USA > New York > Gazetteer of the State of New York: embracing a comprehensive view of the geography, geology, and general history of the State, and a complete history and description of every county, city, town, village, and locality, Part 1 > Part 37
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164
Clothiers.
1,054
Hair Cloth Makers .... Hair Workers
17
89 Oilcloth Makers
69 Oil Makers.
124 Screw Makers.
8
Coal Dealers .. 13S
Hardware Dealers.
426 Opticians. 86 63 Sculptors
2,928 Organ Builders.
81
Scaling Wux Makers, 1
Coffee, Spice, and Mus- tard Makers.
25
Collectors
222
Comb Makers
6
28
Oyster Men and Dealers .. Puckers
112
Cooks
1.424
lee Dealers.
152 Paint and Color Makers ..
Coopers.
7.539 409
India Rubber Manufac- turers
73
Paper Makers.
914 Showmen
15
Cotton Manufacturers ....
Ink Makers.
61 l'aper Stainers.
10
Soldiers and Military Officers.
709
Dairy men aud Milk
Insurance Officers ...
319 Pattern Makers.
427
Dealers.
1,050
Intelligence Officers.
3 Pavers
341
Spinners
20 Spring Makers 26
4 Stage Proprietors
174 40
Dock Keepers.
54
Ivory Black Makers
17 Pen Makers
61 Stave Makers
20 9
Drivers, Coachmen, &c ... Drovers
3.233
Ivory Workers.
5 Pencil Makers 49 Steel Makers.
73 Perfumers. 35 Stereotypers
47
Dyers and Bleachers.
450 Jewelers
2,055
Photographers and Da- guerreotypists.
389
281 1.120
Electrotypists
11
Keepere und Wardens of Prisons. &c ..
284
Pickle and Preserve Ma- kers
11 Straw Workers 131
Engineers
3,180
Lampblack Makers.
6 Pilots
Eugravers
761
Lamplighters.
18 Pin Makers.
5 Sugar Refiners, 144
Envelope Makers.
Lamp Makers
51 Pipe Makers.
Expressmen
422 Lapidarios
17 9.8 Plaster Figure Makers. Plate Printers ...
41 Surgical Instr. Makers ... Surveyors.
382
Farriers.
150 Lath Makers,
11 Platers
Tool Makers.
404
File Cutters.
35% Librarians 5 Policemen.
1,513
Toy and Fancy Dealers and Makers.
164
Firemnen
416
lime Burners.
Porcelain Makers ...
12 Traders.
115
Fish Dealers
Trimmers
308
Fishermen.
176 Portfolio Makers.
G Turnere.
909 5
Fishing Tackle Makers ... Flax Dressers and Work- ers
53 Postimasters.
184 Type Cutters ..
21
Forwarders
274
1,448
Powder Makers
27 Upholsterers
1,106
Frame Maker's
164 Map Maker's 11
526
Varnish Makers.
267
Fringe, Tassel, and Gimp Makers
155 Market Men and Women
295 Publishers.
160 Vinegar Makers.
25
Fruit Dealers
322 Mat and ling Makers ..... 83
223
10
813
Furriers
227 Matrons ff Asylumns. &c. Mechans- inat other- t- wise sp ified) ... 3.837 Ragpickers.
Pyrotechnists Quarrymen
1,031
Wax Bleachers
122
527
Military Fquijouent Ma- kers ..
1.262
59 Window Shade Makers ...
749
Geologists and Mineralo- gists
5 M. del Maners.
Hooters and SIaters
175 Wire Workers.
91
663 Wood Cutters.
240
Glass Makers.
Morocco Presser's ... Moulder- Mould Makers
3,114 . Safe Makers. Sailmakers
Glue Makers
Musical Jastr. Manufac ..
130 Sailors and Mariners
9,720
282
Goldbeaters
1:4 Music Dealers. 37 Salerntus Makers
15 Wool Dealers. 49
Gold and Silver Smiths ..
820 Musician-
1,177 Salesmen 723 Woolen and Worsted
Grate Makers and Set-
Music Tou hers.
621 . Saloon Keepers. 871 Workers.
98 Nail Makers
433 | Salt Makers.
602
150 Wood Dealers. 75
Glass Stainers.
88 Wooden Ware Makers .... 41
Glovers ..
