USA > Pennsylvania > A gazetteer of the state of Pennsylvania : a part first, contains a general description of the state, its situation and extent, general geological construction, canals, and rail-roads, bridges, revenue, expenditures, public debt, &c. &c. ; part second, embraces ample descriptions of its counties, towns, cities, villages, mountains, lakes, rivers, creeks, &c. alphabetically arranged > Part 48
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London Grove, t-ship, Chester co. bounded N. by West Marlborough, and E. by East Marlborough and New Garden, S. by New London t- ship, and W. by Penn. and London- derry t-ships. Central distance from Phila. about 34 miles S. W .; length 6 miles, breadth 4; area, 12,433 acres; surface, rolling ; soil, limestone and loam. Pop. in 1830, 1150; taxables in 1828, 132. It is drained by White Clay creek, and its central and east- ern branches. The Wilmington and Lancaster turnpike road, crosses it di- agonally,on which lies Chatham, a p-t. N. of the centre of the t-ship. Anoth- er post office is established in the N.
W. angle of the t-ship, on the same road, called London Grove post office, distant 97 miles N. from W. C., and 68 from Harrisburg.
Londonderry, t-ship, Chester co. bounded N. by Lower Fallowfield, S. by Penn., E. by West Marlborough and London Grove, and W. by Upper Oxford t-ships. Central distance from Phila. S. W. 35 miles, and from West Chester 14 miles ; length 5 miles, breadth 3} miles; area, 7200 acres; surface, level; soil, sandy loam. Pop. in 1830, 605 ; taxables 132. It is drain- ed by Doe run, a tributary of the W. branch of the Brandywine, and by the sources of Elk and White Clay creeks. The Wilmington and Lancaster turn- pike road crosses it diagonally. There are two churches in the t-ship.
London, New, t-ship, Chester co. bounded N. by Penn. and London Grove t-ships, E. by New Garden and London Britain, S. by the state of Maryland, and W. by East Notting- ham t-ships. Central distance from Phila. 36 miles S. W., and from West Chester 18 miles ; length 61, breadth 5ª miles; area 13,860 acres ; surface, gentle declivity ; soil, sandy loam. Pop. in 1830, 1591; taxables 279. Elk creek bounds it on the west, and White Clay creek flows E. through it. There are two churches and one forge in the t-ship, and the post town and village of New London cross roads lies in the N. W. angle.
Londonderry, t-ship, Lebanon co. bounded N. by East Hanover, N. E. by Annville, E. by Lebanon t-ships, S. by Lancaster co., and W. by Dau- phin co. Centrally distant S. W. from the borough of Lebanon 8 miles ; greatest length 10, breadth 6 miles ; area 25,600 acres. The N. and S. parts of the t-ship, are somewhat hilly, the middle level ; soil, partly limestone, partly gravel. Pop. in 1830, 1874 ; taxables 298. The Swatara creek runs on the N. boundary, & receives the Quitapahilla. From the S. E. Klingers run, a tributary of the latter, flows northwardly into it. The Cone- wago creek flows westwardly through
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the t-ship, N. of the Conewago hills, on which is Colebrook furnace. The Downingstown, Ephrata and Harrisburg turnpike, and the Reading and Harrisburg turnpike cross it. On the first is the post village of Cam- bellstown, & and on the second the p- v. of Palmyra.
Londonderry, t-ship, Dauphin co. bounded N. by Hanover t-ship, E. by Lebanon co., S. by Lancaster co. and W. by Derry t-ship. Centrally distant from Harrisburg 14 miles ; greatest length 9, breadth 3} miles ; area, 15,500 acres; surface, some- what hilly ; soil, limestone and gravel. Pop. in 1830, 1822; taxables, 323. The Swatara courses the N. boundary and receives from the t-ship Spring cr. on which there are several mills & a forge & a branch of the Conewago cr. drains it on the S. The Harrisburg and Ephrata turnpike, and the Har- risburg and Reading turnpike roads cross it from E. to W. There is a Lutheran church, pretty centrally sit- uated near the E. boundary line.
