USA > New York > Gazetteer of the State of New York: embracing a comprehensive view of the geography, geology, and general history of the State, and a complete history and description of every county, city, town, village, and locality, Part 1 > Part 6
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The second general division of the river-system of the State includes the basins of the Allegany, Susquehanna, Delaware, and Hudson. The Allegany Basin embraces the southerly half of Chau- tauqua and Cattaraugus cos. and the s. w. corner of Allegany. The Allegany River enters the State from the s. in the s. E. corner of Cattaraugus co., flows in nearly a semicircle, with its out- ward curve toward the N., and flows out of the State in the s. w. part of the same co. It receives several tributaries from the N. and E. These streams mostly flow in deep ravines bordered by steep, rocky hillsides. The watershed between this basin and Lake Erie approaches within a few miles of the lake, and is elevated 800 to 1,000 feet above it.
The Susquehanna Basin occupies about one-third of the s. border of the State. The river takes its rise in Otsego Lake, and, flowing s. w. to the Penn. line, receives Charlotte River from the s. and the Unadilla from the N. After a course of a few miles in Penn. it again enters the State, and flows in a general westerly direction to near the w. border of Tioga co., whence it turns s. and again enters Penn. Its principal tributary from the N. is Chenango River. Tioga River enters the State from Penn. near the E. border of Steuben co., flows N., receives the Canisteo from the w. and the Conhocton from the N. From the mouth of the latter the stream takes the name Chemung River, and flows in a s. E. direction, into the Susquehanna in Penn., a few miles s. of the State line. The upper course of these streams is generally through deep ravines bordered by steep hillsides; but below they are bordered by wide and beautiful intervales.
The Delaware Basin occupies Delaware and Sullivan and portions of several of the adjacent cos. The N. or principal branch of the river rises in the N. E. part of Delaware co. and flows s. w. to near the Penn. line; thence it turns s. E. and forms the boundary of the State to the line of N. J. Its principal branches are the Pepacton and Neversink Rivers. These streams all flow in deep, narrow ravines bordered by steep, rocky hills.
The Basin of the Hudson occupies about two-thirds of the E. border of the State, and a large territory extending into the interior. The remote sources of the Hudson are among the highest peaks of the Adirondacks, more than 4,000 feet above tide. Several of the little lakes which form reservoirs of the Upper Hudson are 2,500 to 3,000 feet above tide. The stream rapidly descends through the narrow defiles into Warren co., where it receives from the E. the outlet of Schroon Lake, and Sacondaga River from the w. Below the mouth of the latter the river turns castward, and breaks through the barrier of the Luzerne Mts. in a series of rapids and falls. At Fort Ed- ward it again turns s. and flows with a rapid current, frequently interrupted by falls, to Troy, 160 miles from the ocean. At this place the river falls into an estuary, where its current is affected by the tide; and from this place to its mouth it is a broad, deep, sluggish stream. About 60 miles from its mouth the Hudson breaks through the rocky barrier of The Highlands, form- ing the most easterly of the Appalachian Mt. Ranges; and along its lower course it is bordered on the w. by a nearly perpendicular wall of basaltie rock 300 to 500 feet high, known as " The Pal- isades." Above Troy the Hudson receives Iloosick River from the E. and the Mohawk from the w. The former stream rises in Western Mass. and Vt., and the latter near the center of the State.
dissevered edges of the strata exactly correspond. showing that | water from the x.,-the direction being determined by the cha- the intermediate portions have been torn away. The force that | racter of the bonklers upon the hills, and by the peculiar nature effected these immense changes was probably great currents of | of the drift deposits.
22
NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER.
At Little Falls and "The Noses" the Mohawk breaks through mountain barriers in a deep, rocky ravine; and at Cohoes, about 1 mile from its mouth, it flows down a perpendicular precipice of 70 feet, forming an excellent water-power. Below Troy the tributaries of the Iludsou are all com- paratively small streams. South of the Highlands the river spreads out into a wide expanse known as "Tappan Bay." A few small streams upon the extreme E. border of the State flow eastward into the Housatonic; and several small branches of Passaie River rise in the s. part of Roekland co.