499 | Mineral Water Makers ... Miers.
41& | liggers.
469
15
Glass Cutters
Modeler-
1 Rope and Cord Makers 250 ; Runners.
22 Watchmen
412 2
Gamblers ..
3,269
Mulwives 47
! Razor Strop Makers. Heed Makers.
16 White Lead Makers.
51 46
Gas Makers
132
5 Refiners and Assayers. Reporters ..
91 Whitewashers.
262 31
Gatekeepers.
langnists
905 Lithographers.
741 Portrait Painters
37 Turpentine Makers
Type Founders
155
36 Umbrella Makers
374
Fortune Tellers and As- trologists
Potters.
287 Undertakers .. 213
Marble leaders. 66
Professors ..
188 Virtualers 57
Pump Makers
Furnacemen.
1.807 Match Makers
Pursers.
40 Watchmakers and Re- pairers.
Gardeners and Florist .... Gas Fitters and Fixture Makers
250 5 Whip Makers
Gas Meter Makers,
117 : Restaurant Keepers
288 Wine and Liquor Dealers Wire Drawers.
38
Factory Operatives
2.477 Last Makers.
Feather Dressers.
S Janudresses.
Plumbers
958
Tobacconists.
3.744
Ferrymen
6 Lecturers.
3,557 35 Pocket Book Makers
212
Fire Engine Makers
Lighthon -.. Keepers .. 30
Polishers and Burnishers 578
129 10 Porters
3,916
14 Livery Stable Keepers .... Looking Glass Makers ....
66 231 4 1. nanberigen and Dealers 2,933 Mail Agents and Carriers Manufacturers (not spe- cified,
Pot and Pearl Ash Ma- kers
Stevedores Stewards ..
280
Editors
384 Junkshop Keepers.
321
Piano Makers.
1,076
Storekeepers.
Embroiderers
Stove Makers 160
Enaniclers
21S 3 Lace Makers.
61
387 Students 4,184
Dealers not otherwise specified
1.668
Inventors and Patentees Iron Mongers.
44 | Pearl Workers .. Peddlers.
4,131 Starch Makers
Dentists 761
Iron Workers
990
409 Paper Dealers. Paper Hangers
196 Shot Makers.
Cork Cutters ..
45 75
346
Inspectors
295 Patent Leather Makers ...
Custom llouse Officers ... Cutlers
249
Instrument Makers
172 Patent Medicine Makers.
59
Speculators
147
.Confectioners.
Contractors
Ilat and Cap Makers Ilemp Dressers. Horse Dealers llose Makers
102
Overseers and Superin- 475 Shingle Makers. Sextons tendents 217
2.23 1.088 Hosiers 699 Hunters
458 Ship Carpenters, Mast and Spar Makers ..... 3,632
21 Shirt and Collar Makers 434
Importers
20 Shoe Peg Makers. 7
Coppersmiths
Gutta Percha Manulac- turers
3 Nurses. Oenlists
17 Scale Makers
133 Scavengers 41
Cloth Manufacturers not specified. 123
249
1 Sash and Blind Makers .. 1,004 Saw Filers. 45
197
968 Sawyers 3,724
11 Ostlers. 58,441
948 Servants
87 Silk Workers. 81
487 463
30 Pawnbrokers
362 Japanners
26 Surgeons 48
31 269 Telegraph Operators 258
Produce Dealers.
Whalebone Workers
563 Wool Carders and Comb- er8
147 ters ..
Haine Makers.
59
ALBANY COUNTY.