Londonderry, t-ship, Bedford co. bounded N. by Napier t-ship, E. by Cumberland valley, S. by the state of Maryland and W. by Somerset co. Centrally distant from Bedford bor. S. W. 16 miles; greatest length 16}, breadth 72 miles ; area, 43,520 acres ; surface, mountainous ; soil, slate. Pop. in 1830, 726 ; taxables, 135. Will's mountain lies on the E., and Little Allegheny mountain on the W. The intervening valley is drained by Will's creek, the N. branch of which rises at its N. end and flows S. to the main creek, which runs to the Potomac, in the state of Maryland, at the town of Cumberland. Milliken's cove, form- ed by Buffalo ridge and Will's moun- tain, is partly in this t-ship, and part- ly in Napier.
London, New, cross roads, p-t. Ches- ter co. New London t-ship, at the in- tersection of the roads from Newport and Kennet's square, 37 miles S. W. from Phila. 18 from West Chester, 93 from W. C. and 68 from Harrisburg, contains 9 or 10 dwellings, an acade-
my, a Presbyterian church, 2 stores, 2 taverns, &c.
Long Pond creek, Tobyhanna t-ship, Northampton co. a tributary of the Tobyhanna creek. It takes its name from the small lake or pond in which it has its source.
Long run, Manheim t-ship, Schuyl- kill co. a tributary of the Schuylkill r. which flows into it on the W. side, opposite to the t. of Schuylkill Haven.
Longswamp, post t-ship, Berks co. bounded N. E. by Lehigh co., S. E. by Hereford t-ship, S. by District, S. W. by Rockland, and N. W. by Max- atawny t-ships. Extreme length 5, breadth 41 ms. ; area, 13,500 acres; surface hilly ; soil, limestone and gra- vel, pretty well cultivated. Pop. in 1810, 998; in 1820, 1371; in 1830, 1702. Taxables in 1828, 297. The p-o. having the name of the t-ship, is 162 ms. from W. C. and 71 from Har- risburg. The t-ship is watered prin- cipally by the sources of the Little Lehigh r. and by a creek which rises in the t-ship, and flowing about 4 ms. is lost in a limestone fissure. Mertz. town is situated near its northern cor- ner, and contains about a dozen houses, 1 tavern and store, and a church com. mon to the Presbyterians and Luther- ans. Trexler's furnace is near the southern boundary.
Long Pine creek and valley, Lower Mahantango t-ship, Schuylkill county, runs westerly between the ridges of Mahantango and the Broad mtns. It rises in Barry t-ship, and by a devious course of about 20 ms. unites with the Mahantango cr. at Klingerstown, and at the point of junction of Northum- berland, Dauphin and Schuylkill cos.
Long mountain, Mifflin t-ship, Co- lumbia co. rises near the W. border of the t-ship, and extends N. E. into Luzerne co. to Nescopeck cr. Length about 10 ms.
Loon lake, a small sheet of water on the line dividing Nescopeck and New. port t-ships, Luzerne co. which sends forth a tributary to Little Wapwallo- pen cr.
Lorretta, p.t. of Allegheny t-ship,
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Cambria co. on the Allegheny mtn. about 6 ms. N. E. of Ebensburg, and 3 N. of Munster, 184 N. W. from W. C. and 137 from Harrisburg, contains 15 dwellings, 1 store, 1 tavern, and about 80 inhabitants.
Lost creek, Fermanagh t-ship, Mif- flin co. rises in the t-ship by several branches, and flows into the Juniata r. about 2 ms. above the t. of Mifflin.
Lottsville, p-t. of Warren co. Sugar Grove t-ship, on the right bank of the Little Broken Straw creek, 18 ms. N. W. of Warren borough, 332 from W. C. and 259 from Harrisburg, contains several dwellings, some mills, a store and tavern. It is named after the founder, Hewit Lott.
Lowhill, t-ship, Lehigh co. bounded N. by Heidelberg, E. by North White- hall, S. by Macungy, W. by Weis- senberg t-ships. Greatest length 4} miles, greatest breadth 3; area, 7040 acres. It shape is that of an obtuse wedge. It is watered by Linn, Wil- low, and Crowner's runs, and by the Jordan creek, into which they empty. A Lutheran church is situated in the S. W. angle, near the t-ship line. The centre of the t-ship is about 10 miles from Allen, N. of W. ; surface hilly ; soil, white gravel. Pop. in 1830, 808, taxables in 1828, 143 ; value of taxa- ble property in 1829, real est. $135, 132 ; personal est. $7,350; rate of levy 13 cts. on the $100. There is a p-o. called after the t-ship, distant N. E. from W. C. 182 ms. and 82 from Harrisburg. The t-ship contains 5 grist mills, 3 saw mills, 2 oil mills, 2 clover mills, 3 stores, 5 taverns and 3 schools.