Lake Erie forms a portion of the w. boundary of the State. It is 240 miles long, with an average width of 38 miles, and it lies mostly w. of the bounds of the State. It is 334 feet above Lake On- tario, 565 feet above tide, and has an average depth of 120 feet. The greatest depthi ever obtained by soundings is 270 feet. The harbors upon the lake are Buffalo, Silver Creek, Dunkirk, and Barcelona.
Niagara River, forming the outlet of Lake Erie, is 34 miles long, and, on an average, more than a mile wide.1 About 20 miles below Lake Erie the rapids commence; and 2 miles further below are Niagara Falls.2 For 7 miles below the falls the river has a rapid course between perpendicular, roeky banks, 200 to 300 feet high; but below it emerges from the Highlands and flows 7 miles to Lake Ontario in a broad, deep, and majestic current.
Lake Ontario forms a part of the N. boundary to the w. half of the State. Its greatest length is 130 miles and its greatest width 55 miles. It is 232 feet above tide, and its greatest deptli is 600 feet. Its principal harbors on the American shore are Lewiston, Youngston, Port Genesce, Sodus and Little Sodus Bays, Oswego, Sackets Harbor, and Cape Vincent. St. Lawrence River forms the outlet of the lake and the N. boundary of the State to the E. line of St. Lawrence co. It is a broad, deep river, flowing with a strong yet sluggish eurrent until it passes the limits of this State. In the upper part of its course it ineloses a great number of small islands, known as "The Thousand Islands."3
The surfaces of the great lakes are subject to variations of level,-probably due to prevailing winds, unequal amounts of rain, and evaporation. The greatest difference known in Lake Erie is 7 fect, and in Lake Ontario 42 feet. The time of these variations is irregular; and the interval between the extremes often extends through several years. A sudden rise and fall, of several feet, has been noticed upon Lake Ontario at rare intervals, produced by some unknown cause.
Navigable Waters .- The natural internal navigation of the State is very extensive. Before the commencement of internal improvements, the rivers and lakes formed the most easy means of communication between distant portions of the State; and along these natural channels of commerce the early settlements were principally made." The most important lines of early
1 TABLE Of the heights above tide of the principal lakes in the State.
NAME OF LAKE.
LOCATION.
FEET.
Avalanche Lake.
Essex
co
2.900
Lake Colden
66
2,851
"
Henderson.
1,936
Sandford
1,826
Eckford
Ilamilton
~1.791
Fulton Lakes, (6, 7, and 8) .. Racket Lake
66
1.776
Tonawanda Creek, boatable 30 mi. from its month.
Niagara River, navigable for vessels of any size from Buffalo to Schlosser, at the head of the Rapids,-a distance of 22 mi .; also from Lewiston to Lake Ontario, a distance of 7 mi.
Oak Orchard Creek, boatable 4 mi. from its mouth.
Fulton Lakes, (3, 4, and 5) ..
Herkimer
1,645
Genesee River, to Carthage Landing, a distance of 5 mi .; and from Rochester to Mt. Morris for boats.
Cranberry Lake.
St. Lawrence "
1,570
Upper Saranac Lake.
Franklin
1,567
Tupperd Rich
Essex
1,545
Lower Saranac
Franklin
1,527
Lake Pleasant
Hamilton
"
1,500
Chautauqua Lake
Chautauqua
1,291
Tully
Onondaga
1,200
Schuyler
66
4
1,193
Cazenovia
Madison
900
Skaneateles
Onondaga
860
Crooked
Yates
718
Owasco
¥
Cayuga
670
Canandaigua
Ontario
668
Seneca
447
Cayuga
387
Oneida
369
Onondaga
Onondaga co.
361
Lake Fric
George
Ontario.
232
Champlain ..
93
2 For a more full description of Niagara Falls, see page 450. 8 The river scenery upon the St. Lawrence is unsurpassed. The water is perfectly pure and nearly transparent. In consequence of its being fed by the great lake reservoirs, it is uever subject to sudden rises, but steadily pursues its majestic way to the ocean, unaffected by the changes of the seasons or other causes. 4 The navigable waters N. of the great watershed before the completion of the Erie Canal were as follows :-
Cattaraugus Creek, about 1 mi. from its mouth.
Buffalo Creek, boatable 8 mi. from Lake Erie.
Forked
1,704
Newcomb Lake.
Fasex
1,698
Cattaraugus Lake
Cattaraugus
1,665
Long Lake.