NY COI
THIS was an original county; formed Nov. 1, 1683, and confirmed Oet. 1, 1691.1
Tryon and Charlotte (now Montgomery and Washington) counties were taken off in 1772, Columbia in 1786, Rensselaer and Saratoga in SEAL 1791, a part of Schoharie in 1795, a part of Greenc in 1800, and Sche- neetady in 1809. The Manor of Rensselaerwyck was erected into a dis- triet March 24, 1772, and subdivided into east and west districts soon after the Revolution. The county lies on the west bank of Hudson River, about 150 miles from its mouth, and contains an area of 544 square miles. Its surface is undulating and hilly, and it has a general inclination toward the southeast. A narrow intervale extends along the course of the river, bounded by a series of steep bluffs from 100 to 180 feet high, from the sum- mits of which an undulating and slightly ascending plateau stretches westward to the foot of the Helderberghi2 Hills, where it reaches an elevation of about 400 feet above tide. This range of hills rises from 400 to 800 feet above the plateau, and 800 to 1200 feet above tide. Their declivities are very steep, and sometimes precipitous, on the east, but more gradually sloping upon the west. Several other ranges of hills, inferior to them in height, extend in a general northerly and southerly direction through portions of the county. The highest point is the summit of the Helderberghs, in the northeast corner of the town of Bern, and is 1200 feet above tide. All these ranges of high- lands may be considered as outlying spurs of the Catskills, which, in turn, are but a northerly continuation of the Allegany Mountains, and a part of the great Appalachian system.
The geological formations of this county belong to the Upper Silurian system, and comprise nearly all the rocks of the "New York System," from the Utica slate to the corniferous limestone. Above the rocks, in the eastern part of the county, are thick deposits of drift, consisting of sand, gravel, and clay ; and along the river intervales are rich alluvial deposits. The lowest rock, cropping out on the IIndson, Normans Kil, and Mohawk, is the Utica slate. Next above is the graywacke and shales of the Hudson River group, appearing in the valleys of all the streams that flow into the Hudson, and apparently underlying the entire eastern part of the county. This stone is quarried for building stone and flagging.3 The red rocks that form the base of the Helderberghs evidently belong to the Medina sandstone series, though they have sometimes been confounded with the red shales of the Onondaga salt group. Next above, forming the first terrace of the mountains, is the water-lime group, from 50 to 200 feet in thickness, furnishing both water and quick-lime. Next in order is the pentamerus limestone, 50 feet in thickness, consisting of impure gray and black limestone mixed with slate and shale. Overlying this is the Catskill lime- stone, from 50 to 180 feet in thickness, consisting of thick, compact masses of limestone alternating with thin layers of shale. It is used for building stone and lime. The Oriskany sandstone is next developed, in a strata only 2 feet in thickness, followed by the cauda-galli grit, from 50 to 60 fect in thickness. This last has a fine grit, and resembles black or gray slates, but is easily disintegrated, and crumbles upon exposure to the air. Next in order come the Onondaga and corniferous limestones, the latter erowning the summits of the mountains. These rocks furnish both a superior quality of lime and an excellent building stone. The surface of the castern part of the county is covered with immense beds of elay, gravel, and sand. The highlands west of Albany City arc covered 40 feet deep with sand, which rests upon a bed of clay estimated to be 100 feet deep. In this drift are found small beds of bog ore and numerous chalybeate and sul- phuretted springs. In the limestone regions are numerous caves, sink holes, and subterranean water courses, forming a peculiar and interesting feature of the county.
The principal streams are,-the Hudson River, which forins the eastern boundary ; the Mohawk, which forms a part of the northern boundary; the Patroon Creek, Normans Kil, Vlomans, Coey-
1 The county by these acts embraced " the Manor of Reng- | prise every thing within the colony of New York north and west Belaerwyck, Schenectady, and all the villages, neighborhoods, ! of present hitnits, and at one time the whole of Vermont. wind Christian plantations on the east side of Hudson's River. from Roeloffe JJansen's Creek : and on the west side, from Sawyer's Creek to the ontermost end of Saraghtoga." The Manor of Liv- ingston was annexed to Dutchess co. Muy 27, 1717, And by sub- soynent statutes the county of Albany was also made to com-
2 Signifying " Clear Mountain," from the fine prospect from their summit. 8 Several of the intermediate series of rocks, including the gray sandstone, Clinton, Niagara Falls, and Onondaga salt groups, are not found in the county.
155
156
ALBANY COUNTY.
mans, Haanakrois, and Catskill Creeks, and their branches. Nearly all the streams that flow into the Hudson have worn deep gulleys in the sand and clay. Many of these gorges are 100 feet deep, and extend from one-fourth of a mile to one mile from the river. The streams farther west gene- rally flow through narrow, roeky ravines bordered by steep banks. These streams are mostly very rapid, and subject to extremes of flood and drouth. There are several small lakes among the hills, but none of special importance.