Lowrytown, Northampton co. Lau- sanne t-ship, at the head of the impro- ved descending navigation of the Le- high, 15 ms. above Mauch Chunk, in the centre of immense forests of pine timber. Here the Lehigh coal and navigation company have 4 saw mills, a grist mill, a store, and a number of houses for the accommodation of per- sons engaged in getting lumber for their coal boats and other works. It generally contained about 250 inhabi-
tants ; in 1831 the number was redu- ced to about 180, and the lumber bu- siness of the company having been di- minished by the change in the mode of transportation of their coal, the im- provement at this place will probably be in a great measure abandoned. A road has been opened through this place from the Berwick and Lehigh turnpike to Wilkesbarre, by which the distance from Mauch Chunk to Wilkesbarre is reduced to 32 ms.
Loyalsock, t-ship, Lycoming county, bounded N. by Hepburn t-ship, E. by Fairfield t-ship, S. by the W. branch of the Susquehannah r. and W. by Lycoming creek, which separates it from Lycoming township. Greatest lengthı 6, breadth from 2 to 4 miles ; area, about 12,000 acres; surface, mountainous ; soil, various. Pop. in 1830, about 600 ; taxables, 108; va- luation of taxable property in 1829, seated lands, &c. $46,193; personal est. $5059 ; rate of levy, 75 cents in the 100 dollars. Besides the streams above mentioned, the t-ship has Loy- alsock creek on the E. boundary, and some small runs which flow to the rivers. Williamsport, the co. town, lies on the r.
Loyalsock creek, Lycoming co. rises on the S. border of Bradford, and W. of Luzerne co. heading with the To- wanda and Mahoopeny creeks, and flows S. W. between Muncy and Ly- coming t-ships into the W. branch of the Susquehannah, about 4 ms. below Williamsport, having a comparative course of about 35 miles.
Louisburg, a small village of Schuyl- kill t-ship, Schuylkill co. on the road from McKeansburg to Catawissa, about 8 ms. N. W. of Orwigsburg. It con- tains 6 or 8 dwellings, a store and a tavern.
Loyalhanna river, Westmoreland co. rises on the W. side of Laurel hill, and flows N. W. through Ligonier t- ship, and thence, forming the bound- ary between Derry, Unity and Salem t-ships, into the Conemaugh r. about a mile below the town of Saltzburg, having a comparative course of 30
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ms. It is a considerable stream, and from its junction with the Conemaugh the latter assumes the name of Kiski- minitas.
Louden, p-t. Peters t-ship, Franklin co. on the road from Chambersburg to McConnelstown, 12 miles from the former and 5 from the latter, and on the W. branch of the Conecocheague creek, near the foot of Cove mtn. 102 ms. N. W. from W. C. and 63 S. W. from Harrisburg, contains about 60 dwellings, 1 church, 3 stores, 5 taverns and a furnace. It lies in a rich lime- stone valley, bounded by mountains from 1000 to 1200 feet high. We believe it is on the site of old fort Lou- den.
Lurgan, t-ship, Franklin co. bound- ed N. E. by Perry and Cumberland counties, S. E. by Southampton t-ship, S. W. by Letterkenny and N. W. by Fannet t-ships. Centrally distant N. from Chambersburg, 13 miles. Great- est length 9, breadth 74 miles ; area, 19,200 acres ; surface, level valley ; soil, chiefly slate. Pop. in 1830, 1252; taxables, 224. The N. and S. branch of the Conedogwinit creek unite in the N. mountain, and flow through McAllister gap, along the S. W. and S. E. lines of the t-ship, re- ceiving a tributary from the same mountain, which runs along the N. E. boundary, giving to the t-ship an ir- regular diamond shape, and making it almost an island. In the S. W. an- gle and at the E. foot of the mountain, lies the post-town of Roxbury. Bitu- minous coal is found in the mountain.
