USA > New York > Gazetteer of the State of New York: embracing a comprehensive view of the geography, geology, and general history of the State, and a complete history and description of every county, city, town, village, and locality, Part 1 > Part 85
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NORWAYS-was formed from Herkimer, April 10, 1792. Fairfield was taken off in 1796, Russia, as "Union," and a part of Newport, in 1806, and Ohio in 1823. It lies in the interior of the co., N. of the Mohawk. Its surface is elevated and rolling. It is drained by several small streams, tributaries of West Canada Creek. The soil is sandy in the N. w., and loam and gravelly in the E. and s. Limestone is quarried in several places ; and fossils have been found near White Creek. There is a sulphur spring 1 mi. N. of the village. Norway, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 3 churches, a cheese box factory, tannery, and 30 houses ; Graysville,6 (p. v.,) on the line of Ohio, contains an extensive tanncry and 30 houses.7 The first settlement was made by - Whip- ple and Christopher IIawkins, from R. I., in 1786; but it was soon abandoned.8 The first religious meetings were held by Rev. - Robertson, in 1792.9
OHIO10-was formed from Norway, as "West Brunswick," April 11, 1823. Its name was changed May 3, 1836. A part of Wilmurt was taken off in 1836. It lies in the interior, on the N. border of the settlements. Its surface is moderately hilly, with an elevation of 700 to 900 ft. above the Mohawk. A range of high, steep hills extends through the N. part. It is drained by West Canada and Black Creeks and their tributaries. The soil is a sandy loam, with some elay. A large portion of the town is still a wilderness. Graysville, (p. v.,) on the line of Norway, contains 1 church, a tannery, and 30 houses. Ohio City, (Ohio p. o.,) in the w. part, contains 10 houses. A few scattering settlements were begun before the Revolution, but were broken up during the war.11 Religious services were first held at Ohio City, in 1808.12
RUSSIA13-was formed from Norway, as "Union," April 7, 1806. Its name was changed April 6, 1808. A part of Wilmurt was taken off in 1836. It lies on the w. border of the co., N. of the Mohawk, its N. part extending into the border of the great northern wilderness. Its surface is rolling and moderately hilly, and on the w. descends abruptly to the valley of West Canada Creek. The hills are 800 to 1,000 ft. above the Mohawk. West Canada and Black Creeks flow w. through the N. w. part, the former forming a part of the w. boundary. On it are some extensive lumber works.14 Trenton Falls, upon West Canada Creek, is on the w. border. The soil is sandy
1 Named from Newport, R. I., the former residence of many of the early settlers.
2 A cotton factory was built in 1808, hy Benj. Bowen. The Herkimer Mamifacturing Co. was formed in 1814, with a capital of $40,000. In 1844 V. S. Kinyon became proprietor by pur- chase, and at present gives employment to 80 persons, and turns out 845.000 to $50,000 worth of sheetings annually.
8 Among thie other early settlers were Benj. Bowen, John C. Green, Israel Wakely, and Geo. Feneer, ull from R. 1 .; Dr. Westel Willoughby, and Sherman Wooster, front Conn. Joseph Bense- ley, A. M. Daniele, Geo. Cook, and Wit. Whipple were also carly settlers. The first death was that of Silas Hawkins, in 1793. Abby Justine tanght the first school, in 1795. Win. Wakely kept the first inn, in 1793, and Geo. Cook the first store, the satte year. Benj. Bowen built the first sawmill, in 1793, and the first gristmill, in 1794. The first settlers derived title from parties who had purchased from the conrts of forfeiture.
4 The census reports 7 churches in town; Bap., M. E., Calv. Metlt., Presb., Union, Univ., and R. C.
5 Named from Norway, in Europe. This town is included in the second and third allotments of the Royal Grant.
6 Nanted from Lathan Gray, a resident of the place.
7 LA Dew's tannery, established in 1853, with a capital of $150,000. employs 75 men, and prodnees $150,000 worth of sole leather anmtally. The works are driven by a steam engine of 50 horse power.
