068
17,985
111.094
15,095
1.18%
Boston
453
1,016
1,165
2,431
603
2,185
48,763}
4,0291
16,107
10,997
56.135
115,545
769
Brandt
281
789
817
1,326
503
1,421
23,2211
2.020₴
12,860
5,391
55,737
82,282
1,403
Buffalo
2,116
332
1,609
56
2,503
7,616
42.716
4.184
22,519
2,970
15,400
4,950
681
Clarence.
1.073
896
1,161
4.844
1,859
45,471
99,576
2,606
17,064
30,864
86,743
890
1,184
Colden
337
824
797
1,710
372
1,297
27,798}
2,697
11,710
3,819
54,205
42,000
1,562
Collins.
709
1,757
2,461
3,329
886
1,949₴
93,043
5,7241
22,566
17,365}
98,115
460,881
2,004₺
East Hamburgh.
664
688
1,368
4,150
852
3.7991
59,357₴
5,623}
31,256}
19,254}
110.120
38,500
1,432₴
Exten.
617
1,149
1,271
2,587
914
6,515}
59,425₺
4,312%
20,371
14,121
112,660
36,455
1,868
Evans.
614
1,384
1,467
3.157
846
2,241 }
50,281
5,333₴
13,922
11,13S
94.069
27,625
Grand Island
129
489
250
631
779
4,047
15,845
1,002
9,928
148
23.420
40
6871
Hamburgh
780
638
818
1,545
1,007
3,3581
55,645
6,208
21,119
11,170
102,800
23,380
2,137₴ 270
Holland
485
1.187
780
3,604
5:58
9.057 }
43,647₴
3,041
7.107
10,761
77,850
7.907
Lancaster ..
908
1,125
1,176
1,236
1.494
22,235
84,964
4,439
31,934
13.520
80,300
3.130
Marilla-
337
616
487
1.896
508
9581
22,9741
1.821}
7,779
1,118
43,394
2,904
702
Newstead
1,051
1,252
1.018
5,706
1,668
48,700
100,6774
3.322
20,553
20,726
107,777
4,190
397
North Collins
574
1.576
2,588
2,464
816
1,432
45,981
6.410
19,992
12,50L
103.429
515,804
2,251
Sardinia
712
1.874
1,036
6,062
697
1,484
66,294
3,401
18,811
10,266
95.645
28,470
3,329
Tonawanda
465
534
629
346
888
19,818
43,499
2,415
8,991
2,179
26,920
175
Wales.
575
1.546
1,258
4,784
688
5,119
55,540}
4,336
15,431
12,229
112,155
37,860
1,347}
West Seneca.
282
603
508
824
7,154
31,017
2.798
20.392
470
30,260
30
Total.
16,983 25,608 29,831 65,085 24,791 263,7924 1,358,349
98,0111 445.350} 266,195 1,866,132 2,038,392
26,654
618
1,559
2.764
1.628
776
5,045
40,530
5,905
10,691
16,866
78.736
586,384
1,541
Concord
611
588
862
870
814
9,687
40,432₴
3,2721
17,271
5,743
Apples.
Pounds
Butter.
Pounds
Cheere.
Domestic Cloths, in yards.
Horses.
Calves.
Cows.
Shecp.
Swine.
Winter.
Spring.
Tons of Ilay.
Bushels of
Potatoes.
Bushels of
497
365
7
995
Chicktowaga.
9,280}
6,405}
867,992
9,800
877,792
1,314
1,212
310
311
298
10
691
Brandt
7,6664
1,5134
269,310
11,200
280,510
570
355
161
173
90
5
420
Hamburgh
14,4684
8,183
734,685
405,625
7,600
413,225
11
896
Evans.
483
1,174 2.553
951
7:27
G|Districts.
17
2,270
BUSH. OF GRAIN.
DAIRY PRODUCTS.
Alden ..
555
Chicktowaga ..
64,139
975}
Elmas.
" Formed since 1855.
488
ESSEX COUNTY.
EX THIS county was formed from Clinton, March 1, 1799, and a e corner was taken off in the erection of Franklin co. in 1808. It lies upon Lake Champlain, in the N. E. part of the State; is cen- trally distant 100 miles from Albany, and contains 1,926 square miles. It is by far the most broken and mountainous county in SEAL the State. With the exception of a narrow strip of level land along the shore of Lake Champlain, nearly the whole co. is of an Alpine character. Iligh, rocky peaks, and immense mountain masses, abounding in wild, broken erags and stupendous preci- YO piees, and separated by narrow ravines and deep gorges, form the general characteristics of the landscape. With the exception of the Black Mountain, of North Carolina, and the White Moun- tain group, of New Hampshire, the mountains of this co. attain a higher elevation than any others belonging to the great Appalachian system; and, taking into consideration their great number of lofty peaks, they surpass in magnitnde all other groups E. of the Mississippi. The mountains seem thrown together without regard to order or system; and from this fact, and the frequent misapplication of names, much confnsion has arisen in attempting to describe them.