Luthersburg, post-town, Clearfield county, 212 miles N. W. of W. C. and 146 from Harrisburg.
Lumberville, a post-town on the riv- er Delaware, in Solebury t-ship, Bucks county, near the northern line, and below Bull's island, about 33 ms. N. E. from Philadelphia, and 8 from Doylestown, 175 miles N. of Wash- ington, and 124 E. from Harrisburg, contains 12 or 14 houses, a tavern, 2 stores, and a grist mill. It is a con- siderable market for lumber.
Luzerne county, was taken from
|Northumberland, by act 25th Sept. 1786, and was thus named in compli- ment to the Chevalier de la Luzerne, then French minister near the United States, and is bounded N. by Susque- hannah and part of Bradford counties, E. by Wayne and Pike counties, S. E. by Northampton, and S. by Schuyl- kill counties, and W. by Columbia, Lycoming, and Bradford counties. Its greatest length N. and S. is 52, and breadth E. and W. 42 miles ; area, 1430 sq. ms. or 917,200 acres. Cen- tral lat. 41º 15' N. Long. 1º E. from W. C.
The county pertains wholly to the great central formation of the state. The soil is so various in its quality, as to be not easily reducible to any gen- eral character. The valleys are com- monly rich arable land, yet differing much in their fertility, and the moun- tains invariably sterile, and unsuscep- tible of cultivation. The surface is very mountainous, and the ridges run parallel to each other, from S. W. to N. E. like all the Atlantic chains of the continent. The intervening val- leys, which vary much in width, are finely improved.
The principal mountains are the Wyoming, on each side of the Susque- hannah river, forming the valley of Wyoming; that on the E. is called Bullocks, that on the W. Shawney range ; the first is 1000 feet, and the second 850 feet high, and the distance between their summits, by the road op- posite to Wilkesbarre is six, and by an air line 5} miles. At Wilkesbarre the level plain extends on the W. side about a mile and a quarter from the river, and on the E. a half mile. Here the town is built. The Nesco. peck mountain, on the N. side of Nes- copeck creek, is parallel to nearly as high as the Wyoming. Its range is regular and unbroken, and its summit nearly destitute of timber. It extends from the Susquehannah to the Lehigh river. The Buck mountain, running parallel to the Nescopeck about 5 ms. S. E. of the latter, is a broken ridge which loses its name at both ends of
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the Nescopeck valley. Hell Kitchen || the Buck mountains, produce anthra- mountain commences at the head of Nescopeck valley, and extending northeastwardly, terminates near the Lehigh. This is a very high, rocky and barren ridge, having no timber on its top, where fern and small bush- es only find support. Down the N. side of this mountain, falls Hell Kitch- en creek, a small branch of the Nesco- peck. Lackawannock mountain is a continuation of the Shawnese range of Wyoming mountains. This, near the Susquehannah, is very high and steep, but becomes lower as it extends northeasterly. It terminates in Sus- quehannah county, where it is called the Moosic mountain, and a part of it Mount Ararat. Bowman's mountain, called the Bald mountain, near the western limits of the county, is a high, regular barren range, whose average height may be 800 feet, extending from the E. to the W. branch of the Susquehannah, between which, it ap- pears to have no other name than those mentioned, except, that in a small ter- Lackawannock valley extends from the mouth of the Lackawannock cr. up the stream about 30 miles. The soil is of second quality, and the land uneven. It ranks in population next to the valley of Wyoming. - ritory on the head of Fishing creek, the inhabitants call it the North moun- tain. Westward of the waters of the W. branch of the Susquehannah, it forms the main ridge of the Alleghe- ny mountains. It crosses the E. Nescopeck valley lies on both sides of Nescopeck creek, and between Nescopeck and Buck mountains. It is about 20 miles long and 5 wide, and does not extend to the river. In pop- ulation it is next to the Lackawan- nock valley, and the soil is somewhat better. Bowman's valley, lying on Bowman's creek, between Bowman's and Mahoopeny mountains, is not ve- ry populous, and the land is generally poor. It is about 2 miles wide, and 15 long. The principal population is near the river. Tunkhannock valley is very crooked and irregular, about a mile wide, lessening in some places to