=
66
1,545
Oneida Outlet and Lake were navigal le for bateaux, and for inany years constituted a portion of the great thoroughfare between the E. and w.
Seneca River was boatable to Cayuga Lake, and to Seneca Lake with one portage at Seneca Falls; Clyde River was boatable to Lyons.
The Interior Lakes, including Seneca, Cayuga, Canandaigua, Onondaga, Owasco, Skaneateles, Crooked, Chautauqua, and Otsego, are all navigable. Steamers have plied upon each of them.
Fish Creek was navigable to Rome with canoes. A portage of less than 1 ini. intervened between this stream and the Mo- hawk River.
Salmon River was navigable to Port Ontario.
Salmon Creek was navigable ou each branch, for small vessels, abont 1 mi. from the lake.
Black Rirer was navigable for large vessels from the lako to Dexter, a distance of 6 ini., and for boats and small steamers from Carthage to Lyons Falls, a distance of 43 mi.
Lake Ontario, with all its bays and inlets, is navigable for ves sela of all sizes.
Otsego
"
1.200
Otsego
1,745
66
1,575
Oswego River was navigated with great difficulty by bateaux, with a portage at Oswego Falls, now Fulton.
23
TOPOGRAPHY.
inland navigation were, first, N. from Albany, through the Hudson to Fort Edward, thenee a portage to Fort Ann, and thenee by Wood Creek to Lake Champlain; and, second, w. from Albany, by way of the Mohawk, Wood Creek, Oneida Lake, and Oswego River, to Lake Ontario. Upon the latter route were portages at several of the rifts of the Mohawk, from the Mohawk to Wood Creek, and at Oswego Falls.
Tides .- The tides at New York Harbor and along the coast have been carefully observed, under the direction of the Coast Survey. The tidal wave from the Sound, as it moves forward in a wedge-shaped channel, becomes augmented, whilst that from Sandy Hook is slightly dimin- ished. These two waves meet in East River, at points between Hell Gate and Throggs Neek.1
Cranberry and French Creeks were boatable about 2 mi. from their mouths.
Indian River and Black Lake were navigable from Rossie to the foot of the lake.
Oswegatchie River is navigable in high water for rafts from Ox Bow to Ogdensburgh.
Racket River was formerly boatable about 18 mi. from its mouth, but the navigation is now destroyed by dams. In the wil- derness near the headwaters of this river are several miles of slack water navigation.
St. Regis River is navigable for steamboats 2 mi. from its mouth. Sulmim River, navigable to Fort Covington.
St. Lawrence River is navigable for vessels of any size from the lake to Ogdensburgh. Below that point rafts, arks, and boats could descend, but could ascend only by towing with horses and cattle up the principal rifts. Locks and canals have been constructed around the Rapids by the Canadian Government, so that the navigation for steamboats, sloops, and schooners is now uninterrupted from Lake Ontario to the ocean.
Wood Creek was boatable from Fort Ann to Lake Champlain. Lake George is navigable for boats and steamers.
Lake Champlain is navigable for all kinds of vessels. Rafts were formerly sent down to the St. Lawrence; but vessels could not ascend the Richlieu until after the construction of a canal and locks around the Rapids.
Chazy River is navigable to Champlain Landing.
The navigable waters s. of the great watershed were as follows: Allegany Rirer, in high water, is navigable for small steamers up to Olean.
Connemango Creek and several of ity tributaries are navigable for rafts in high water.
Susquehanna River was navigable for boats, in high water, to Otsego Lake.
Unadilla River was also boatable for a considerable distance. Chenango River aud several of its tributaries were boatable in high water.
Chemung River was boatable and navigable for rafts in high water.
Cimhocton River was boatable to Bath.
Tioga River and the Cunisteo were also boatable a considerable distance.
Delaware River is navigable for rafts in high water. Immense quantities of lumber have been floated down the Delaware and Susquebanna to the markets of Philadelphia and Balti- more.
Hudson River is navigable for ships to Hudson, and by sloops and steamers to Troy. Boats formerly ascended to Fort Ed- ward, with portages around the Falls.
Rondout and Wappinger Creek's are navigable each about 2 mi. from their mouths.