8 Jeremiah Potter and his son, Fisher Potter, came in with their families from R. 1. in 1788. Their whole store of provisions to carry them through the first winter was a crop of potatoes and some salt. For meat they depended upon hunting. Thos. Manly settled in 1759. Jolm, Andrew, and Simeou Coe ; Capt. Hinman. from Conti .; John and David Corp, N. Fanning, David Underhill. 5 fatuilies of Braytons, Angell, Lemnel. and P'hihip Potter, Edward Henderson, Fri H. Cook, Henri Tillinghart, | annually.
Abijah Tombling, and Westel Willoughby, were early settlers. I
The first birth was that of a child of Gideon Brayton; and the first death, thut of the wife of E. Hinman. The first school was taught by Jeanette Ilendersou, in 1793. Amos Coe kept the first inn; Thaddeus Scribner & Bro., the first store, in 1793; Capt. llimman built the first sawmill, in 1793; and Carpenter Cole the first gristmill. the same year. Vale & Eddy built a fulling mill. in 1793 .- Benton's Herkimer, p. 450.
9 The census reports 5 churches; Bap., F. W. Bap., M. E., Presb., and Prot. K.
10 Named from the State of Ohio. This town includes the Jerseyfield and a small part of the Remseuburgh Patents.
11 _. Monut settled on Lot 50 of the Jerseyfield Patent some years before the Revolution. During the war, Mr. Mount was attacked by Indians; his two sons were killed, and himself, wife, and daughter fled to Little Falls, a distance of 20 miles. He did not see his wife and daughter after leaving his house until they met at Little Falls,-Benton's Herkimer, p. 455. John Miller settled in 1789-90. - Warner, David Thorp, Aaron Thorp, Harmanus Van Epps, and others, were early settlers. David Thorp kept the first inn, Ephraim Ash the first store, in 1820. - Montt built the first utills, before the war. They were burned at the time, or soon after, he was driven off. The infamous Walter N. Butler was killed about 2 miles above the junction of Black and West Canada Creeks, on or near the line between this town and Russia. Dec. 30, 1781.
12 The census reports 3 churches in town; Evan. Lnth .. Ger- man Meth., And R. C.
13 This town contains a part of the third allotment of the Royal Grant, portions of Jerseyfield, Reisenburgh, and Ma- chin's, and the whole of Lush's, Marvin's, and Jacob's Patents.
14 Hinckley & Ballou have an extensive sawmill, planing mill, blacksmith shop, trip hammer, nud edge tool manufactory, employ 100 men, and turn out work to the amount of $80,000
348
HIERKIMER COUNTY.
loam and clay. Russia, (p. v.,) in the s. part, contains 2 churches and 140 inhabitants ; Gravesville, (p. v., ) in the s. w., a church and 20 houses ; Poland, (p. v.,) near the s. line, a church and 179 inhabitants ; Cold Brook, (p. v.,) in the s. E., a saw set factory, cheese box factory, gristmill, and 218 inhabitants ; Booth, (p. o.,) on Black Creek, a church, grist and saw mill, tannery, and 10 houses. Prospect is a hamlet, and contains - sawmills. The first settlement was commenced in 1792, by Stodard Squires, from Conn.1 The first religious meetings (F. W. Bap.) were held by Rev. Benajah Corp.2
SALISBURY3-was formed from Palatine, (Montgomery co.,) March 3, 1797, and annexed from Montgomery co., April 7, 1817. It lies on the E. border of the co., and extends N. into the great wilderness. Only about one-fourth of its surface is cultivated. It is a broken and moun- tainous upland in the N. and hilly in the s. The principal streams are East Canada Creek, which forms a part of the E. boundary, and Spruce Creek, which flows through the s. w. and s. parts. The soil is a sandy and clayey loam. A bed of iron ore has been worked to some extent on Lot 105, fourth allotment of the Royal Grant. Salisbury Center, (p. v., ) in the s. part, contains 2 churches, a tannery, and 319 inhabitants; Salisbury Corners, (Salisbury p. o.,) in the s. w., 2 churches and 30 houses; Diamond Ilill, 25 houses; Devereaux, 15 houses. Whitesburgh, (p. o.,) on the line of Fulton co., is a hamlet. Settlement was begun before the Revolution, by tenants of Sir Wm. Johnson, who followed his lead during the war, and shared his fate at the hands of the Commissioners of Forfeiture." The census reports 4 churches in town 3
SCHUYLER 6-was formed from Herkimer, April 10, 1792. Trenton was taken off in 1797, Deerfield (Oncida co.) in 1798, and a part of Newport in 1806. A part was annexed from llerki- mer in 1808, and re-annexed to Ilerkimer in 1811. It lies on the w. border of the co., N. of the Mohawk. Its surface is hilly. The Hasenelever Mts. extend through the center, attaining in this town an elevation of 1,000 to 1,200 ft. above tide. A wide intervale extends along the Mohawk, which forms the s. boundary. Its streams are tributaries of the Mohawk and generally flow through narrow ravines. The flats bordering the river are annually overflowed. The soil upon the hills is slaty and gravelly. East Schuyler, (p. v., ) in the s. E., contains 25 houses ; and West Schuyler, (p. v., ) in the s. w .. a church and 25 houses. Settlement was commenced previous to 1775, by several German families." There was a good carriage road in 1757, on the bank of the river, from the crossing, where Utica now stands,8 to the Palatine village, German Flats. There are 2 churches in town ; M. E. and Meth. Prot.