half a mile, and about 35 miles long. It is most of it cultivated, and is populous considering its small width. Mahoopenny valley, on Mahoopenny creek, is very narrow, and thinly pop- ulated. It extends irregularly about branch of the Susquehannah, at the mouths of Tunhannock and Bowman's creeks, and extending north eastward- ly, is called Tunkhannock mountain, and terminates in Susquehannah co. where it is called the Elk mountain. Mahoopeny mountain is a spur only of Bowman's mountain, and termi- nates at the mouth of Mahoopeny cr. Sugarloaf mountain is a high coni- cal pyramid rising from the centre of Nescopeck valley. It is not connect- ed with any other mountain, and forms a very singular appearance. Its name is derived from its form, and the moun- tain has given name to a t-ship. The character of these last mentioned hills is much the same; they are thinly covered with timber, generally steep, and in many places very rocky. The Wyoming, the Lackawannock, and
cite coal of an excellent quality. lt forms an important article of export from Luzerne county, and was taken down the Susquehannah in arks, and now in boats. This coal was first burnt here in grates, in the year 1808, and is now in very general use. The valleys of Luzerne are, the valley of Wyoming, lying on both sides of the Susquehannah river, about 20 miles long and 5 broad. The Susquehan- nah enters it as its N. E. extremity, through a precipitous gap in the Shaw- nese mountain, which appears to have been made by the river itself, and flows in a serpentine course through the plains of Wyoming, leaving the valley by a gap similar to that at which it enters, forming what is called Nan- ticoke falls. In this valley stand the towns of Wilkesbarre and Kingston, opposite to each other, on different sides of the river. This is the most populous valley in the county. (See " Wyoming valley.")
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20 miles from the river. The Sus- quehannah river and its tributary streams, the chief of which are the Mahoopenny, Tunkhannock, Bow- man's, Lackawannock, Wapwallopen, and Nescopeck creeks, water nine tenths of Luzerne county. This riv- er is navigable for boats carrying about 20 tons, at all seasons of the year, when not obstructed by ice, which is generally the case, from about Christmas until the middle of March. The N. E. branch of the Susquehan- nah is much less obstructed by rocks and shoals, than the main river below Northumberland. The boatmen are getting into the use of sails, and in a number of instances, boats loaded with 20 tons, ascend the Wyoming falls, by the force of wind only. The only rapids in the Susquehannah with- in the limits of Luzerne, which are considered of sufficient importance to be called falls, are the Wyoming falls, and Nanticoke falls. The former is about a mile and a half above Wilkes- barre, is never considered dangerous, and has at all times sufficient water in the channel for the purpose of boat navigation. The latter is at the gap where the river passes out of the val- ley, and as the water here runs very swiftly into the side of an eddy, rafts of lumber were sometimes broken by the sudden whirl.
All the streams of Luzerne are ra- pid, and furnish excellent sites for all kinds of machinery. (See the articles relating to the several t-ships, for a particular description of the streams.)
It is estimated that about one twelfth part of the county is cultivated, and that not more than one third is adapt- ed to cultivation, unless the conversion to sheep pastures be so considered. The rough and rocky mountains would feed large flocks. About one third of the arable land is best suited for grazing, the remainder for grain.
manufacture of iron ; one on the Lack- awannock, the other on Nanticoke creek.
The chief natural curiosities of the county are the water falls, or cas- cades, of which Solomon's, Wapwal- lopen, Buttermilk, Hell Kitchen, and Falling spring, are most notable. (See these titles.) In the valley of Wy- oming are the remains of ancient for- tifications, which may be called artifi- cial curiosities. Of these, 3 are said to be discernible ; one, situated in Kingston t-ship, on the W. bank of Toby's creek, upon the flat, about half a mile from the river, is of an oval form, having its longest diameter from the N. E. to the S. W. measuring 272 feet, and from the S. E. to the N. W. measuring 237 feet. There ap- peared to have been a gateway at the S. W. (See " Wyoming valley.")