Mohawk River was boatable from Schenectady to " Fort Stan- wir," now Rome, with several interruptions. The principal obstructions were the "Six Flats Rift," 6 mi. above Sebe- nectady; " Fort Hunter Rift;" "Cangbnawaga Rift," at Canajoharie; "Ehles Rift," near Fort Plain; "Kneisherns Rift," near the Upper Indian Castle; and the " Little Falls," which was a complete bar to upward navigation and re- quired a portage around it.
Sacondaga River is navigable for small steamers from IIadley to Northampton,-a distance of 20 mi. In and around New York and Long Island the bays, creeks, and inlets are nearly all navigable in high tide.
Peconic River is navigable to Riverhead.
Byram River is navigable to Port Chester.
Bronx River is navigable to West Farhis, a distance of 3 mi.
Harlem River can be navigated by small craft from East River to Iligh Bridgo.
1 TIDE TABLES.
The following table, prepared by A. D. Bache, Superintendent of the Coast Survey, shows tho progress of the tidal wave up the Hudson. The time is that after the last preceding transit of the moon across the meridian at Sandy Hook. The plane of reference is mean low tide.
Sandy Hook.
Governors Island.
Dobba Ferry.
Verplanks Point.
West Point.
Poughkeepsic.
Tivoli.
Stuyvesant.
Castleton
Greenbush.
Time after last preceding transit at S. H. Riseof highest tide above plane of reference. Fall of lowest tide below "
7.1 ft.
6.1 ft.
5.0 ft.
4.7 ft.
H. M. 11.5 4.9 ft. 0.8
H. M. 13.0 5.6 ft. 1.1
H. M. 13.50 6.4 ft.
H. M. 15.41
H. M. 16.5-1 4.9 ft. 0.8
6.4 ft. 1.7
Fall of mean low water of spring tides below plane of reference ..
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.2
0.3
0.4
Height of mean low water of neap tides alive plane of reference.
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.4 3.24
0.4 3.95
0.3 3.67
0.3
0.4
Mean rise and fall of tides, :
5.6
5.1
4.5
3.8
3.4
4.0
4.8
4.3
3.3
3.2
4.0
3.4
2.7
2.5
2.0
2.4
3.0
2.8
1.8
1.1
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
B. M.
H. M.
H. M.
Mean duration, reckoning from ( of rise ... the middle of one stand < of fall .. to the middle of the next. ( of stand.
6.10
6.0
6.5
5.25
5.28
5.41
5.40
5.18
5.1
4.26
6.15
6.25
6.18
7.12
7.10
6.44
6.54
7.02
7.23
S.4
Tide table for the shores of Long Island und adjacent places in New York. Time after moon's transit and plane of reference as above.
Montauk Point.
Little Gull Island.
Oyster Bay.
Sands Point.
New Rochelle.
Throggs Neck.
Ir. M.
H. M.
H. M. 11.7
H. M. 11.13
H. M. 11,22
H. M. 11.20
transit and time of high water. \ Diff. between greatest and least interval. (Spring tiles.
1.11
1.7
0.51
0.31
0.32
0.39 9.2 ft.
Rise and fall.
Neap tides
1.8
2.9
5.4
8.9 ft. 6.4 7.7
8.6 ft. 6.6 7.6
7.3
B. M.
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
11. M.
6.7
6.1
6.8
5.55
5.51
5.50
Ebb tide
6.7
6.21
6.24
6.30
6.35
6.33
( Stand
0.31
0.37
0.14
0.12
0.43
H. M. 7.29
H. M.
H. M.
8.14
9.24
H. M. 10.10
H. M. 17.45
1.4
2.2
0.9
0.8
1.5
6.0 ft. 1.6
2.66
2.46
4.8
4.3
3.59
3.12
2.71
h " spring tides.
" " neap tides.
0.21
0.28
luterval between time of moon's [ Mean interval
8,20
2.4 ft.
2.3 ft.
9.2 ft.
Mean.
1.9
2.5
7.3
6.1.
Mean duration.
( Flood tide.
Report of Coast Survey, 1856, p. 122.
GEOLOGY.