STARK9-was formed from Danube, March 18, 1828. It is the s. E. corner town of the co. Its surface is hilly and broken, with a mean elevation of 500 feet above the Mohawk. The prin- cipal streams are Otsquago and Nowadaga Creeks. Otsquago Creek flows through a narrow valley, bordered by steep banks 150 to 200 ft. high. The soil is generally a sandy loam in the valleys, and sandy and gravelly on the hills. Starkville, (p. v., ) in the N. E. part, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, and 190 inhabitants ; Van Hornesville, (p. v.,) in the s. part, 1 church, a cotton factory, (not in operation, ) a grist and saw mill, and 228 inhabitants. Smiths Corners is a
1 .Jonathan Millington, from Vt., - Smith, Farley Fuller, ran, purchasers under the Commissioners of Forfeiture. to re- Geo. Taylor, Roscum Slocum. - Austin & son. Win. Buck, | ceive from the treasury the part of the purchase money which Jeremiah Smith. Jotham Carpenter. -- Coon, and others. set- they had paid and convey back the lands. tled soon after ; and, in 1794, many others came in. The first mar- 4 John Faville and Cornelius Lamberson settled about 1778. near Burrills Corners; Asa Sheldon and Abijah Ford about 1793. Abial Pratt. Stephen Todd, Jabez Ayers. Jonathan Cole. - Bidwell. Ira Bartholomew. Atwater Cook, Amos Ives. Moses De Witt, - Low. Jonathan Hallet, and others, were early settlers, John Ford was the first child born: Elizabeth Rice taught the first school; Aaron Hackley kept the first inn and store. at Burrill's Corners, ringe was that of Farley Fuller and Minerva Smith, in 1794 : the first death, that of a son of - Allen, and the second. that of Waite Robinson. The first school was tanght by - More- house, at Graves Hollow, and another, about the same time. by Stenned. The first inn was kept by Jotham Carpenter, the first store by - Swinthurn, at Graves Hollow, in 1797. The first sawmill was built in 1797, and the first gristmill by Broj. Hinman, the same year. A cotton factory was built at 5 2 M. E .. Bap., and Union. Poland sonte years since.
2 The census reports 4 churches in town ; M. E., Presh .. Union, and Univ.
6 This town contains the whole of Kast's Patent and parts of Cosby's Manor and Hasenclever's and Walton's Patents.
i Among the carly settlers were families named Kasts. Star. rings, Widvig, Rymour, Lintz. and Bridenbecker, Judge Henri Starring (who is said to have granted the celebrated Yankee
3 Named from Salisbury, Conn., whence many of the carly settlers came. This town inchides part of the Jerseyfield Pa- tent, atel parts of the first. second. and fourth allotments of : pass) formerly resided in this town. A store was kept on Corhy's the Royal Grant. Several of the Indian children of Sir Win. . Manor in 1766. Jelison leel tracts of land assigned to them in this part of the ! 8 In 1757. M. De Belletre, with a body of French and Indians, traversed this road. and burned every house upon it within the town .- Benton's Herkimer, p. 461. Royal Grant,-viz. : Wilbam. 1,000 acres: Brant. 1.000; Anne. 3,000; Ensan. 3,000; Mary. 2.000; George. 3,000; Margaret, 2,000; Magdalen. - , and Elizabeth. -. Of these children, the 9 Named in honor of Gen. Stark, of the Revolution. Parts of Henderson's. L'Hommedieu's, Vaughan's, McNeil' s. J. Vroo- last three were convicted of adhering to the enemy; hurt, no record of conviction existing against the others, acts were ! man's, C. Colden's, Livingston's, and Lansing's Patents are in passed by the Legislature, Feb. 26, 1796, and March 30. 1794, ! this town .-- Benton's Herkimer, p. 453. authorizing Julin Robinson, George Pearson, and James Coch-
349
HERKIMER COUNTY.