The 5 mountain ranges N. of the Mohawk valley extend through portions of this co., and terminate upon the shores of Lake Champlain. They all have a general N. E. and s. w. direction, rising successively higher toward the N. until they culminate in the most northerly range. The axes of these ranges are nearly parallel, and are respectively about 8 mi. apart. They are not always distinct and continuous, but in some places their lateral spurs interlock, and in others their continuity is broken by the intervention of valleys and brief intervals of lowland. They are not regularly serrated, but appear to consist of groups of sharp pointed peaks connected by immense ridges. The principal mountain masses appear to extend in a due N. and s. direction, and are thus placed obliquely in the range of which they form a part. Single mountains are often sufficiently large to occupy the whole intervening space between the ranges, thus destroying the continuity of the valleys and reducing them to narrow, isolated ravines. This arrangement of monntains, in regard to the ridges, affords the key to the peculiar plan of the construction of this whole moun- tain system. The most southerly of the 5 ranges barely enters the extreme s. E. corner of the co. It is known as the Palmertown or Luzerne Mts. It has also sometimes been called the Black Mountain Range and the Tongue Mts. It constitutes the highlands which rise upon both sides of Lake George and npon the narrow peninsula between the Lake George Outlet and Lake Cham- plain. Mt. Defiance, the extremity of the ridge, has an elevation of about 750 feet above the lake. The second range, known as the Kayaderosseras, extends through the s. E. part of Schroon and the center of Crown Point, ending in the high cliff which overlooks Bulwagga Bay, and is elevated about 1,150 feet above the surface of the lake. Along the course of this range, in Schroon, is a cluster of mountain peaks, the highest of which, Mt. Pharaoh, is 3,500 to 4,000 feet above tide. The third range occupies the w. and N. parts of Schroou, and extends through the N. part of Moriah and the center of Westport, ending in the high promontory of Split Rock, in the s. part of Essex.1 Bald Mountain, in Westport, one of the most noted peaks of this range, attains an elevation of 2,065 feet above tide This range takes the name of the Schroon Mts. from the principal lake which lies at its foot.
The fourth range extends through the central parts of Minerva and N. Hudson, the s. E. corner of Keene and Lewis, the N. w. part of Elizabethtown, and the center of Willsborough, ending in the high bluffs which border upon Perou Bay. It might with propriety be called the Boquet Range, from the principal river which flows at its base. Dix Peak, in N. Hudson, the highest monntaiu in this range, attains an elevation of 5,200 fect above tide, and, next to Mt. Marey, is the
1 The name of Split Rock was applied to this promontory in feel soundings have been taken in the chasm ; but it is probable consequence of abont Lacre of the extreme point bring de- ! tached from the mainland by a chasm 10 feet wide, extending
that the tissme was formed by the disintegration of the rock, which at this point contains iron pyrites and is casity acted downward to near the water's edge. It was once supposed | upon by the elements. The height of this dissevered mass that this mass was split off from the mainland by some great above the lake is about 30 feet. convulsion of nature, and writers have gravely assertod that 500
295
296
ESSEX COUNTY.
highest point in the co. Nipple Top has an elevation of 4,900 feet. Raven Hill, in Elizabethtown, and Mt. Discovery, in Lewis, each attain an elevation of over 2,000 feet. The fifth range extends through Newcomb, Keene, Jay, Lewis, and Chesterfield, ending in the rocky promontory of Trem- bleau Point. It has sometimes been called the Clinton Range, but it is more widely known as the Adirondack Range.1 Mt. Marey, the highest peak of this range, and the highest land in the State, has an elevation of 5467 feet above tide. Mounts McMartin, MeIntyre, and San-da-no-na, belonging to this range, are each upward of 5000 feet high. A spur of this range extends north- ward on the borders of Jay and Chesterfield, in a high, unbroken ridge, with a mean elevation of about 2,000 feet above tide.