OUR knowledge of the geology of the State is derived from the survey made under State authority from 1836 to 1843, and from the investigations of several cminent geologists who have examined particular localities.1
Rocks .- The geological formations of the State include the igneous or primary rocks, and all the strata lying between them and the coal measures of Penn. The classification adopted by the State geologists, embracing all the rocks above the primary, is known as the "New York system," the rocks being identical with the Silurian and Devonian system of the English geologists. The igneous or primary rocks, including granite, gneiss, and other varieties destitute of organic remains, occupy the greater part of the mountainous region in the N. E. part of the State, the Highlands upon the Hudson, and a considerable portion of the country below, including Man- hattan Island. A portion of these rocks are imperfectly stratificd, and are generally found in broken and disrupted masses with the strata highly inclined. The remaining portions of the State are occupied by scries of stratificd rocks, generally extending E. and w. and varying in thickness from a few inches to several hundred feet. The strata overlie each other, and have a slight dip toward the s., so that a person in traveling from the N. border of the State to the Penn. linc would successively pass over the exposed edges of the whole series. Toward the E. these strata all arc bent, and appear to be arranged around the primitive region in the same order in which they lie elsewhere. The highest of the series of rocks found in the State forms the floor of the coal measures; so that it is perfectly futile to search for coal within the limits of the State. The rocks are distinguished by their color, quality, and situation, and by the fossils which they contain. In many instances a stratum disappears entirely, and in others strata of several hundred feet in thickness in one place are but a few fcet thick in another. In places where many strata are wanting and two rocks usually widely separated are found in contact, the geologist is obliged to depend entirely upon the fossils which they contain to determine their classification.2
1 In 1799, Dr. Samuel L. Mitchill, under the auspices of tho | 1854,-Vol. I, Soils and Climate; Vol. II, Analysis and Results "Society for Promoting Agriculture, Arts, and Manufactures," of Experiments; Vols. Ill and 1V, Fruits ; Vol. V, Insects. The Paleontological Department was assigned to T. A. Conrad, in 1837. 1Ic resigned iu 1843, and was succeeded by Prof. Jas. Hall. The Report, to consist of 5 vols., is in process of publica- tion. Two vols. are already issued ; and the third is in press. A geological map, accompanying the Reports, is issued with this work. published an essay upon the rocks in the State. While the Erie Canal was in process of construction, Stephen Van Rensselaer employed Prof. Amos Eaton to prepare an account of the rocks along the canal route. This was publisbed in 1824. Prof. Eaton's work was one of great merit; and to him we are indebted for the first accurate knowledge ever obtained of the general system of rocks in the State.
On the 15th of April, 1836, an act was passed anthorizing a geological survey of the State. The State was divided into four districts, to each of which were appointed a geologist and an assistant. A zoologist, botanist, mineralogist, and paleontologist were appointed for the whole State.
The First District included the counties of Albany, Columbia, Delawaro, Dutchess, Oreene, Kings, New York, Orange, Putnam, Queens, Rensselaer, Richmond, Rockland, Saratoga, Schenectady, Schoharie, Suffolk, Sullivan, Ulster, Washington, and West- chester. Wm. W. Mather was appointed Principal Geologist, and Caleb Briggs, J. Lang Cassels, and - Seymour, Assistants. The Report, in 1 vol. 4to, was published in 1843.
The Second District, consisting of the counties of Clinton, Es- sex, Franklin, Jefferson, St. Lawrence, and Warren, was placed under the charge of Dr. Ebenezer Emmons. Principal, and Jas. Hall and E. Emmons, jr., Assistants. The Report, iu 1 vol., was published in 1842.
The Third District, consisting of the counties of Broome, Cayuga. Chenango, Cortland, Fulton, Herkimer, Lewis, Madison, Montgomery, Oneida, Ouondaga, Oswego, Otsego, Tioga, and the E. half of Tompkins, was placed under chargo of Lardner Van Uxeut, l'rincipal, and Jas. Eights and E. S. Can, Assistants. The Report. in 1 vol., was published in 1842.
The Fourth District, consisting of the counties of Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Chemung, Erie, Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Magara, Ontario, Orleans. Seneca, Steuben, the w. half of Tompkins, Wayne, Wyoming, and Yates, was assigned to Jas. Hall, Principal, and J. W. Boyd and E. N. Horsford, Assistants. The Report was published in 1 vol. in 1843.
The Mineralogical Department was assigned to Dr. Lewis C. Beck. Principal, and Wm. Horton and L. D. Gale, Assistants. The Report, in 1 vol., was published in 1842.