The timber has long been cut away, and the ground cultivated, but the trees lately felled from the rampart or parapet, were as large as any of the adjoining forest, and one large oak in particular, counted 700 years. There were also old logs found upon these mounds, indicating, that a growth of timber had preceded that which was then standing. The Indians have no tradition concerning the origin of these fortifications, and their history is alto- gether conjectural. The population of Luzerne consists of a mixed people, from various countries. Northward from Wilkesbarre, the inhabitants are principally from the eastern states, and the descendants of New England men. Southward of that town they are chiefly Germans and the descend- ants of Germans, with a mixture of Irish and Scotch descendants. It is, however, not common to find amongst them any who cannot speak the Eng- lish language. In 1790, the number of inhabitants was 4904; in 1800, 12,839; in 1810, 18,109; in 1820, 20,027; and in 1830, 27,304.
The only minerals which have hitherto been discovered in the coun- No portion of the state recalls more interesting historical recollections, than Luzerne county. Its beautiful ty, in sufficient quantities to merit no- tice, are iron and anthracite coal. Two forges have been erected for the and rich valleys have been the favor.
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ite resort of the aborigines, for which || formed by the Delaware and Hudson they have contended among them- selves, and with the white man. It was early and duly appreciated by the Connecticut settlers, who moisten- ed the soil with their blood in mainte- nance of their possessions, though founded on a mistaken title. It has been the seat of the only civil war, which stains the annals of our coloni- al history, and has displayed as much heroism as any portion of the com- monwealth, and suffered more than any other, in support of the revolution. Such brief notices of these subjects as the nature of our work permits, will be found in the introductory chapter, and under the title " Wyoming valley."
The principal towns are Wilkes- barre, Kingston, Tunkhannock, Pitts- ton, Carbondale and Conyngham, &c. for a particular description of which, see these titles.
Beside the country roads, which the conveniences of vicinages have re- quired, there are several important turnpike roads through the county. The Berwick and Lausanne road crosses the S. W. angle. The Wilkes- barre and Northampton penetrates on the S. E. and the Great Bend and the Montrose roads run northerly through it.
The Milford and Owego road cross- es the N. E. angle through Blakely and Greenfield t-ships ; affording the shortest and most expeditious stage route from the city of New York to the western part of that state. The Wilkesbarre and Clifford road is com- pleted from the Coshocton and Great Bend turnpike, in Susquehannah co., to Blakely, upon the Lackawannock ; from which there is a good road to Wilkesbarre. This road runs thro' Dundaff, in Susquehannah, and Green- field and Blakely, in Luzerne counties. A tri-weekly stage is established upon it. The Luzerne and Wayne turn- pike passes through Providence and Blakely t-ships, intersecting the Phila. and Great Bend, the Easton and Bel- mont, and the Milford and Owego turnpikes. The Carbondale road,
company, extends from Carbondale to the last mentioned road, at Rix's gap. The Abington and Waterford road commences in Abington t-ship, and runs through Nicholson and Tunkhan- hock t-ships. The Wilkesbarre and Bridgewater road traverses Kingston, Exeter, North Moreland, Eaton and Tunkhannock t-ships. On this road a tri-weekly stage runs from Phila. to Buffalo, and a daily stage from W. C. to Sackett's Harbor. Travellers for health or pleasure could not select a more favorable route for a summer's excursion, and, though delighted with the wildly romantic and picturesque prospects which every where present themselves, they would not fail to lin- ger in the yet more delightful valley of Wyoming, viewing its natural beauties and surveying its mineral treasures. The Berwick and Newport road pass- es through Huntington t-ship ; upon this and on the Berwick and Easton road, tri-weekly stages are also estab- lished.
Legislative acts have been passed for the incorporation of other compa- nies to make artificial roads in the county ; the most important of which are, from Wilkesbarre through Solo- mon's gap, to Lowrytown, on the Le- high, a distance of little more than 20 miles ; and from Carbondale down the Lackawannock, about 10 miles ; and from Carbondale to Tunkhannock bridge .- Like authority has also been given for excavating a canal, from the Susquehannah river, at the mouth of the Nescopeck, up the valley of that stream, thence across the summit of the mountain, down Wright's creek to the Lehigh, a distance of 37 ms. The distance by this route and the North Branch canal, from Wilkesbarre to the mouth of Wright's creek, is about 65 miles ; and also for the incorpora- tion of a company to make a canal or rail-road from the Water gap of the Delaware to the mouth of the Lacka- wannock creek, at the head of the Wyoming valley. The distance is about 50 ms. It is proposed by this
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