hamlet. Small settlements were commenced before 1775, but were broken up during the Revolu- tion.1 The census reports 4 churches in town.2
WARREN3-was formed from German Flats, Feb. 5, 1796. Columbia was taken off in 1812. It lies centrally on the s. border of the co. Its surface is hilly, the highest points being 500 to 800 feet above the Mohawk. The principal stream is Fish Creek, which flows s., and is bordered by steep banks 100 to 200 ft. high. Mud Lake, in the E., and Weavers and Youngs Lakes, in the s., are small bodies of water. The soil is a sandy and clay loam. There are 2 small sulphur springs in town. Jordanville (p. v.) contains 2 churches and 125 inhabitants; Pages Corners (p. v.) a gristmill, sawmill, and 82 inhabitants; Little Lakes,4 (Warren p. o.,) in the s. part, 1 church and 117 inhabitants. Crains Corners is a hamlet. Some settlements were commenced before the Revolution, by Germans from the Upper Valley.5 Elder Phineas Holcomb was the first settled minister in town, about 1793.6
WILMURT-was formed from Russia and "West Brunswick," (now Ohio,) May 3, 1836. This is the largest town in the State, and is one of the least populous. It includes the whole N. part of the co., extending nearly 50 mi. in length, by about 16 mi. in breadth, entirely within the wild primeval forests of Northern New York. Its surface is rocky and mountainous, and the greater part is unfit for cultivation. In the deep valleys among the mountains are numerous beautiful, picturesque lakes, forming one of the finest features of the landscape.8 The soil is a sandy loam. The hills are usually covered with a thin growth of forest trees; but in the valleys only is found soil fit for profitable pasturage. The settlements are confined to thie s. part. There is no p. o., village, store, church, or gristmill in town. The lumber cut in this region is mostly floated down West Canada Creek, and manufactured at Prospect in the town of Russia. An attempt was made to settle the town in 1790, by Arthur Noble, the patentee, and a sawmill was built at that time ; but the project failed. It was again tried in 1793, with no better success. Toward the close of the last century, John Brown, a wealthy capitalist of Providence, R. I., who owned a large tract in this town, made an attempt at settlement; but his project failed. In 1812 his son-in-law, Chas. T. IIarrisoff, made another attempt to settle upon this tract. He built a forge and sawmill, and cleared 2,000 acres ; but, the outlay bringing no return, and his supply of money from the E. being cut off, the project was abandoned, and the colonists returned to their respective homes.9
WINFIELD"-was formed from Litchfield, Richfield, (Otsego co.,) and Plainfield, (Otsego co.,) April 17, 1816. The bounds of the co. were enlarged upon the formation of this town. It is the s. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is moderately hilly, and forms the dividing upland between the Mohawk and Unadilla Valleys, the general elevation being about 500 feet above the Mohawk. A range of hills in the s. E. rises about 200 ft. higher. The E. branch of the Unadilla flows s. through a deep valley in the w. part. Browns Hollow Creek, a branch of the Mohawk, rises on the N. border. Near East Winfield is a sulphur spring; and several limestone quarries are found in different parts of the town. East Winfield (Winfield p. o.) contains 30 houses ; West Winfield (p. v.) 2 churches, the West Winfield Academy, a bank, 2 gristmills, 2 saw-
1 One of these settlements was on Otsqnago Creek, and consisted of the families of John Shull, John Bronner, - Tetherly, and others. Another settlement was commenced at The Kyle, so called .- Benton's Herkimer, p. 463. The families of Walwrath, Adam Young, and others, were early settlers. Abraham Van Ilorne. from X.J., settled in town in 1791, at what is now Van Hornesville. The first German school was taught by - Garner. and the first English school by - Haight. Abraham Van Horne built the first mills, soon after his settlement, and his sons kept the first store.