North of the Adirondack Range the mountains are not disposcd in regular ranges, but are seattcred in groups over a large space of country. These groups, however, lie in a line parallel to the other ranges, and for convenience of description they might be considered under the head of the "Au Sable Range." Mt. Seward, the highest peak, 5,100 feet above tide, is situated just beyond the limits of the co. Whiteface, in Wilmington, has an elevation of 4,855 feet.
The rocks of Essex co. are primary, consisting of granite, gneiss, and hypersthene. The moun- tains generally arc composed of huge masses of naked rocks, more or less disintegrated by the action of the elements. Nearly the whole mountain region is composed of this primitive rock. Along the base of the mountains, on the E., appear the Trenton limestone and Utica slate; while upon the immediate borders of the lake are found the elayey masses of the tertiary formation. In the primary rocks, among the mountains, are immense beds of rich magnetic iron ore, some of which have been extensively worked, though generally in a very rude and primitive mauner. The iron produced from this ore has been subjected to the most severe tests, and has been pronounced equal to the best which is produced in the world.
The s. w. portion of the co. is drained by the Hudson and its principal branch, the Schroon River. These streams take their rise upon the highest peaks of the Adirondack and Schroon Ranges, and flow through the winding valleys that lie at their basc. Upon the E. Putnams Creek drains the region between the Luzerne and Kayadcrosseras Ranges; Mill Brook, between the Kayaderosseras and Schroon; and the Boquet2 River, between the Schroon and Boquet Ranges. The Au Sable, flowing along the N. base of the Adirondack Range, drains the N. portion of the co. The valleys of these streams are generally uarrow, and are bounded by steep banks, which are not unfrequently huge masses of precipitous or overhanging rocks.
Lakes Champlain and George lie partly in this co., and more than 100 small lakes lie wholly within its limits. The greater part of these are comprised iu three groups, lying near the base of the principal mountain peaks. The first of these groups surrounds Mt. Marcy ; the second, MIt. Pharaoh; and the third, Whiteface. Many others are found scattered along the whole course of the mountain ranges. These lakes are generally long and narrow; and Prof. Emmons says "that, instead of occupying shallow basins scooped out of the softer materials,-as carth and the ordinary slates and shales,-they lie iu chasins formed by uplifts and fractures in the primary rock." Many of these lakes have precipitous banks, presenting a great variety of wild and pictu- resque seenery. The soil along Lake Champlain consists of a stiff, hard clay, alternating with a dark loam and gravel, and, in the narrow valleys, of disintegrated rocks. Upon the mountains the soil is thin and light, many of the peaks being masses of naked rocks, destitute of both soil and vegetation. The declivities of the hills are generally wooded, but not very heavily. Three-fourths of the entire surface of the co. is too rough and broken for cultivation.
Farming, iron mining, and the manufacture of iron from the ore, constitute the leading pursuits; and the immense mineral wealth of this section must for centuries continue to afford an object of profitable investment. Iu the infancy of the settlement, and until the supply became exhausted, the manufacture and exportation of lumber and staves to the Quebec market formed the leading, and, in some neighborhoods, almost the sole, objects of industry. Rafts of great size were formed in the coves and sheltered points along the lake shore, and were wafted by sails and oars to the Richlieu River, and down that stream and the St. Lawrence to Quebec, where they were transferred to ships for the British market. The completion of the Champlain Canal gave a new impulse to lumbering: but the timber suitable for exportation is now nearly exhausted, except on the extreme w. borders of the co. The logs of this latter region are floated down the Saranac,
1 The name Adirondack is strictly applied only to the group of elevated peaks of which Mt. Marcy is the center. but by common nage it is now made to comprehend the whole system of mountains s. of the Mohawk.
? Pron. bo-kwet. Probably from the French "baquet," a trough. It is also said to have been named from Henry Boquet, an English officer: but the name appears on French maps pre- vious to his residence in the country.
VIEW ON LAKE GEORGE.
ADIRONDACK OR INDIAN PASS.
297
ESSEX COUNTY.
Racket, Hudson, and other streams, to some convenient place for sawing; and large sums have been appropriated by the State for improving the channels of these rivers for this purpose.1 Tan- neries, within the last few years, have greatly inereased in the woody sections of the State, and about a dozen of them are located in this eo. The iron manufacturing business of this region was commeneed at Willsborough Falls in 1801,2 and now forms one of the leading pursuits of the people. Iron ore is exported from this co. in large quantities to Pittsburgh and other distant localities, to be mixed with other ores.3 The manufacture of sash and blinds, tubs, pails, and other artieles of pine and eedar, starch, paper, and black lead, receives considerable attention. Ship- building, to some extent, has been carried on in Essex and Willsborough.