The soil upon the intervales is a deep, rich alluvial loam. In Watervliet, Albany, and the eastern parts of Guilderland and Bethlehem, it consists of almost pure sand, with strips of elay along the banks of the streams. A belt of land lying between the sandy region and the foot of the Helderberghs is principally a elayey and gravelly loam, and very productive. Upon the Helderberghs the soil consists of alternate layers of elay, slatc, and gravel, generally with a sub- soil of tenacious clay ealled "hard-pan." Patches in this region are also stony, and much of it is wet and eold, and only moderately productive. Pitch pinc, oak, and chestnut are the principal kinds of timber that grow upon the sandy region. In the most barren parts thesc trees are mere dwarfs, and the region has mueh the appearance of a desert. In the southeast corner of the county is a limited amount of red cedar. West of the sandy tract are found the usual trees of this northern elimate, including both the deciduous and evergreen.1
In the farming districts the people are principally engaged in raising spring grains, dairying, the raising of stock, and in gardening for the markets of Troy and Albany. The people of Albany, West Troy, and Cohoes are principally engaged in manufactures and commerce.
The city of Albany is the county seat and State capital. The county buildings are commodious, and the county institutions are well organized. The City Hall2 at Albany, ereeted at the joint expense of the city and county, contains the principal eity and county offiees. The Albany County Penitentiary' is a fine building in the western part of the eity. Persons convicted of certain erimes, and senteneed to short terms of imprisonment, are confined herc; and prisoners are re- eeived from Dutehiess, Columbia, Rensselaer, Washington, Saratoga, and Schenectady counties. The county has no poor-house, but contracts with the city for the support of its paupers.
Albany is 145 miles above New York, upon the Hudson. The tide rises about one foot in the river." In low water, navigation is obstructed, except for vessels of light draught, by the " over- slaugh," or bar, near Castleton, and at other points ; and considerable sums have been expended in attempting to deepen the channel, by dredging, and building a long stone dike below Albany.5 The most important works of internal improvement in the county are,-the Erie Canal,6 the New York Central, and the Albany, Vermont, and Canada Railroads, all terminating in the city of Albany. Connected with these lines, and terminating at Greenbush, directly opposite Albany, are the IIudson River, Albany and West Stockbridge,' Harlem, and Troy and Greenbush Railroads. A company has been chartercd to build a R. R. from Albany in a s. w. direction to Binghamton, and the work upon it is now in progress. A pier has been built in the river in front of Albany, for the benefit of navigation.8
Hendrick Hudson is supposed to have ascended the river as far as Albany in 1609. During the next three or four years, several Dutch traders commenced a traffic with the Indians, and small trading houses were built at Manhattan and Albany. In after years these stations were fortified, the one to protect from invasion by sca, and the other against incursions from the French settlements in Canada. The principal military work at Albany (built in 1623) was known as Fort Orange. The station at Albany remained a mere trading post until 1630, when agricultural improvements began. The Dutch West India Co. was formed in 1621. for promoting settlement in " New Nether- lands," as the Dutch possessions in America were then called. In 1629, this company granted to Killian Van Rensselaer, one of the commissioners, (a pcarl merchant of Amsterdam,) a charter conferring upon him privileges similar to those enjoyed by the feudal barons of Europe. Ilis
1 A geological and agricultural survey of Albany co. was made. | in 1:20, by Dr. T. Romeyn Beck, for the Co. Ag. Soc., und was the first enterprise of the kind in the state .- Mem. Bd. Ag., i. 367. 2 Sir page Ico.
6 Th" Erir Canal terminates in a basin at Albany, and com- municites with the Hudson at West Troy. It eresses the Middlesk River. above Cohoes Falls, upon a stone aqueduct. A company has been incorp. for building a ship-canal from: Albany to New Baltimore, a point below the lars which obstript navigation. 7 Leused by the Western ( Mass.) R. R. C .
8 This penitentiary was built in 1845-46, and opened for prisoners in April, 1846. It was organized under the direction of Amos Pilsbury. in 1548. and has since continued under his 8 The pier is built across a curve in the west shore. and ofens direction and that of his son. Imuis D. Pilsbury. It has 300 . into the river at both ends. It is divided for the accommodation cells, and the average number in confinement has been 220. The ; of the undrond ferries, and is 12 miles long. It was formerly closed
convicts are principally employed in the manufacture of cane- Grat clmirs and saddlery hardware. During the first & years the
by locks. The basin inclosed within the pier affords a secure harbot. during winter, for river vessels and canal boats, which total receipts were $115,082, and the total expenditures $104.080. [ otherwise would be exposed to destruction from ice. The pier " The tide rises here Ch. 34 m. behind time of the moon's youthing.