" Bap., Bap. and Inth., M. E .. and Union.
3 Nained from Gen. Josephi Warren, of the Revolution. This town embraces the principid part of Henderson and Theobald Young's Patents.
4 Called by the Indians Wa-i-on-tha.
5 Andrewstown, in the s. part .- then containing ? families .- was plundered and burned by Brant in July, 1778. A part of the inhabitants were killed, and the remainder carried away captive. Young's settlement at the Lakes was spared by the Indians on account of the tory principles of the proprietor; but the Ameri- cans soto after plundered and burned this place in retaliation. In March. 1792, Samuel Cleland. from Mass,, and his sons Norman, Salmon. Jonas, Martin, and Moses, settled in town. Danforth Abbott. Hugh Panell. Amos Allen, Elder Phineas Holcomb, Rich- ard Schooley Inll. Thomas, James, and Garret Abeel. and - Thayer were curly settlers. Stephen Luddington kept the first Inn, Onthont & Vrooman the first store, and Isaac Freeman built the first gristmill, in 1795.
6 The census reports 6 churches ; 4 M. E., Bap., and Ref. Prot. D.
7 This immense town embraces parts of the Remsenburgh and Vrooman's Patents, Adgate's, Brown's, Nobleborough, Moose River, and Watson's Tracts, and Totten and Crossfield's Pur- chase. Brown's tract, owned by L. R. Lyon and others, embraces 210,000 acres, and extends across the co. into Hamilton and Lewis cos.
8 Nos. 1 to 4 of the Fulton chain of lakes are sources of Moose River : Transparent, Woodhull, Bisby, and Chub Lakes flow into Black River. Several of these lakes are used as reser- voirs for the canal. Upon the shores are large quantities of iron sand, derived from the abrasion of the rocks containing iron ore.
9 Harrisoff continued upon the land until Dec. 19, 1819, when, disappointed at his immense losses and the ntter ruin before him, he committed suicide. It is said that the day before his death he made preparations for going to Providence, and gave particular orders for his men to go ont the next morning after he left and fill up a large hole that had been ing for ore, They went ont to perform their labor ; but one of them went down to see if any tools had been left, and at the bottom he found lar- risoff, who had secreted himself there, intending to be buried. The next day he accomplished his object by a pistol shot.
10 Named from Gen. Winfield Scott. This town comprised within its limits parts of Bayard's, Lispenard's, and Schuyler's Patents.
350
HERKIMER COUNTY.
mills, a clover mill, and tannery. Pop. 381. North Winfield is a p. o. The first settlement was commenced in 1792.1 The census reports 3 churches.2
Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Lice Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Herkimer County.
ACRES OF LAND.
VALUATION OF 1858.
POPULATION.
SCHOOLS.
NAMES OF TOWNS.
Improved.
Unimproved.
Real Estate.
Personal
Property.
Total.
Males.
Females.
No. of Dicellings.
No. of Families.
Freeholders.
Districts.
Children
taught.
Columbia
15,668
5,134}
$303,103
$59,390
362,493
742
889
352
397
304
11
657
Dannbe.
13,719
3,333
402.033
74,567
476,600
987
804
295
296
188
9
671
Fairfield.
18,443}
5,402
584,358
157,523
741,881
746
747
266
265
440
13
470
Fraukfort.
15,5114
5,058
492,357
96,850
589.207
1,639
1,578
658
648
407
14
1,249
German Flats.
14,4064
5,429
488,203
324.940
813,143
1,983
1,872
725
783
506
11
1,340
Herkimer
13,371
4,945}
538,960
151,527
690,487
1,447
1,419
4.47
487
303
12
968
Litchfield.
13,329
4.118
1,115,564
385,338
1,500,902
829
753
298
319
207
10
611
Little Falls.
12,359
3,686
257,106
44,761
301,867
2,424
2,506
726
922
413
10
1,058
Manheim
14,657
2,741
694,744
78,555
773,299
858
814
304
315
207
8
536
Newport.
15,233
4,289}
365,130
105,550
470,680
995
1,020
369
407
283
652
Norway ..