The county seat is located at Elizabethtown," situated upon the Boquet, about 8 mi. w. of the lake. It contains the courthouse, jail, and county elerk's office." These buildings are plain and substantial. The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 100 acres, in Essex, 10} mi. N. E. of Elizabethtown. The average number of inmates is 70, supported at a cost of 62 ets. per week each. The farm yields a revenue of about $1,200.6
There are 2 papers now published in the county.7
In 1609, Samuel Champlain, with two attendants, accompanied a party of Canadian Indians on an expedition against the Five Nations. On the 4th of July his party entered the lake which now bears his name, and on the 30th they met their enemies. A sanguinary battle ensued, the fate of which was decided by the firearms of the whites, then for the first time used within the limits of the State. This aet of unprovoked hostility on the part of Champlain laid the foundation for the long and bloody wars between the Five Nations and the French, and rendered the former the willing and steadfast friends and allies of the English. The whole region bordering upon the lake was elaimed, by construetive title, by both France and England ; and during the wars that ensued it became the great battle ground for supremacy, and the principal highway for war parties in their mutual incursions upon the defenseless frontier settlements. Fort Frederick was erected by the French at Crown Point in 1731. This measure was met by remonstrance, but no open resistance, on the part of the English. Previous to the erection of the fort, French settlements had commenced in various places along both shores of the lake. These settlements had made considerable progress,
1 $6000 was appropriated in 1853, and $5000 in 1854, for im- proving the log navigation of the Au Sable River. A lighthouse has been erected at Split Rock by the General Government. The proposed Sacketts Ilarbor and Saratoga R. R. has been sur. veyed across the 8. corner of the co., and another routo lias been projected from Plattsburgh to Whitehall; but there is little prospect of either of these lines being soon finished.
* In that year George Throop and Levi llighy. in connection with Charles Kane, of Schenectady, began the manufacture of anchors at Willsborough Falls. For the first 10 years the ore was obtained in part from Canada, but principally from Ver- mont. A bed at Basin Ilarbor was the only one then known within the co. Mill and steamboat irons were afterward made, and the foundry was finally converted into a forge. Early in the present century W. D. Ross erected a rolling mill on the Boquet, for making nail plates for the factory at Fair Haven, Vt. About 1809, Archibald McIntyre and his asso. ciates erected works on a branch of the Au Sable, in the present town of N. Elba, designated as the " Elba Iron Works," which were at first supplied from the vicinity, and afterward from the Arnold mine, in Clinton co. The forge was abandoned in 1815, after several years of prosperous business. The iron interest rapidly extended after the completion of the Champlain Canal, and several large manufactories were erected in the valley of the Au Sable and the surrounding region. The forges, rolling mills, and nail factories of this section are among the most extensive of the kind in the country. Bar, pig, and bloom iron of superior quality are produced in large quantities. Witbin a few years, anthracite conl has nearly superseded the use of charcoal in the furnaces along the lake shore. These establish- mente afford a home market for a large part of the agricultural products of the co. Most of the above dates and facts are con- densed from Watson's Ag. Survey of Essex Co., 1852, p. 814.
8 The principal ores in this co. are magnetic, and they are separated from the stone by water and by magnetic machines. Ilundreds of bbls. of iron sand are collected upon the shores of Lake Champlain and sold to the N. Y. stationers.
4 David Watson and John Savage, of Wash. co., were appointed commissioners to locate a site for the co. buildings, which were to be erected under the care of 3 commissioners appointed by the supervisors. The first co. officers were Daniel Ross, First Judge ; Stephen Cuyler, Clerk ; Thos. Stowers, Sherif; and Win. Gilliland. Surrogate.
5 When the co. was formed, the new blockhouse in Essex, then Willsborough, was used as a courthouse and jail. By an act passed April 7, 1807, Elizabethtown was selected as the co. seat, and to this place the courts and clerk's office were trans- ferred upon the completion of the proper buildings, in 1814.
6 This establishment is old, and in somo respects inconve- nient ; but it is spoken of as extremely well kept, and in this respect is one of the best in the State.
1 The Reveille, the first paper in the co., was started at Elizabethtown, about 1810, by Luther Marsh.
The Essex Patriot was published at the same place, in 1817-18, by L and O. Person.
The Essex County Times was started at Elizabethtown, by R. W. Livingston, and in 1833 sold to - Macomb, who con- tinued it about 15 months. It was printed on an old " Ramage" press brought from Skaneateles, Onondaga co.
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