6 & nute Doc. 40, 1857, p. 171.
is owned by an incorporated company.
157
ALBANY COUNTY.
agents1 made large purchases of land lying on both sides of the IIudson, near Albany,2 in 1630-37, at which last date the manor embraced a territory 24 mi. N. and s. and 48 mi. E. and w., including nearly all of the present counties of Albany and Rensselaer.$ By the terms of the grant the charter would be forfeited unless the lands were settled in 7 years by at least 50 persons over 15 years of age. A ship load of emigrants was forwarded in 1630, and others iu each of several suc- ceeding years. The emigrants were furnished with stock, seeds, and farming implements, and the land was leased at an annual rent, payable in grain, beeves, aud wampum, or a share of the products." The proprietor received the title of Patroon, and in him was vested authority in eivil and military affairs subordinate only to the West India Co. and the States General. Ile had his forts, soldiers, eannon, and courts of justice; and, although the laws allowed an appeal from the decisions of the local courts, he required every person who settled within his jurisdiction to pledge himself never to exercise this right. Altercations soon arose between the agents of the patroon and the officers of the garrison at Fort Orange, in regard to the land imincdiately around the fort; and the controversy was not settled until after the English conquest.5 The settlement formed under Van Rensselaer gradually acquired importance as a trading post, and a considerable hamlet was built under the guns of Fort Orange.6 Mills were built on several of the streams, and a church was erected. By the surrender of the colony to the English, in 1664, the personal rights of the colonists were secured, and a new charter was granted to the patroon, restricting his civil power, but confirming the relations existing between landlord and tenant.7 The feudal tenure was finally abolished in 1787.8
The leasehold tenures, from an early period, excited disconteut among the tenants.9 The late patroon, by his indulgence, had secured their regard; and when he dicd, in 1839, the course that would be pursued by his successor became a matter of solicitude. A committee of respectable men, appointed by the tenants to wait upon him and confer upon subjects of mutual interest, were treated with marked coldness and disdain, which quickly led to the organization of armed resist- ance to the enforcement of civil processes in the collection of rent. In Dec. 1839, the excitement was so great in the w. part of the county, that the Governor issued a proclamation, and sent an armed force to assist the civil officers. The people finally dispersed, and no collision eusucd. For many years the anti-rent question greatly excited the public mind in all scetions of the State- where the leasehold tenure prevailed.10 Within a few years, much of the land has been conveyed iu fee to the lessecs; and probably in a few years the whole question will be amicably arranged in this manner.11 There are 17 newspapers and periodicals now published in the county.12
1 Janson Krot and Derick Cornelissen Duyster, commissary | STEPHEN, who had a son (sole heir under the will above men- and under commissary at Fort Orange. tioned,) named
2 The tract first purchased, w. of the Iludson, extended from Beeren (Bear) Island-called hy the Indians " Passapenock" -- up to Sneackx Island, and "of a hreadth of two days' jour- ney."
8 On the 1st of Oct. 1630, a copartnership was formed between Van Rensselaer on the one part, and Saml. Godyn, Johannes de Laet, Samt. Bloemmaert, Adam Bissels, and Toussaint Moussart on the other, by which the latter were constituted co-directors of Rensselaerwyck, and were hound to do homage and fealty to the lord of the manor.
4 The patroon reserved the right to trade with the Indians. For several years this trade was carried on by the settlers, who received goods from the patroon's store, and sent the peltries which they received to be sold by him in Holland. This busi- ness afterwards fell into the hands of local traders.
6 So active did this controversy become. that at one time Gov. Stnyvesant sent an armed force to Albany to support the rights of the company against the proprietor.
6 This place soon became the seat for holding all great councils with the Indian tribes. Among the curious things mentioned in the annals of the "old colonie" is the fact that, during an almost unprecedented freshet in the spring of 1646, a whale 40 feet long came up the river and stranded on an island near the mouth of the Mohawk. Four others stranded the same season, 40 Dutch mi. above New Amsterdam.