The Zoological Department was assigned to Dr. Jas. E. De Kay, Principal, and John W. Hill, Draftsman. The Report. in 5 vols., was published in 1842-43 :- Vol. I. Mammalia, with General In- troduction by Gov. Seward ; Vol. II, Ornithology ; Vols. 111 and IV, Reptiles and Fishes: Vol. V, Mollusca and Crustacea.
The Botanical Department was assigned to Dr. John Torry. The Report, in 2 vols., was published in 1843.
The Agricultural Department was assigned to Dr. Ebenezer Emmons. The Report, in 5 vols., was published from 1846 to
2 The following is the classification of the New York system, with the position which the different strata occupy in the classi- fication of English geologists. The order of the arraugemeut is from below upward :- Primitive or Igneous Rocks.
Taconic System.
LOWER SILURIAN.
Potsdam Saudstone.
Calciferous Sandstoue.
Chazy Limestone.
Birdseye Limestone.
Black River Limestone.
Trenton Limestone.
Utica Elate.
lludson River Group, Lorraine Shales.
Oneida Conglomerate, Shawangunk Grit.
Medina Sandstone.
Clinton Gronp.
Niagara Group, Coraline Limestone in the east.
( Red Shales. Onondaga Salt Group. < Green Sbales. (Gypsum.
Waterlime Group.
Pentamerus Limestone.
Delthyris Shaly Limestone.
Upper l'entamerus Limestone.
Oriskany Sandstone,
Canda Galli Grit.
Schoharie Grit.
Onondaga Limestone.
Corniferons Limestone.
Marcellus Shales.
Indlowville Sbales.
Hamilton Group. < Encrinal Limestone.
Moscow Shales.
Tully Limestone, Genesee Slate.
Coshaqua Shales.
Portage Group. Gardean Flag Stones.
Portage Sandstone
Chemung Group.
Old Red Sandstone.
Conglomerate of the Coal Measures.
UPPER SILURIAN.
NEW YORK SYSTEM.
DEVONIAN.
24
25
GEOLOGY.
The Catskill Mts. are composed principally of Old Red Sandstone ; and the tops of some of the higher peaks are covered with the conglomerate of the coal measures. New Red Sandstone ig found in a few localities along the Hudson, below the Highlands. Trap, a rock of volcanic origin, forms the Palisades upon the Hudson; and trap dikes are common in the primitive region of the N. Tertiary clay, in deep strata, extends along the valleys of Lake Champlain and St. Law- rence River. Drift, including loose deposits of boulders, gravel, sand, and elay, is found in most parts of the State, in some places covering the rocks beneath to the depth of several hundred feet. The character of this drift, the peculiar forms which it has assumed, and the position which it occupies, all give evidence of some great general moving power which existed after the stratified rocks were lifted from their original beds, and ages before the present order of things was instituted.
Within more recent periods, considerable changes have been wrought by the action of present streams of water and the wasting agencies of the atmosphere and frost. From these arc derived marl, alluvium, and the greater part of the soils. The thickness of the rock strata is generally determined by its outcrop along the ravines of the streams, and by Artesian wells, which have been sunk to a great depth in different parts of the State.1
Metallic Minerals .- The principal metals in the State are iron and lead, the former only of which is found in sufficient quantity and purity to render its manufacture profitable. Iron ore is found in three distinct varieties, viz., magnetic oxide or magnetite, specular oxide or red hematite, and hydrous peroxide or limonite. Magnetic ore is widely diffused throughout the primitive region. It is usually found in beds between the rock strata, parallel to the mountain ranges ; and sometimes it is blended with the rock. The beds in many places are immense in extent, and the ore is 75 to 95 per cent. pure iron.2 Specular iron ore is found in narrow beds between the igneous and sedimentary rocks. It is principally found in St. Lawrence and Jeffer- son cos.3 A variety of this ore, known as argillaceous iron ore or clay ironstone, is associated with the lower strata of the Clinton group, extending from Herkimer to Monroe co. It is found in beds 2} feet thick and about 20 feet apart, and its general form is that of flattened grains. Limonite is found also associated with the igneous rocks and in various other localities. It is usually in the form of shot or bog ore, or yellow ocher. It is wrought to a considerable extent in Richmond, Orange, Putnam, Dutchess, Columbia, Washington, Franklin, St. Lawrence, Jefferson, and Lewis cos. Bog ore is probably found, to a greater or less extent, in every co. in the State. The iron made from it is usually tough and soft.4
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