14,6044
5,4772
245,470
66,530
312,000
535
5:24
182
207
150
10
410
Ohio.
6.351₺
14,201
128,225
4,089
132,314
582
505
194
191
185
7
483
Russia.
20,360
14,869
369,052
78,754
447,806
1,175
1,113
424
448
374
17
817
Salisbury
17,2184
47,598
541,594
72,000
613,594
1,204
1,102
448
466
336
14
834
Schnyler.
17,507
4,871
565,741
32,005
597,746
842
848
295
317
196
11
658
Stark
14,187
3,903
286,753
64,697
351,450
744
734
272
303
224
9
483
Warren
17,119₺
5,9544
433,404
194,218
627,622
890
851
335
297
281
11
588
Wilmurt.
705
361,859
273,708
165,410
439,118
180
88
38
42
29
2
73
Winfield.
12,665
2,788
74,624
74,624
691
706
270
286
186
9
629
Total
267,414} 505,657} 8,160,129
2,156,704
10,316.833 19,693 18,873
6.898
7.336 | 5,219 187
13,887
Domestic clothe, in l'ards.
Columbia
706
802
1,801
2,134
893
516
81,013}
4,500
18.572
27,029
79,985
353.309
1,237
Danube.
539
840
1,937
1,224
1,208
3,101
76,929
3,931}
10,794
14,416
62,090
343.125
1.045
Fairfield.
429
723
3,753
621
1,485
94
44,811
6,982
8,609
37,772
76.523
1,238,820
545₺ 1,002}
German Flats.
1,095
1,524
1,105
1,004
5,381
63,435
3,649
12,053
17,687
54,377*
285.500
759
Herkimer
614
703
2,266
862
1,387
3,803
65.234
4.201
10,338
20.626
93.541
379,200
1.366
Litchfield
436
832
1,676
952
930
60
67,191
3,880
18,623
36.411
73,825|
395.679|
340
Little Falls
469
711
2,176
449
1,271
1,596
47,542}
4,939
10,412
17.515
59.270|
587,500!
204
Manbeim.
451
713
3,320
363
1,390
573
44,428
7,234
11,344
15,174
87,533|1,087,200
605
Newport
374
517
2,688
340
1,263
505
49,2274
3,786
12,598
21,256
70,530
829,989
620
Norway.
257
389
2,137
154
652
280
27.5962
3,294}
11,751|
8,635
38,145
549,823
530
Ohio
219
392
500
331
201
92
19,143}
1,149}
11,101
33
30,550
58,220
758
Russia.
525
729
2,326
1,062
821
1,417
73,679
3,978
24.386
17,175
94,651
561,425
1,483
Salisbury.
453
842
1,827
491
734
187
48,8234
5,2834
16.298
9.310
65.219
694.500
1,001
Schuyler.
644
717
2,296
1,009
1,461
2.900
145,510
4.181
18,370
14,224
76,000
585.450
7551
Stark.
603
742
1,540
1,321
919
1,241}
90,309₺
2,841 ₺
7,563
16.586
90,140
140,205
660
Warren
673
872
1,917
2,904
835
109
76,403
5,306
17,009
19,782
83.135
374,299
1,1581
Wilmurt
29
31
46
39
19
50
2,349
87 }
1,021
3,350
700
40
Winfield
331
621
1.564
769
507
246
55,115
4,421
16,025
18,442
54.805
525,210
Total
9,098 13,167 36,653 17,706 18,227 23,454; 1,170,2774 78,2544 257,875 333,901 1,305,377 9,068,519 14,110}
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.
BUSH. OF GRAIN.
DAIRY PRODUCTS.
NAMES OF TOWNS.
Horses.
Working
Oren and
Calves.
Cows.
Sheep.
Swine.
Winter.
Spring.
Tons of Hay.
Bushels of
Potatoes.
Bushels of Apples.
Pounds
Butter.
Pounds
Cheese.
Frankfort
679
893
1,359
1.576
1,247
1,303
94.5362
4,610
21,008
21,828
111,708
78,365
667
LIVE STOCK.