7 For a concise view of the changes made hy this charter, see Barnard's Hist. Sketch of Rensselaerwyck, p. 107.
8 The manorial title has descended as follows :-
KILLIAN VAN RENSSELAER, first Patroon, died in 1647, at Amster- dam, leaving the property with his two sons.
JOHANNES and JEREMIAH. Each of these had a son named KILLIAN, the former of whom died withont issue in 1687, leaving the title with
KILLIAN, son of JEREMIAR. Dongan's patent was confirmed to the two cousins Nov. 5, 1655, and all other claimants released to the survivor in 1695; to whom also Queen Anne's patent of confirmation was granted May 20, 1704. He willed the property to his son,
JEREMIAH, and to the male hicirs of his body ; but, dying without iasne, the title passed to his younger brother,
STEPHEN, who died in 1769, leaving the title with
STEPHEN, the late patroon, who was born in 1764, and died In 1839. The entail ended with this person, who, in his will, gave the w. part of the manor to his son, STEPHEN, the present proprietor, and the E. part to his son, WILLIAM P., of New York.
9 The "Quarter Sales," as they were technically called, in which the landlord claimed a part of the purchase money at each transfer of a lease, was particularly obnoxious. In 1850 the Quarter Sales were declared unconstitutional by the Su- preme Court.
10 This movenient led to the adoption of Art. 1, Soc. 14, in the constitution of 1846, prohibiting the lease of agricultural lands for a longer period than 12 years.
11 The relative amount of the land held by lease and in fee in the county is now nearly as follows :- IL Watervliet, nearly all held in fee; in Guilderland. three-fourths; in Bethlehem, Chey- mans, and New Scotland, two-thirds; in Knox, Rensselaerville, and Westerlo, half; and in Beru, one-third,-the remainder being held by lease.
12 The following list is imperfect, hut is supposed to include all the more important newspapers ever published in the Co. We are indebted to Joel Munsell, printer, for assistance, and the use of his immense collection of specimen numbers, in the prepa- ration of this class of statistics.
The Albany Gazette was first issned in Nov. 1771. by Alex. and James Robertson, who joined the loyalist- in N. Y. in 1776. The New York Gazetteer or Northern Intelligencer. in 1782. 1.y Solomon Balantine and Charles R. Webster. In 1754 the name was changed to
The Albany Gazette, and in 1788 a semi-weekly edition was issued. In March. 1817, united with the Albany Daily Advertiser, and took the name of
The Albany Gazette and Daily Advertiser. continued until 1845. The Albany Journal, or Montgomery, Washington, and Colum- bia Intellig weer, semi-w. in winter and w. in summer was started in Jan. 1789, by Chas. R. & Gro. Webster, and published in connection with the Gazette. The Albany Daily Advertiser, Sept. 1815, by Theodore Dwight.
158
ALBANY COUNTY.
In 1817 W. L. Stone united it with the Albany Gazette.
The Albany Register was published by John Barber from 1788 till 180%, and by S. Southwick till 1817.
The Federal Herald, by Claxton & Babcock, brought from Lansingb'ghi in Feb. 1788, and sguin returned thither. The Albany Centinel, semi-w., 1796. In Nov. 1806 changed to The Republican Crisis. Buckns & Whiting and Isane Mitchell were successively publishers.
The Albany Chronicle was commenced in 1797 by John McDo- nald. Joseph Foy and Henry C. Southwick were after- ward its editors. It was discontinued in 1799.
The Guardian, 1807. Van Benthuysen & Wood, 2 years.
The Balance, and New York State Journal, semi-w., 1808-11, Croswell & Frary ; removed from Hudson.
The Albany Republican was started in April. 1812, by Samuel R. Brown .- Romaine succeeded the next year, and after several years it was merged in the Saratoga Patriot. The Stranger, 1813-14, 8vo. John Cook, pub.
The Albany Argus was established as a semi-w., tri-w., and w., Jan. 1, 1813, by Jesse Buel; and d., semi-w., and w. editions were issued in Oct. 1825. Edwin Croswell was many years its publisher. Feb. 15, 1856, merged in The Atlas and Argus, da., semi-w., and w. Comstock & Cassidy, pub.
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