1 Among the early settlers were Jos. Walker, Timothy Walker, Capt. Nathan Brown, Oliver Harwood. Oliver Corbit, Benj. Cole, aud Dea. Gile, from Mass. Abel Brace came in from Conn. in | clothing works, at West Winfield, about 1800. 1793. Josiah Harwood taught the first school, in 1794; Charles 2 M. E., Cong., and Bap. Brace kept the first inn, in 1794; John Dillingham the first
store, in 1796. Joseph Walker built the first saw and grist mill, soon after his settlement: Benj. Harrington built the first
No. of
9
£
JEFFERSON COUNTY.
THIS county was formed from Oneida, March 28, 1805, and ON CO named in honor of Thomas Jefferson. Its bounds have been changed by setting off a portion of Rodman to Lewis eo. in 1809, and by annexing a portion of Lewis eo. to Wilna in 1813. It lies SEAL in the angle formed by the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario, is distant 145 mi. from Albany, and contains 1868 sq. mi. The s. w. part is marshy, but at a short distance from the lake the land rises in gentle undulations, and, farther inland, by abrupt ter- races, to the highest point, in the town of Worth. A plateau, about 1000 feet above the lake, spreads out from the summit, and NY extends into Oswego and Lewis cos. An ancient lake beach, 390 feet above the present level of the lake, may be traced through Ellisburgh, Adams, Watertown, and Rutland. North of the Black River the surface is generally flat or slightly undulating: in the extreme N. E. corner it is broken by low ridges parallel to the St. Lawrence. With the exception of a few isolated hills, no part of this region is as high as the ancieut lake ridge mentioned above.1
The rocks of the co. belong to the primary formation and the lower strata of the N. Y. system. Gneiss is the underlying rock of the E. border in Wilna and Antwerp, of the Thousand Islands and the shore at Alexandria Bay, and of two strips of land extending from the E. border, one toward Theresa Falls, and the other toward Evans Mills. Next above this is a thick deposit of Potsdam sandstone, extending through Wilna, Antwerp, Philadelphia, Theresa, Alexandria, Orleans, and Clayton, the margin of which may be traced along its entire extent by a low mural precipice. The soil upon this rock is thin, and principally derived from drift deposits. The rock itself is almost indestructible, and preserves diluvial seratehes and marks with great distinct- ness. Above this is a thin deposit of ealciferous sandstone, extending through parts of Cape Vincent, Lyme, Clayton, Orleans, and Le Ray. The soil upon this rock is deeper than that upou the Potsdam sandstonc, and is derived principally from disintegration. The Black River limestone overlics this, and forms the surface rock in most of the remaining parts of the co. N. of the river, and in a part of Champion and Rutland, s. Above this is the Trenton limestone, appearing on the lake shore at Cape Vincent and extending in a s. E. direction through Lyme, Brownsville, Watertown, Rutland, and Champion. This rock is of great thickness, and it forms the principal declivities of the plateau in the s. part of the co. About midway in this strata is found the aneient lake ridge before noticed. The caves near Watertown are in the lower strata of this rock. Next above come the Utica slate and Lorraine shales, forming the summit of the irregular table land which covers the s. "peak" of Champion, the s. border of Rutland, the greater part of Rodman, a corner of Adams, the E. part of Ellisburgh, and the whole of Lorraine and Worth. These shales arc easily decomposed, and produce a deep, rich soil. Along the streams that flow from this formation the water has worn deep and often highly picturesque ravines, sometimes miles in length, and almost through the soft and yielding strata. The rounded outline of the slate hills, the abrupt terraces of the limestone, and the sharp, wall like margins of the sand- stone, afford characteristic features to the country underlaid by these several formations. Alluvial deposits uniformly oceur where the streams from the slate flow out upon the limestone ; and drift deposits are scattered promiscuously over the whole co. The most remarkable of these is the " Pine Plains," a sand barren several miles in extent in Wilna and Le Ray. The lake shore in Ellisburgh consists of drifting sand, behind which are marshes. From Stony Point to Cape Vincent the shore is bordered by the level edges of the Trenton limestone; but farther down the river it presents that alternation of rounded ridges of rocks, intervales, and marshes peculiar to the primary formation. The highest point in Worth is about 1200 feet above the lake. The streams arc Black,2 Indian, and Perch Rivers, the two Sandy Creeks, Stony, Catfish, Kent, French, Pleasant, and Black Creeks, and their tributaries. Hungry Bay4 (including Ilenderson,
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